Araştırma Makalesi

Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR

Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3 29 Ekim 2026
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Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR

Öz

Unemployment, as a multidimensional phenomenon, remains a persistent challenge for both policymakers and researchers, particularly in regions characterized by structural disparities. This study investigates the determinants of provincial unemployment rates in Türkiye with an emphasis on spatial heterogeneity. Using data from 81 provinces for 2024, the analysis employs Ordinary Least Squares, Weighted Least Squares, and Geographically Weighted Regression methods. While Ordinary Least Squares and Weighted Least Squares models reveal limitations due to heteroskedasticity and spatial autocorrelation, the Geographically Weighted Regression approach successfully addresses these issues by incorporating spatial variation into parameter estimation. The findings demonstrate that employment exerts an unemployment-reducing effect in all provinces, statistically significant in most of them, whereas utilized agricultural land significantly decreases unemployment particularly in the south-eastern border provinces around Lake Van and in north-central Anatolia. Migration exhibits heterogeneous impacts, increasing unemployment in the Western Black Sea and Central Anatolia while reducing it in the east, and exports reveal regionally divergent effects, with positive associations in some provinces and negative in others. Model comparisons confirm the superiority of Geographically Weighted Regression, which explains nearly 80% of the variation in unemployment and provides the best overall model fit. The results highlight that spatially sensitive approaches are essential for producing reliable estimates and for designing effective, region-specific labor market policies in Türkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Adianita, H., Susilowati, D. and Karisma, D. A. P. (2024). Factors affecting unemployment rates in Indonesia. IQTISHADUNA: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Kita, 13(2), 282-297. Doi:https://doi.org/10.46367/iqtishaduna.v13i2.2107
  2. Amil, S. I., Thamrin, S. A. and Siswanto. (2023). Spatial modeling in data panels with least square dummy variable to identify factors affecting unemployment in Indonesia. BAREKENG: J. Math. & App., 17(3), 1381-1392. Doi: https://doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol17iss3pp1381-1392
  3. Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial econometrics: Methods and models. Kluwer Academic. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7799-1
  4. Aral, N. and Aytaç, M. (2018). Türkiye’de işsizliğin mekânsal analizi. Marmara Üniversitesi Öneri Dergisi, 13(49), 1-20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.vi.364680
  5. Arismaya, A. D. (2023). Econometric: Factors affecting unemployment in Sumatera province. Among Makarti, 16(2), 136-146.
  6. Bhujbal, D. D. and Shafighi, N. (2021). Factors affecting high unemployment in India. MPRA Paper No. 110621, 1-16.
  7. Casmanto, Priyarsono, D. S. and Rindayati, W. (2022). Determinants of regional unemployment rates in West Java: Geographically weighted panel regression (GWPR) model. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 9(1), 226-234. Doi: https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRSET229153
  8. Daniyal, M. and Iftikhar, H. A. (2023). Factors affecting unemployment rate in Canada and Denmark. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(02), 1537–1550. Doi: https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0460

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Ekonometrik ve İstatistiksel Yöntemler, Uygulamalı Makro Ekonometri, Ekonometri (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

29 Ekim 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

15 Eylül 2025

Kabul Tarihi

8 Ağustos 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Görür, Ç. (2026). Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 12(3), 641-658. https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003
AMA
1.Görür Ç. Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR. GJEB. 2026;12(3):641-658. doi:10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003
Chicago
Görür, Çetin. 2026. “Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR”. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi 12 (3): 641-58. https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003.
EndNote
Görür Ç (01 Ekim 2026) Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi 12 3 641–658.
IEEE
[1]Ç. Görür, “Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR”, GJEB, c. 12, sy 3, ss. 641–658, Eki. 2026, doi: 10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003.
ISNAD
Görür, Çetin. “Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR”. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi 12/3 (01 Ekim 2026): 641-658. https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003.
JAMA
1.Görür Ç. Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR. GJEB. 2026;12:641–658.
MLA
Görür, Çetin. “Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR”. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, c. 12, sy 3, Ekim 2026, ss. 641-58, doi:10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003.
Vancouver
1.Çetin Görür. Spatial heterogeneity of unemployment in Türkiye: Evidence from OLS, WLS and GWR. GJEB. 01 Ekim 2026;12(3):641-58. doi:10.30855/gjeb.2026.12.3.003
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