Economic growth and smart farming

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 104 - 121, 19.06.2021

Gizem Gönay Akbaş Ahmet Bağcı

https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2021.7.2.002

Abstract

Agriculture is of vital importance for each country around the world. Changes in technology affect the methods and tools of agricultural activities. In line with Industry 4.0, agricultural sectors have been experiencing technological developments. Especially, the Internet of Things has enormous influences on agricultural applications in terms of data collecting, analyses, increasing productivity and fertility, future predictions, etc. The main objective of this article is to discuss the importance and effects of smart farming applications. Its examples worldwide show that higher rates of profit and productivity can be achieved through relatively smaller areas. Also, given that certain examples of smart farming applications and trials of new methods such as drone crop spraying, smart soilless agriculture solutions have been implemented in Turkey. In addition, the increase in productivity in the agricultural sector due to smart agricultural practices contributes significantly to countries’ GDP. Consequently, it is argued that smart farming applications offer a significant rate of productivity and profit despite their challenges. This study aims to explain agricultural technology and its applications after addressing the technological developments in the agricultural sector.

Keywords

Economic Growth, Smart Agriculture, The Internet of Things, Agricultural Technology

Ekonomik büyüme ve akıllı tarım

Abstract

Tarım, dünyadaki her ülke için hayati öneme sahiptir. Teknolojideki değişiklikler tarımsal faaliyetlerin yöntem ve araçlarını etkilemektedir. Endüstri 4.0 ile uyumlu olarak tarım sektörlerinde teknolojik gelişmeler yaşamaktadır. Özellikle Nesnelerin İnternetinin veri toplama, analiz, üretkenlik ve verimlilikte artış, geleceğe yönelik tahminler vb. açısından oldukça önemli etkileri vardır. Bu makalenin temel amacı akıllı tarım uygulamalarının önemini ve etkilerini tartışmaktır. Dünyadan verilen örnekler, daha küçük alanlarda daha yüksek kâr ve verimlilik elde edilebileceğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, drone ile ilaçlama, akıllı topraksız tarım çözümleri gibi yeni metotların denemelerinin ve akıllı tarım uygulamalarının bazı örneklerinin Türkiye’de uygulandığı belirtilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, akıllı tarım uygulamalarının çeşitli zorluklarına rağmen önemli bir verimlilik ve kâr oranı sunduğu öne sürülmektedir. Ayrıca akıllı tarım uygulamalarının sonucu tarım sektöründe gerçekleşen verimlilik artışı ülkelerin hasılasına da önemli katkılar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, tarım sektöründeki teknolojik gelişmeleri ele aldıktan sonra tarım teknolojisini ve uygulamalarını açıklamaktır.

Keywords

Ekonomik Büyüme, Akıllı Tarım, Nesnelerin İnterneti, Tarımsal Teknoloji

References

• Acemoğlu, D. (2007). Introduction to Modern Economic Growth. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Erişim adresi: https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/acemoglu-2007.pdf
• Agwu, C. (2015). Factors that Contribute to Economic Growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 2(2), 487-495.
• Andrew, R. C., Bogatinoska, D. C., & Malekian, R. (2018). IoT Solutions for Precision Agriculture. 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 377-381. doi: 10.23919/MIPRO.2018.8400066
• Ayaz, M., Ammad-uddin, M., Sharif, Z., Mansour, A., & Aggoune, e.-H. M. (2019). Internet-of-Things (IoT) based Smart Agriculture: Towards Making the Fields Talk. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 129551-129583. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2932609
• Berber, M. (2006). İktisadi Büyüme ve Kalkınma (3. ed.). Trabzon: Derya Kitabevi.
• Brewer, A. (2010). The Making of the Classical Theory of Economic Growth. London: Routledge.
• Burgess, M. (2018). What is the Internet of Things? WIRED explains. Erişim, 10 Temmuz 2020, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/internet-of-things-what-is-explained-iot
• Calderone, L. (2019, Aralık 26). Monitoring & Growing, Precision Farming. Erişim adresi: https://www.agritechtomorrow.com/
• Cameron, G. (2003). Why did UK Manufacturing Productivity Growth Slowdown in the 1970s and Speed Up in the 1980s? Economica, 70(1), 121-141.
• Coble, K. H., Ferrell, S., Griffin, T., & Mishra, A. K. (2018). Big Data in Agriculture: A Challenge for the Future. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 40(1), 79-96. doi: 10.1093/aepp/ppx056.
• Demaitre, E. (2015, September 11). Japan’s Spread Co. Builds the Biggest Automated Lettuce Farm. Robotics Business Review. Erişim, https://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/agriculture/japans_spread_co_builds_the_big gest_automated_lettuce_farm/.
• Demirel Atasoy, Z. (2019). Türkiye'de Akıllı Tarımın Mevcut Durum Raporu. Ankara: Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Bitkisel Üretim Genel Müdürlüğü.
• Derso, D., & Ejiro, E. (2015). The Contribution of Information and Communication Technologies to the Ethiopian Agricultural Extension System: A Review of Literature on Agriculture Knowledge Management. African Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (AJAST), 3(9), 407-411.
• TURKCELL Medya, (2019, March 21). Dijital Tarımda Yerli ve Milli Ürün "Filiz". Erişim, 10 Temmuz 2020, https://medya.turkcell.com.tr/bulletins/dijital-tarimda-yerli-ve-milli-urun-filiz/
• Elijah, O., Rahman, T. A., Orikumhi, I., Leow, C. Y., & Hindia, M. N. (2018). An Overview of Internet of Things (IoT) and Data Analytics in Agriculture: Benefits and Challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(5), 3758-3773. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2844296
• Folkens, J. (2015). Building a Gateway to the Internet of Things. Texas: Texas Instruments.
• Folnovic, T. (n.d.). High-Tech Farm Revolution Triggered by Crop Sensing Technology. Erişim, 15 Mayıs 2020, https://blog.agrivi.com/post/high-techfarmrevolution-triggered-by-crop-sensing-technology
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (n.d.). Climate-Smart Agriculture. Erişim adresi: http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/en/
• Guoqiang, S., Yanming, C., Chao, Z., & Yanxu, Z. (2013). Design and Implementation of a Smart IoT Gateway. 2013 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications and IEEE Internet of Things and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing. 720-723. Erişim adresi: 10.1109/GreenCom-iThings-CPSCom.2013.130
• GÜBRETAŞ. (2016). 2016 Annual Report. İstanbul. Erişim adresi: gubretas.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/GUBRETAS_2016FR_TR_LOW.pdf
• Harrod, R. (1947). Keynes The Economist. S. E. Harris (Ed.), The New Economics (s. 65-72) içinde. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Hazell, P. B. (2009). The Asian Green Revolution. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Erişim, 10 Temmuz 2020, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6257689.pdf
• Heacox, L. (2008, September 10). Time for Telematics. CropLife. Erişim tarihi, 10 Temmuz 2020, https://www.croplife.com/precision/time-for-telematics/
• HUAWEI. (2017). The Connected Farm: A Smart Agriculture Market Assessment. Erişim tarihi, 10 Temmuz 2020, https://www-file.huawei.com/-/media/corporate/images/pdf/v2-smartagriculture0517.pdf?la=en
• HUAWEI. (n.d.). Smart Agriculture Progress in Norway. Erişim, 3 Ocak 2020, https://www.huawei.com/en/industry-insights/outlook/mobilebroadband/wireless-for-sustainability/cases/smart-agricultureprogress-in-norway Jones, C. I. (2016). The Facts of Economic Growth. John B. Taylor, Harald Uhlig (Ed.), Handbook of Macroeconomics Volume 2 (3-69) içinde. North Holland: doi: 10.1016/bs.hesmac.2016.03.002
• Kılavuz, E., & Erdem, İ. (2019). Dünyada Tarım 4.0 Uygulamaları ve Türk Tarımının Dönüşümü. Social Sciences (NWSAENS), 14(4), 133-157. Erişim, 6 Mart 2020, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/840914
• Kılıçarslan, O. & Dinç, O. (2007). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Teknoloji ve Veri Transferi, GAU J. Soc. & Appl. Sci. 3(5), 73-75.
• Koç, A. (2013). Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Yatay Kesit Analizi ile AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Maliye Dergisi (165), 241-252.
• Kruize, J., Wolfert, J., Scholten, H., Verdouw, C., Kassahun, A., & Beulens, A. (2016). A Reference Architecture for Farm Software Ecosystems. Computers and Electonics in Agriculture, 125, 12-28. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2016.04.011
• Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. (2019). Summary of the Annual Report on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas in Japan. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Erişim, 3 Ocak 2020, https://maff.go.jp/e/data/publish/attach/pdf/index160.pdf
• Mohamed, A. K.-W. (2013). Analysis of Telematics Systems in Agriculture. (Yüksek lisans tezi). Erişim adresi: https://www.bu.edu.eg/portal/uploads/Agriculture/Agricultural%20Engineering/1222/publications/Ahmed%20Khaled%20Abd%20ElWahab%20Mohamed_Ahmed%20Khaled%20Abd%20El-Wahab%20Mohamed.pdf
• Müller, A. (1978). Quesnay's Theory of Growth: A Comment. Oxford Economic Papers, 30(1), 150-156.
• NewGenApps. (2018, May 28). IoT Ecosystem Components: The Complete Connectivity Layer. Erişim adresi: https://www.newgenapps.com/blog/iotecosystem-components-the-completeconnectivity-layer/
• OECD-FAO. (2019). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2019-2028. Paris/Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations, Rome: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/agr_outlook-2019-en
• Ramsey, F. P. (1928). A Mathematical Theory of Saving. The Economic Journal, 38(152), 543-559.
• RF Page. (2018, January 10). What are the Major Components of Internet of Things? RF Page. Erişim adresi: https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-ofinternet-ofthings/
• Sarker, M. N., Wu, M., Chanthamith, B., Yusufzada, S., Li, D., & Zhang, J. (n.d.). Big Data Driven Smart Agriculture: Pathway for Sustailable Development. 2019 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data (ICAIBD), 60-65. doi:10.1109/ICAIBD.2019.8836982
• Saygılı, F., Kaya, A. A., Tunalı Çalışkan, E., & Erdölek Kozal, Ö. (2019). Türk Tarımının Global Entegrasyonu ve Tarım 4.0. Erişim adresi: https://itb.org.tr/img/userfiles/files/ITB%20TARIM.pdf?v=1550751511711
• Schriber, S. (n.d.). Smart Agriculture Sensors: Helping Small Farmers and Positively Impacting Global Issues, Mouser Electronics, Erişim, 13 Mayıs 2020, https://www.mouser.com.tr/applications/smart-agriculture-sensors/
• IoT Agenda, (n.d.). Smart Farming. Erişim adresi: https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/smart-farming
• Snowdon, B., & Vane, H. R. (2005). Modern Macroeconomics: Its Origins, Development and Current State. Cheltenham: E. Elgar.
• Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
• Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation. The Economic Record, 32(2), 334-361.
• Szostak, R. (2009). The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Heidelberg: Springer.
• TABİT. (n.d.). Vodafone Smart Village Project. Erişim adresi: http://www.en.tabit.com.tr/Sayfa/29/Projects.aspx Internet of Things Türkiye, (2017, 13 Haziran). Tarımın geleceği: Akıllı Tarım Sistemleri, Erişim adresi: https://ioturkiye.com/2017/06/tarimin-gelecegi-akilli-tarim-sistemleri/
• Tümen, S., & Özertan, G. (2020). Katma Değerin Artırılması, İnovasyon ve Dijital Tarım. İstanbul: TÜSİAD.
• Türkiye'nin Endüstri 4.0 Platformu, (2019, 20 Şubat). Erişim, 10 Temmuz 2020, https://www.endustri40.com/endustri-4-0la-birliktegelenakilli-tarim/
• TÜSİAD. (2017). Türkiye'nin Sanayide Dijital Dönüşüm Yetkinliği. İstanbul: TÜSİAD. Erişim adresi: https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/9864-tusiad-bcg-turkiye-nin-sanayide-dijital-donusum-yetkinligi
• TÜSİAD. (2020). Tarım ve Gıda 2020: Sürdürülebilir Büyüme Bağlamında Tarım ve Gıda Sektörünün Analizi. İstanbul: TÜSİAD. Erişim adresi: https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/10544-tarim-ve-gida-2020-surdurulebilir-buyume-baglaminda-tarim-ve-gida-sektorunun-analizi
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2019). World Population Prospects 2019. New York: United Nations. Erişim adresi: https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/
• Vermesan, O., Friess, P., Guillemin, P., Giaffreda, R., Grindvoll, H., Eisenhauer, M., Serrano, M., Moessner, K., Spirito, M., Blystad, L., Tragos, E. Z. (2015). Internet of Things beyond the Hype: Research, Innovation and Deployment. O. Vermesan ve P. Friess (Ed.), Building the Hyperconnected Society: IoT Research and Innovation Value Chains, Ecosystems and Markets (s. 15-144) içinde. Aalborg: River Publishers.
• Yokogawa. (n.d.). Definition of Sensor and Sensing Technology. Erişim, 14 Mayıs 2020, https://www.yokogawa.com/special/sensing-technology/
• Zambon, I., Cecchini, M., Egidi, G., Saporito, M. G., & Colantoni, A. (2019). Revolution 4.0: Industry vs. Agriculture in a Future Development for SMEs. Processes, 7(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7010036