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Gûrlu ve Racput Askeri Sistemlerinin Mukayesesine Dair Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2025, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 542 - 565, 27.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.48145/gopsbad.1750448

Abstract

X. yüzyılda Gazne ve Herat arasındaki dağlık Gûr bölgesinde ortaya çıkan ve oraya nispetle adlandırılan Gûrlular, Selçuklu ve Gazneli devletlerinin yıkılmaya yüz tuttuğu dönemde biraz da kuzeydeki güçlü rakipleri Hârizmşahlar sebebiyle Hindistan’a yönelmişlerdir. Bu yöneliş Gazne’de tahta çıkan sultan Mu’izzeddîn Muhammed devrinde daha belirgin hale gelmiştir. Gazneli Mahmud’un ailesinin enkazı üzerinde siyasî ve askeri hâkimiyetlerini tesis eden Gûrlular, hükümdarları Mu’izzeddîn Muhammed ve ona bağlı Türk melikleri emrinde tamamen Türkistan’daki akıncı geleneğine sahip ve Türk askeri sistemine dayanan ordularıyla Kuzeybatı ve Orta Hindistan ile Ganj havzasını fethedeceklerdir. Hindistan’da Dehli Türk Sultanlığı’nın kuruluşuyla sonuçlanacak olan Gûrlu akınları sırasında Kuzey Hindistan Gaznelilerin inkırazı sebebiyle Türk hâkimiyetinden çıkmış ve bölge yeniden Hindu racalarının baskısı altına girmişti. Özellikle kuzeyden gelen fatih kavimlere karşı topraklarını savunmada cesur ve uyuşuk Hind yerlilerine pek benzemeyip Türklerin asker millet olma özelliğine sahip savaşçı olmalarıyla temayüz eden Racputlar, Hindistan fetihlerinde Gûrluları zor durumda bırakmış hatta çoğu zaman mağlup etmişlerdir. Ne var ki Racput devletlerinin kendi aralarındaki bitmek tükenmek bilmeyen çekişmeler ve mevcut feodal bölünmüşlük Gûrlular karşısında başarısız olmalarına sebep olmuştur. Racputların askeri özellikleri ile Gûrlu askeri unsurlarını mukayese eden bu çalışma, dönemin şartları düşünüldüğünde muazzam sayılabilecek büyüklükteki Racput ordularının kendilerinden çok daha az sayıdaki Gûrlu kuvvetleri karşısında yetersiz kalmalarının sebeplerini kaynaklar ışığında tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

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  • Bosworth, C. E., The Later Ghaznavids (The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India), New Delhi 1977.
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  • Fahreddin Mübarek Şah, Tarih-i Fahreddin Mübarek Şah (Şecere-i Ensâbın Dibacesi), (nşr. A. Yelgar-M. Ali Bozkuş), Ankara 2023.
  • Fredunbeg, M. K., History of Sind II, Karachi 1902.
  • Futûhu’s Salâtin or Shâh Nâmah-ı Hind of Isemî I, (nşr. A. M. Husain), Calcutta 1966.
  • Ghosh, N. N., Early History of India, Allahabad 1948.
  • Guignes, J. De., Hunların, Türklerin, Moğolların ve Daha Sâir Batı Tatarlarının Tarih-i Umûmîsi II, (nşr. H. Cahit-E. Kılınç), İstanbul 2018.
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  • Turkish Sultanate of Delhi: 1206-1290 A.D.), Allahabad 1976.
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  • Hamdullah Müstevfî-yi Kazvinî, Târih-i Güzide, (nşr. M. Öztürk), Ankara 2018.
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  • Hooja, R., A History of Rajasthan, New Delhi 2006.
  • Hudûd al-Âlam (The Regions of the World A Persian Geography 372 A.H.-982 A.D.), (nşr. V. Minorsky), London 1937.
  • İbnü’l-Esir, El-Kâmil Fi’t-Tarih Tercümesi XI, (nşr. A. Özaydın-M. Tulum), İstanbul 1987.
  • Jayaswal, K. P., An Imperial History of India (in A Sanskrit Text), Lahore 1934.
  • Kapadia, A., İn Praise of Kings (Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth Century Gujarat), Cambridge 2018.
  • Keene, H. G., The History of India (The Hindu and Mahomedan Periods), London 1916.
  • Keightley, T., A History of India (from the Earliest Times to the Present Day), London 1847.
  • Khondamır, Habıbu-s Sıyar), (Elliot-Dowson, The History of India as Told by its own Historians: The Muhammadan Period IV), London 1872, s. 154-212.
  • Khwâjah Nizâmuddîn Ahmad, The Tabaqât-ı-Akbarî I, (nşr. B. De), Calcutta 1927.
  • Konukçu, E., “Hindistan’daki Türk Devletleri”, Doğuştan Günümüze Büyük İslam Tarihi IX, (nşr. H. Dursun Yıldız), İstanbul 1989, s. 373-535.
  • Köprülü, M. Fuad, Tarih Araştırmaları I, (nşr. Y. Kemal Taştan), Ankara 2006.
  • Kulke, H.,– Rothermund, D., Hindistan Tarihi, (nşr. M. Günay), İstanbul 2001.
  • Kutlutürk, C., Hint Düşüncesinde İslâm Algısı, İstanbul 2019.
  • Lal, K. S., Studies in Medieval Indian History, Delhi 1966.
  • Lane-Poole, S., History of India III (Medieval India from the Mohammedan Conquest to the Reign of Akbar the Great), (nşr. W. Jackson), Edinburg 1903.
  • Lane-Poole, S., Medieval India Under Mohammedan Rule (712-1764), London 1903.
  • Lethbridge, R., The History of India, London 1900.
  • Mahajan, V. D., History of Medieval India (Sultanate Period and Mughal Period), New Delhi 1991.
  • Majumdar, A. K., Chaulukyas of Gujarat (A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the middle of the tenth to the end of the thirteenth century), Bombay 1956.
  • Malleson, G. B., History of Afghanistan (From the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878), London 1878.
  • Mehta, J. L., Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India (1000-1526 A.D.), Chandigarh 1979.
  • Muhammad Ufî, Jâmi’u-l Hikâyât, (Elliot-Dowson, The History of India as Told by its own Historians: The Muhammadan Period II), London 1869, s. 155-203.
  • Muhammed b. Havendşah Belhî-yi Mâruf be Mirhond, Ravzâtu’s-Safâ IV-V-VI, (nşr. Abbas Zeryâb), Tahran 1358.
  • Nâzım, M., The Life and Times of Sultân Mahmûd of Ghazna, Cambridge 1931.
  • Niyogi, R., The History of the Gâhadavâla Dynasty, Calcutta 1959.
  • Nizami, K. A., “Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat”, A Comprehensive History of India V (The Delhi Sultanat A.D. 1206-1526), (nşr. M. Habib-K. A. Nizami), Bombay 1970, s. 132-186.
  • Palabıyık, M. Hanefi, “Hindistan Tarihinde Gazneli Türk Hakimiyeti”, Tarihte Türk-Hint İlişkileri Sempozyumu Bildirileri, (25-28 Haziran 2007), Ankara 2008, s. 91-127.
  • Pandey, A. B., Early Medieval India, Allahabad 1960.
  • Prasad, I., History of Medieval India, History of Medieval India, Allahabad 1925.
  • Puri, B. N., The History of the Gurjara-Pratihâras, Lucknow 1957.
  • Sadasivan, S. N., A Social History of India, New Delhi 2000.
  • Satyasray, R. S., Studies in Rajput I (Origin of the Châlukyas), Calcutta 1937.
  • Sıddıqui, I. H., “Social Mobility in the Delhi Sultanate”, Medieval India I (Researches in the History of the India 1200-1750), Calcutta 1999, s. 22-48.
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  • Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or The Central-Western Rajpoot States of India I, Calcutta 1902.
  • Vaidya, C. V., History of Medieval Hindu India III, Bombay 1926.
  • Wheeler, J. T., The History of India III (From the Earliest Ages), London 1874. Yâhıyâ B. Ahmad B. Abdullah Sirhindî, The Târikh-i-Mubârakshâhî, (nşr. K. K. Basu), Baroda 1932.

A Comparative Assessment of the Ghurid and Rajput Military Systems

Year 2025, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 542 - 565, 27.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.48145/gopsbad.1750448

Abstract

The Ghurids, who emerged in the mountainous Ghur region between Ghazni and Herat in the 10th century and were named after the region, gravitated towards India during the decline of the Seljuk and Ghaznavid states, partly due to their powerful northern rivals, the Khwarazm Shahs. This shift became more pronounced during the reign of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, who ascended to the throne in Ghazni. Establishing their political and military dominance over the ruins of Mahmud of Ghazni's family, the Ghurids, under their ruler Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad and his loyal Turkic kings, would conquer northwestern and central India and the Ganges basin with their armies, entirely rooted in the tradition of raiders in Turkestan and based on the Turkish military system. During the Ghurid raids that would culminate in the establishment of the Delhi Turkish Sultanate in India, Northern India fell from Turkish rule due to the decline of the Ghaznavids, and the region once again came under the pressure of the Hindu rajahs. The Rajputs, who distinguished themselves as warriors possessing the military qualities of the Turks, unlike the courageous and lethargic Indians, especially in defending their lands against conquering tribes from the north, put the Ghurids in a difficult position and often defeated them during their conquests of India. However, the constant conflicts among the Rajput states and the prevailing feudal fragmentation led to their defeat against the Ghurids. This study, comparing the military capabilities of the Rajputs with those of the Ghurids, aims to identify, based on the available sources, the reasons why the Rajput armies, which were enormous considering the conditions of the period, were inadequate against the much smaller Ghurid forces.

References

  • Ahmad, M. Aziz, Political History and Institutions of the Early Turkish Empire of Delhi (1206-1290 AD), Lahor 1949.
  • Al Utbî, The Kitab-ı Yamini (Historical Memories of the Amir Sabaktagin and the Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, Early
  • Conqueror of Hindustan and Founders of the Ghaznavids Dynasty), (nşr. J. Reynolds), London 1958.
  • Antonova, K., - Bongard-Levin, G., - Kotovsky, G., A History of India I, Moscow 1979.
  • Barthold, V. V., Moğol İstilasına Kadar Türkistan, (nşr. H. D. Yıldız), İstanbul 2019.
  • Bayur, Y. H., Hindistan Tarihi I: İlk Çağlardan Gurkanlı Devleti’nin Kuruluşuna Kadar (1526), Ankara 1987.
  • Beveridge, H., A Comprehensive History of India I, London 1862.
  • Bingley, A. H., Rajputs, Calcutta 1889.
  • Bosworth, C. E., “The Early İslamic History of Gûr”, Central Asiatic Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2, (June 1961), s. 116-133.
  • Bosworth, C. E., The Ghaznavids Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran (994-1040), Edinburg 1963.
  • Bosworth, C. E., The Later Ghaznavids (The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India), New Delhi 1977.
  • Briggs, J., History of the Rise of the Mohemadan Power in India I (Translated from the Original Persian of Mahomed Kasım Ferishta), (nşr. J. Briggs), London 1829.
  • Chandra, S., History of Medieval India (800-1700), New Delhi 2007.
  • Cöhce, S., “Dehli Türk Sultanlığı’nın Kurucusu Kutbed-din Aybeg’in Hayatı ve Şahsiyeti”, Fırat Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (Prof. Dr. Şaban Kuzgun Armağanı), S. 5, Elazığ 2000, s. 13-24.
  • Cüzcânî-Raverty, Tabakât-ı Nâsırî I (A General History of Mohammadan Dynasties of Asia), (nşr. H. G. Raverty), Calcutta 1864.
  • Cüzcânî-Raverty, Tabakât-ı Nâsırî, A General History of Mohammadan Dynasties of Asia I, (nşr. H. G. Raverty), Calcutta 1864.
  • Dosabhai, E., A History of Gujarat (from the Earliest Period to the Present Time), Ahmadabad 1894.
  • Dunbar, G., A History of India (from the Earliest Times to the Present Day), London 1935.
  • Ebu’l-Fazl Muhammed B. Hüseyin-i Beyhakî, Târîhi- Beyhakî, (nşr. N. Lügal-H. Kırlangıç), Ankara 2019.
  • Fahreddin Mübarek Şah, Tarih-i Fahreddin Mübarek Şah (Şecere-i Ensâbın Dibacesi), (nşr. A. Yelgar-M. Ali Bozkuş), Ankara 2023.
  • Fredunbeg, M. K., History of Sind II, Karachi 1902.
  • Futûhu’s Salâtin or Shâh Nâmah-ı Hind of Isemî I, (nşr. A. M. Husain), Calcutta 1966.
  • Ghosh, N. N., Early History of India, Allahabad 1948.
  • Guignes, J. De., Hunların, Türklerin, Moğolların ve Daha Sâir Batı Tatarlarının Tarih-i Umûmîsi II, (nşr. H. Cahit-E. Kılınç), İstanbul 2018.
  • Gupta, R. K., - Bakshi, S. R., Rajasthan Through the Ages (The Heritage of Rajputs) I, New Delhi 2008.
  • Habibullah, A. B. M., The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India (A History of the Establisment and Progress of the
  • Turkish Sultanate of Delhi: 1206-1290 A.D.), Allahabad 1976.
  • Haig, W., “Mu’ızz-ud-dîn Muhammad B. Sâm of Ghûr and The Earlier Slave Kings of Delhi”, The Cambridge History of India III (Turks and Afghans), (nşr. W. Haig), Cambridge 1928, s. 38-73.
  • Hamdullah Müstevfî-yi Kazvinî, Târih-i Güzide, (nşr. M. Öztürk), Ankara 2018.
  • Hasan Nizâmî, Taju-l Ma-âsîr, (Elliot-Dowson, The History of India as Told by its own Historians: The Muhammadan Period II), London 1869, s. 204-233.
  • Hooja, R., A History of Rajasthan, New Delhi 2006.
  • Hudûd al-Âlam (The Regions of the World A Persian Geography 372 A.H.-982 A.D.), (nşr. V. Minorsky), London 1937.
  • İbnü’l-Esir, El-Kâmil Fi’t-Tarih Tercümesi XI, (nşr. A. Özaydın-M. Tulum), İstanbul 1987.
  • Jayaswal, K. P., An Imperial History of India (in A Sanskrit Text), Lahore 1934.
  • Kapadia, A., İn Praise of Kings (Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth Century Gujarat), Cambridge 2018.
  • Keene, H. G., The History of India (The Hindu and Mahomedan Periods), London 1916.
  • Keightley, T., A History of India (from the Earliest Times to the Present Day), London 1847.
  • Khondamır, Habıbu-s Sıyar), (Elliot-Dowson, The History of India as Told by its own Historians: The Muhammadan Period IV), London 1872, s. 154-212.
  • Khwâjah Nizâmuddîn Ahmad, The Tabaqât-ı-Akbarî I, (nşr. B. De), Calcutta 1927.
  • Konukçu, E., “Hindistan’daki Türk Devletleri”, Doğuştan Günümüze Büyük İslam Tarihi IX, (nşr. H. Dursun Yıldız), İstanbul 1989, s. 373-535.
  • Köprülü, M. Fuad, Tarih Araştırmaları I, (nşr. Y. Kemal Taştan), Ankara 2006.
  • Kulke, H.,– Rothermund, D., Hindistan Tarihi, (nşr. M. Günay), İstanbul 2001.
  • Kutlutürk, C., Hint Düşüncesinde İslâm Algısı, İstanbul 2019.
  • Lal, K. S., Studies in Medieval Indian History, Delhi 1966.
  • Lane-Poole, S., History of India III (Medieval India from the Mohammedan Conquest to the Reign of Akbar the Great), (nşr. W. Jackson), Edinburg 1903.
  • Lane-Poole, S., Medieval India Under Mohammedan Rule (712-1764), London 1903.
  • Lethbridge, R., The History of India, London 1900.
  • Mahajan, V. D., History of Medieval India (Sultanate Period and Mughal Period), New Delhi 1991.
  • Majumdar, A. K., Chaulukyas of Gujarat (A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the middle of the tenth to the end of the thirteenth century), Bombay 1956.
  • Malleson, G. B., History of Afghanistan (From the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878), London 1878.
  • Mehta, J. L., Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India (1000-1526 A.D.), Chandigarh 1979.
  • Muhammad Ufî, Jâmi’u-l Hikâyât, (Elliot-Dowson, The History of India as Told by its own Historians: The Muhammadan Period II), London 1869, s. 155-203.
  • Muhammed b. Havendşah Belhî-yi Mâruf be Mirhond, Ravzâtu’s-Safâ IV-V-VI, (nşr. Abbas Zeryâb), Tahran 1358.
  • Nâzım, M., The Life and Times of Sultân Mahmûd of Ghazna, Cambridge 1931.
  • Niyogi, R., The History of the Gâhadavâla Dynasty, Calcutta 1959.
  • Nizami, K. A., “Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat”, A Comprehensive History of India V (The Delhi Sultanat A.D. 1206-1526), (nşr. M. Habib-K. A. Nizami), Bombay 1970, s. 132-186.
  • Palabıyık, M. Hanefi, “Hindistan Tarihinde Gazneli Türk Hakimiyeti”, Tarihte Türk-Hint İlişkileri Sempozyumu Bildirileri, (25-28 Haziran 2007), Ankara 2008, s. 91-127.
  • Pandey, A. B., Early Medieval India, Allahabad 1960.
  • Prasad, I., History of Medieval India, History of Medieval India, Allahabad 1925.
  • Puri, B. N., The History of the Gurjara-Pratihâras, Lucknow 1957.
  • Sadasivan, S. N., A Social History of India, New Delhi 2000.
  • Satyasray, R. S., Studies in Rajput I (Origin of the Châlukyas), Calcutta 1937.
  • Sıddıqui, I. H., “Social Mobility in the Delhi Sultanate”, Medieval India I (Researches in the History of the India 1200-1750), Calcutta 1999, s. 22-48.
  • Smith, V. A., The Early History of India (From 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest), Oxford 1908.
  • Stein, B., Hindistan Tarihi, (nşr. M. Günay), İstanbul 2015.
  • Târîh-i Benâkiti (Ravzatü üli’l-elbâb fi mârifetü’l-Tevârih ve’l-ensâb), (nşr. Ca’fer Şuâr), Tahran 1348/1969.
  • Thomas, E., The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Dehli, London 1871.
  • Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or The Central-Western Rajpoot States of India I, Calcutta 1902.
  • Vaidya, C. V., History of Medieval Hindu India III, Bombay 1926.
  • Wheeler, J. T., The History of India III (From the Earliest Ages), London 1874. Yâhıyâ B. Ahmad B. Abdullah Sirhindî, The Târikh-i-Mubârakshâhî, (nşr. K. K. Basu), Baroda 1932.
There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Medieval Asian History, Military Geography
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İsa Eryılmaz 0000-0002-5938-6003

Submission Date July 25, 2025
Acceptance Date October 29, 2025
Publication Date December 27, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 20 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Eryılmaz, İ. (2025). Gûrlu ve Racput Askeri Sistemlerinin Mukayesesine Dair Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 20(2), 542-565. https://doi.org/10.48145/gopsbad.1750448
AMA Eryılmaz İ. Gûrlu ve Racput Askeri Sistemlerinin Mukayesesine Dair Bir Değerlendirme. JSSR. December 2025;20(2):542-565. doi:10.48145/gopsbad.1750448
Chicago Eryılmaz, İsa. “Gûrlu Ve Racput Askeri Sistemlerinin Mukayesesine Dair Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi 20, no. 2 (December 2025): 542-65. https://doi.org/10.48145/gopsbad.1750448.
EndNote Eryılmaz İ (December 1, 2025) Gûrlu ve Racput Askeri Sistemlerinin Mukayesesine Dair Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi 20 2 542–565.
IEEE İ. Eryılmaz, “Gûrlu ve Racput Askeri Sistemlerinin Mukayesesine Dair Bir Değerlendirme”, JSSR, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 542–565, 2025, doi: 10.48145/gopsbad.1750448.
ISNAD Eryılmaz, İsa. “Gûrlu Ve Racput Askeri Sistemlerinin Mukayesesine Dair Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi 20/2 (December2025), 542-565. https://doi.org/10.48145/gopsbad.1750448.
JAMA Eryılmaz İ. Gûrlu ve Racput Askeri Sistemlerinin Mukayesesine Dair Bir Değerlendirme. JSSR. 2025;20:542–565.
MLA Eryılmaz, İsa. “Gûrlu Ve Racput Askeri Sistemlerinin Mukayesesine Dair Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 20, no. 2, 2025, pp. 542-65, doi:10.48145/gopsbad.1750448.
Vancouver Eryılmaz İ. Gûrlu ve Racput Askeri Sistemlerinin Mukayesesine Dair Bir Değerlendirme. JSSR. 2025;20(2):542-65.