The mediating role of job satisfaction and organizational loneliness in the relationship of personality traits with ınternet addiction and job boredom

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 362 - 379, 28.10.2023

Batuhan Ayan , Alptekin Sökmen

https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2023.9.3.008

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of job satisfaction and organizational loneliness in the relationship between personality traits and internet addiction and job boredom. 360 public personnel working in Ankara participated in the research. The survey was conducted with the online survey form and physical distribution of the survey form. Research data were examined with correlation and regression analyses. According to the results of regression analysis it is revealed that job satisfaction and organizational loneliness have a partial mediating effect between personality traits and internet addiction, personality traits and job boredom. According to the analysis results; the personality traits of employees affect internet addiction in the workplace, the increase in employees' job satisfaction partially reduces internet addiction, and the increase in employees' organizational loneliness partially increases internet addiction. Another result is that the personality characteristics of employees affect job boredom, the increase in employees' job satisfaction partially reduces job boredom, and the increase in employees' organizational loneliness partially increases job boredom.

Keywords

Personality, Internet Addiction, Organizational Loneliness, Job Satisfaction, Job Boredom

Kişilik özelliklerinin internet bağımlılığı ve işten sıkılma ile ilişkisinde iş tatmininin ve örgütsel yalnızlığın aracılık rolü

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, kişilik özelliklerinin internet bağımlılığı ve işten sıkılma ile ilişkisinde iş tatmininin ve örgütsel yalnızlığın aracılık rolünü incelemektir. Araştırmaya, Ankara’da çalışan 360 kamu personeli katılmıştır. Anket çalışması, çevrimiçi anket formu ve anket formunun fiziksel dağıtımı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırma verileri, korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri ile incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizlere göre iş tatminin ve örgütsel yalnızlığın kişilik özellikleri ile internet bağımlılığı ve kişilik özellikleri ile işten sıkılma arasındaki ilişkide kısmi aracı etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre; çalışanların kişilik özellikleri işyerinde internet bağımlılığını etkilemekte, çalışanların iş tatminindeki artış kısmen internet bağımlılığını azaltmakta ve çalışanların örgütsel yalnızlığındaki artış ise kısmen internet bağımlılığını artırmaktadır. Diğer bir sonuç ise çalışanların kişilik özellikleri işten sıkılmayı etkilemekte, çalışanların iş tatminindeki artış kısmen işten sıkılmayı azaltmakta ve çalışanların örgütsel yalnızlığındaki artış ise kısmen işten sıkılmayı artırmaktadır.

Keywords

Kişilik Özellikleri, İnternet Bağımlılığı, Örgütsel Yalnızlık, İş Tatmini

References

• Abubakar, A. M. (2020). Approach to examine the nexus between boreout, generation, career, life and job satisfaction. Personnel Review, 49(1), 67-86. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2017-0180
• Allport, G. (1961). Patterns and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Renehart, and Winston.
• Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt.
• Alnuaimi, K., Ali, R., ve Al-Younis, N. (2020). Job Satisfaction, Work Environment and Intent to Stay of Jordanian Midwives. International Council of Nurses, 1-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12605
• Antonioni, D. (1998). Relaitonship between the big five personality dactors and conflict management styles. International Journal of Conflict Management, 9(4), 336 - 355. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022814
• Ardıç, K., ve Gündoğmuş, E. (2016). The Impact of Personality Characteristics on Employer Attractiveness. Journal of Behavior at Work, 1(1), 1-14.
• Arslan, A., Yener, S., ve Schermer, J. A. (2020). Predicting Workplace Loneliness in the Nursing Profession. Journal of Nursing Management , 28(3). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12987
• Ashraf, M. A. (2020). Demographic Factors, Compensation, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Private University: An Analysis Using SEM. Journal of Global Responsibility, 11(4), 407-436. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JGR-01-2020-0010
• Avcı, D. K., ve Şahin, H. A. (2017). Relationship between Burnout Syndrome and Internet Addiction, and the Risk Factors in Healthcare Employees. Konuralp Medical Journal, 9(2), 78-85. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.299196
• Aydogmus, C., Camgoz, S. M., Ergeneli, A., ve Ekmekci, O. T. (2018). Perceptions of Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction: The Roles of Personality Traits and Psychological Empowerment. Journal of Management and Organization, 24(1), 81-107. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.59
• Bakan, I., ve Buyukbese, T. (2013). The Relationship between Employees’ Income Level and Employee Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(7), 18-25.
• Bakır, A. A., ve Aslan, M. (2017). Examining The Relationship Between Principals Organizational Loneliness and Job Satisfaction Levels. European Journal of Education Studies, 3(6). Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v0i0.715
• Berman, E. M., West, J. P., ve Richter, M. N. (2002). Workplace Relations: Friendship Patterns and Concequences (According to Managers). Public Administrative Review, 62(2), 217-230. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00172
• Bettencourt, B., ve Sheldon, K. (2001). Social Roles as Mechanism for Psychological Need Satisfaction Within Social Groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1131-1143. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1131
• Bilsky, W., ve Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Values and personality. European Journal of Personality, 8, 163-181. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080303
• Bouchard, T. J., ve Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, Evolution, and Personality. Behavior Genetics, 31, 243-273. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012294324713
• Bozkurt, Ö. (2019). Örgütsel Yalnızlık. E. Kaygın, ve G. Kosa içinde, Olumsuz Boyutlarıyla Örgütsel Davranış. Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
• Buecker, S., Maes, M., Denissen, J. J., ve Luhmann, M. (2020). Loneliness and the Big Five Personality Traits: A Meta-analysis. European Journal of Personality. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2229
• Cleary, M., Sayers, J., Lopez, V., ve Hungerford, C. (2016). Boredom in the Workplace: Reasons, Impact, and Solutions. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37(2), 83-89. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2015.1084554
• Çitçi, S. H., ve Begen, N. (2019). Macroeconomic Conditions at Workforce Entry and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Manpower, 40(5), 879-893. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-02-2018-0048
• Dennis, M. A. (2021). Internet, https://www.britannica.com/technology/Internet adresinden alındı
• Desa, N. M., Razak, A. A., ve Jabar, N. D. (2019 ). Communication and Job Satisfaction among Workers in the Department of Trade Union Affairs in the Northern State of Malaysia. European Scientific Journal, 15(28), 1-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n28p1
• Dhir, S., Dutta, T., ve Ghosh, P. (2020). Linking Employee Loyalty with Job Satisfaction Using PLS–SEM Modelling. Personnel Review, 49(8), 1695-1711. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2019-0107
• Distel, M. A., Rebollo-Mesa, I., Abdellaoui, A., Derom, C. A., Willemsen, G., Cacioppo, J. T., ve Boomsma, D. I. (2010). Familial resemblance for loneliness. Behavior Genetics, 40(4), 480–494. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-010-9341-5
• Dixit, S., ve Arrawatia, M. A. (2018). The Impact of Talent Management on Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance in Public Sector Banks of Rajasthan. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 6(1), 425-435.
• Doğan, T., Çetin, B., ve Sungur, M. Z. (2009). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of loneliness at work scale. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 271‐277.
• Drory, A. (1982). Individual Differences in Boredom Proneness and Task Effectiveness at Work. Personnel Psychology, 35, 141-151. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1982.tb02190.x
• Eason, C. M., Mazerolle, S. M., Monsma, E. V., ve Mensch, J. M. (2015). The Role of Personality in Job Satisfaction Among Collegiate Athletic Trainers. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(12), 1247–1255. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.11.08
• Erdila, O., ve Ertosun, Ö. G. (2011). The Relationship between Social Climate and Loneliness in the Workplace and Effects on Employee Well-Being. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 505–525. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.091
• Ertosuna, Ö. G., ve Erdilb, O. (2012). The Effects of Loneliness on Employees’ Commitment and Intention to Leave. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 41, 469–476. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.057
• Farreli, D., ve Rusbult, C. E. (1992). Exploring the Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect Typology: The Influence of Job Satisfaction, Quality of Alternatives, and Investment Size. Employee Responsibilties and Rights Journal, 5(3), 201 - 2018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01385048
• Fisher, C. (1993). Boredom at work: a neglected concept. Human Relations, 46(3), 395-417. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679304600305
• Funder, D. (1997). The Personality Puzzle. New York: Norton.
• Gao, Y., Shi, J., Niu, Q., ve Wang, L. (2012). Work–Family Conflict and Job Satisfaction: Emotional Intelligence as a Moderator. Stress Health, 29(3). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2451
• Garcı´a-Bernal, J., Gargallo-Castel, A., Marzo-Navarro, M., ve Rivera-Torres, P. (2005). Job satisfaction: empirical evidence of gender differences. Women in Management Review, 20(4), 279-288. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420510599098
• Garrett, R. K., ve Danziger, J. N. (2008a). Disaffection or expected outcomes: Understanding personal Internet use during work. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 937-958. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00425.x
• Ghadi, M. Y. (2017). The impact of workplace spirituality on voluntary turnover intentions through loneliness in work. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 33(1), 1-10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-03-2016-0005
• Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., ve Swann, W. B. (2003). A Very Brief Measure of the Big-Five Personality Domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504–528. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
• Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., ve Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to Behavioral Addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 233–241. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
• Guglielmia, D., Simbulab, S., Mazzettia, G., Tabanellic, M. C., ve Bonfiglioli, R. (2013). When the job is boring: The role of boredom in organizational contexts. Work, 45(3), 311–322.
• Ha, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Bae, S. C., Bae, S., Kim, H., Sim, M., . . . Cho, S. (2007). Depression and Internet addiction in adolescents. Psychopathology, 40(6), 424–430. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000107426
• Hackman, J. R., ve Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work Redesign. Addison Wesley, Reading, MA. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/105960118200700110
• Harju, L. K., ve Hakanen, J. J. (2016). An employee who was not there: a study of job boredom in white-collar work. Personnel Review, 45(2) , 374-391. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2015-0125
• Harju, L. K., Hakanena, J. J., ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2016). Can job crafting reduce job boredom and increase work engagement? A three-year cross-lagged panel study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 95(96), 11–20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.07.001
• Harju, L. K., Schaufeli, W. B., ve Hakanen, J. J. (2018). A multilevel study on servant leadership, job boredom and job crafting. Journal of Managerial Psychology. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-08-2016-0237
• Harkness, A. R., ve Lilienfeld, S. O. (1997). Individual Differences Science for Treatment Planning: Personality Traits. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 349–360. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.349
• Hauret, L., ve Williams, D. R. (2017). Cross-National Analysis of Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction. Industrial Relations, 56(2), 203-233. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/irel.12171
• Hawkly, L. C., Masi, C. M., Berry, J. D., ve Cacippo, J. T. (2006). Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure. Psychology and Aging, 21, 152–164. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.152
• Hooff, M. L., ve Hooft, E. A. (2016). Boredom at work: towards a dynamic spillover model of need satisfaction, work motivation, and work-related boredom. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2016.1241769
• Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., ve Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional Effects on Job and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Core Evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 17-34. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.17
• June, K. J., Sohn, S. Y., So, A. Y., Yi, G. M., ve Park, S. H. (2007). A Study of Factors that Influence Internet Addiction, Smoking and Drinking in High School Students. J Korean Acad Nurs, 37(6), 872–882. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2007.37.6.872
• Kaiser, L. C. (2002). Job Satisfaction: A Comparison of Standard, Non-Standard, and Self-Employment Patterns across Europe with a Special Note to the Gender/Job Satisfaction Paradox. EPAG Working Paper No. 27. Colchester, UK: University of Essex.
• Kandler, C. (2012). Nature and Nurture in Personality Development: The Case of Neuroticism and Extraversion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(5), 290–296. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412452557
• Kardiner, A. (1939). The individual and his society: The psychodynamics of primitive social organization. New York: Columbia University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819100036676
• Kemp, S. (2020, 01 30). https://wearesocial.com/blog/2020/01/digital-2020-3-8-billion-people-use-social-media adresinden alındı
• Kerse, G. (2019). İş Becerikliliğinin İşte Can Sıkıntısı Üzerindeki Etkisi: İmalat Sektörü Bağlamında Bir İnceleme. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 54(1), 531-548.
• Keser, A., ve Bilir, B. Ö. (2019). İş Tatmini Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlilik Çalışması. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(3), 229-239.
• Kutlu, M., Savcı, M., Demir, Y., ve Aysan, F. (2016). Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Testi Kısa Formunun Türkçe Uyarlaması: Üniversite Öğrencileri ve Ergenlerde Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 17(1), 69-76. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.190501
• Lam, L. W., ve Lau, D. C. (2012). Feeling lonely at work: investigating the consequences of unsatisfactory workplace relationships. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(20), 4265-4282. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.665070
• Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., ve Henderson, D. (2008). Servant Leadership: Development of a Multidimensional Measure and Multi-Level Assessment. Leadership Quarterly, 19, 161-177. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006
• Lim, M. H., Eres, R., ve Vasan, S. (2020). Understanding loneliness in the twenty first century: an update on correlates, risk factors, and potential solutions. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55, 793-810. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01889-7
• Lisi, G. (2018). Job Satisfaction, Job Match Quality, and Labour Supply Decisions. International Review of Economics, 65(4), 489-505. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-018-0311-1
• Locke, E. A. (1976). The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Rand McNally, Chicago, IL, 1297-1350.
• Loukidou, L., Loan-Clarke, J., ve Daniels, K. (2009). Boredom in the workplace: More than monotonous task. International Journal of Management Reviews, 11(4), 381–405. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00267.x
• Malik, M. E., Danish, R. Q., ve Munir, Y. (2012). The Impact of Pay and Promotion on Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Higher Education Institutes of Pakistan. American Journal of Economics, 6-9. Doi: https://doi.org/0.5923/j.economics.20120001.02
• Marlatt, G., Baer, J., Donovan, D., ve Kivlahan, D. (1988). Addictive behaviors: etiology and treatment. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 223-252. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.001255
• Masum, A. K., Azad, M. A., Hoque, K. E., Beh, L.-S., Wanke, P., ve Arslan, Ö. (2016). Job Satisfaction and Intention to Quit: An Empirical Analysis of Nurses in Turkey. PeerJ, 1-23. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1896
• Matthews, K. A., Räikkönen, K., Everson, S. A., Flory, J. D., Marco, C. A., Owens, J. F., ve Lloyd, C. E. (2000). Do the daily experiences of healthy men and women vary according to occupational prestige and work strain? . Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 346–353. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200005000-00008
• McCartney, K., Harris, M. J., ve Bemieri, F. (1990). Growing Up and Growing Apart: A Developmental Meta-Analysis of Twin Studies. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 226-237. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.226
• McDougall, W. (1932). Of the Words Character and Personality. Character Personality, 1, 3-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1932.tb02209.x
• Messarra, L. C., Karkoulian, S., ve McCarthy, R. (2011). To restrict or not to restrict personal internet usage on the job. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 4(4), 253-266. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/17537981111190042
• Miltsov, A. (2021). Resistance, recuperation, or deviance? The meaning of personal internet use at work. New Technology, Work and Employment, 1–19. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12195
• Mottram, A. J., ve Fleming, M. J. (2009). Extraversion, Impulsivity, and Online Group Membership as Predictors of Problematic Internet Use. CyberPsychology ve Behavior, 12(3), 319–321. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0170
• Neal, A., Yeo, G., Koy, A., ve Xiao, T. (2012). Predicting the Form And Direction of Work Role Performance From The Big 5 Model of Personality Traits. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 175-192. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.742
• Oprea, B., Iliescu, D., Burtăverde, V., ve Dumitrache, M. (2019). Personality and boredom at work: the mediating role of job crafting. Career Development International, 24(4), 315-330. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-08-2018-0212
• Oshagbemi, T. (1997). The influence of rank on the job satisfaction of organizational members. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 12(8), 511-519. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683949710189111
• Özler, D. E., ve Polat, G. (2012). Cyberloafing phenomenon in organizations: determinants and impacts. International Journal of eBusiness and eGovernment Studies, 4(2), 1-15.
• Pawlikowski, M., Altstötter-Gleich, C., ve Brand, M. (2013). Validation and psychometric properties of a short version of Young’s Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1212–1223. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.014
• Peng, J., Chen, Y., Xia, Y., ve Ran, Y. (2017). Workplace loneliness, leader-member exchange and creativity: The cross-level moderating role of leader compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 510-515. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.020
• Peplau, L. A., ve Permian, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. A. Peplau ve D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: Wiley. 1-20.
• Pressman, S. D., Cohen, S., Miller, G. E., Barkin, A., Rabin, B. S., ve Treanor, J. J. (2005). Loneliness, social network size, and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen. Health Psychology, 24, 297–306. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.297
• Price, J. L., ve Muller, C. W. (1986). Absenteeism and Turnover among Hospital Employees. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
• Rajiani, I., ve Buyong, E. (2013). Loyalty and Neglect as Responses To Dissatisfying Job Conditions (The Role of Personality). Journal of Administrative Science, 10(1).
• Razak, A., Sarpan, S., ve Ramlan, R. (2018). Influence of Promotion and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance. Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, 3(1), 18-27. Doi: https://doi.org/10.20448/2002.31.18.27
• Reijseger, G., Schaufeli, W. B., Peeters, M. C., Taris, T. W., Beek, I. v., ve Ouweneel, E. (2013). Watching the paint dry at work: psychometric examination of the Dutch boredom scale. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 26(5), 508-525. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2012.720676
• Robbins, S. P., ve Judge, R. (2015). Örgütsel Davranış. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
• Santas, G., Isik, O., ve Demir, A. (2016). The effect of loneliness at work; work stress on work alienation and work alienation on employees’ performance in Turkish health care institution. South Asian Journal of Management Sciences, 10(2), 30 - 38. Doi: https://doi.org/10.21621/sajms.2016102.03
• Sariyska, R., Reuter, M., Bey, K., Sha, P., Li, M., Chen, Y.-F., . . . Montag, C. (2014). Self-esteem, personality and Internet Addiction: A cross-cultural comparison study. Personality and Individual Differences, 28–33. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.001
• Sarker, S. J., Crossman, A., ve Chinmeteepituck, P. (2003). The relationships of age and length of service with job satisfaction: an examination of hotel employees in Thailand. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(7), 745-758. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310502421
• Sartık, H., ve Ballı, A. İ. (2020). Kişilik Özelliklerinin Kariyer Uyum Yeteneğine Etkisi: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 68-86. Schermer, J. A., ve Martin, N. G. (2019). A behavior genetic analysis of personality and loneliness. Journal of Research in Personality, 78, 133-137. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.11.011
• Sekhon, S. K., ve Srivastava, M. (2018). Conquering workplace loneliness Individual or organization accountability. Human Resource Management International Digest. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/HRMID-09-2018-0182
• Servidio, R. (2014). Exploring the Effects of Demographic Factors, Internet Usage and Personality Traits on Internet Addiction in A Sample of Italian Oniversity Students. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 85-92. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.024
• Shuler,R.(2002). How Does the Internet Work?. https://web.stanford.edu/class/msande91si/www-spr04/readings/week1/InternetWhitepaper.htm adresinden alındı
• Sorondo, B. M. (2017). Associations between Affect, Personality, and Job Satisfaction Among Library Employees: Efficient and Ethical Assessment of Library Staff. In Emotion in the Library Workplace, 37, 35-56.
• Sousa, T., ve Neves, P. (2020). Two Tales of Rumination and Burnout: Examining the Effects of Boredom and Overload. Applied Psychology, 70(4), 1-40. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12257
• Spector, P. E. (1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences, . Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231549
• Stock, R. M. (2015). Is boreout a threat to frontline employees’ innovative work behavior? Journal of Product Innovation Management, 32(4), 574-592. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12239
• Şişman, M., ve Turan, S. (2004). Bazı örgütsel değişkenler açısından çalışanların iş doyumu ve sosyal-duygusal yalnızlık düzeyleri (meb şube müdür adayları üzerinde bir araştırma). Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 117-128.
• Tellegen, A. (1988). The Analysis of Consistency in Personality Assessment. Journal of Personality, 56, 621-663. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00905.x
• Theeke, L. A. (2009). Predictors of loneliness in U.S. adults over age sixty-five. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 23, 387-396. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2008.11.002
• Thorne, A. (2000). Personal Memory Telling and Personality Development. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 45-56. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0401_5
• Tosun, L. P., ve Lajunen, T. (2009). Why Do Young Adults Develop a Passion for Internet Activities? The Associations among Personality, Revealing ‘‘True Self’’ on the Internet, and Passion for the Internet. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 12(4), 401–406. Doi: https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0006
• Tsai, H. F., Cheng, S. H., ve Yeh, T. L. (2009). The Risk Factors of Internet Addiction: A Survey of University Freshmen. Psychiatry Research, 167, 294–299. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.01.015
• Wang, B., ve Dong, X. (2018). The Association Between Personality and Loneliness: Findings From a Community-Dwelling Chinese Aging Population. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 4, 1-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721418778181
• Watt, J. D., ve Hargis, M. B. (2009). Boredom Proneness: Its Relationship with Subjective Underemployment, Perceived Organizational Support, and Job Performance. J Bus Psychol, 25, 163–174. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9138-9
• Wittenberg, M., ve Reis, H. (1986). Loneliness, Social Skills, and Social Perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12(1), 121-130.
• Wright, S. L. (2005). Organizational Climate, Social Support and Loneliness in the Workplace. In The Effect of Affect in Organizational Settings, 123-142. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1746-9791(05)01106-5
• Wright, S. L., Burt, C. D., ve Strongman, K. T. (2006). Loneliness in the Workplace: Construct Definition and Scale Development. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 59-68.
• Yao, M. Z., He, J., Ko, D. M., ve Pang, K. (2014). The Influence of Personality, Parental Behaviors, and Self-Esteem on Internet Addiction: A Study of Chinese College Students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(2), 104-110. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0710
• Yazıcıoğlu, F., ve Erdoğan, S. (2014). Spss Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Young, K. S. (1996). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Poster presented at the 104th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in Toronto, Canada, August 16. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
• Young, K. S. (1998). Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 1(3), 237-244. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
• Young, K. S. (1999). Internet Addiction: Symptoms, Evaluation, And Treatment. Clinical Practice, 17.
• Young, K. S., Yue, X. Y., ve Ying, L. (2011). Prevalence estimates and etiologic models of internet. Internet Addiction: A Handbook and Guide to Evaluation and Treatment, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 3-17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3881.0566
• Zangaro, G. A., ve Soeken, K. L. (2007). A Meta-Analysis of Studies of Nurses’ Job Satisfaction. Research in Nursing and Health, 30, 445–458. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20202
• Zimmermann, K. A., ve Emspak, J. (2017, Haziran 27). Internet History Timeline: ARPANET to the World Wide Web. https://www.livescience.com/20727-internet-history.html adresinden alındı.