İŞGÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ GELİŞİM SÜRECİ AB-OECD-TÜRKİYE KARŞILAŞTIRMASI

Barriers to economic activities have disappeared. International trade has gained momentum with the adoption of the free market economy since the 1980s. The decrease in employment rates and increases in unemployment rates in these change and transformation processes kept the labour force indicators on the agenda as one of the main problems that policymakers and governments should address. In many developed and developing countries around the world, low costs, high unemployment rates and inability to employ unskilled labor force pose important problems. Along with the globalization process, the new economic order based on information and technology has increased jobs that require a high degree of knowledge and skills, while increasing the knowledge-based workforce. In addition, decreasing the importance of physical capital, increasing the demand for a qualified and quality workforce, and reducing the demand for unqualified workforce.

Labour force participation rates in the OECD, and the EU-28 labour force participation rate of men is higher than women when compared to Turkey. However, female labour force participation rates have increased over the years in the OECD and EU-28 countries. These rates decreased in Turkey until 2008 and showed an increase after 2008. The labour force participation rate in Turkey appears to be lower compared to other countries. With the rapid spread of globalization, the economic growth that took place in the years when there was monetary expansion, and the mobility to spread has made the foreign investments felt. But of course, not everyone looking for a job can be employed. Sectoral distribution of employment is equally important in terms of reflecting the labour market's pain and the dynamics of national economies of the country's. When the sectoral distribution of employment in OECD countries is analyzed, it is seen that employment has shifted from agriculture to industry and service sector. The services sector has the highest share among the three sectors. While the share of agriculture in employment in OECD countries was 9,4% in 1991, this rate decreased to 4,5% in 2019. Likewise, while the industry's share in employment was 29,6% in 1991, this rate dropped to 22,5% in 2019. While the share of the service sector was 61,0% in 1991, this rate increased to 73,0% in 2019. When the sectoral distribution of employment in EU-28 countries is analyzed, the share of agriculture in employment was 9,4% in 1991, while this rate decreased by years and became 4,1% in 2019. While the share of industry in employment was 33,2% in 1991, this rate decreased over the years and decreased to 23,7% in 2019. As in OECD countries, the service sector stands out in the EU-28 countries and has been increasing over the years. While the share of the service sector in employment was 54,4% in 1991, this rate was 72,2% in 2019. The sectoral distribution of employment in the economy is seen that Turkey passed an economic structure based on the agricultural economic structure in the industry and services sectors. The share of agricultural employment in Turkey in 1991, while in 2019 this ratio was 47,8% down to 19,1%. When the share of industry in employment is analyzed, employment increases are observed by years. While the share of industry in employment was 20,2% in 1991, this rate increased by years and became 26,1% in 2019. While the share of the service sector in employment was 32,0% in 1991, this rate increased to 54,8% in 2019. In general, OECD, EU-28 and Turkey in unemployment rates compared to the unemployment rate in OECD countries were tended to decrease until 2008, the EU-28 countries from 1992 to 1998 between the years of unemployment followed a high trend on average 10,7% in 1998 to 2008 decreased. The unemployment rate in Turkey tends to fall until 2001. Post-2008 unemployment rates in OECD and EU-28 countries, with the effect of the global crisis, unemployment rates increased until 2014 and started to decline after this year. In Turkey, the unemployment rate rose to its highest level after the 2008 global crisis, especially the unemployment rate in 2009 was 14%. Although unemployment rates tended to decrease between 2001-2014, the average unemployment rate has been 10.6% since 2015. The downward trend after 2014 and the EU-28 unemployment rate in OECD countries increased in showing Turkey. Therefore, Turkey's unemployment rate of unemployment in OECD countries and EU-28 countries, which is above the average.

The aim of this study is to analyze the developments in the labor market macro economically in the process of globalization for European Union, OECD and Turkey. It is important to ensure political, social and economic stability, to achieve sustainable economic growth, to increase competitiveness at the firm, industry and international level, to enable new business areas and to provide incentives in the global economic order, where globalization is felt. Improving the working conditions of the current employees, preventing the discouragement of the qualified workforce at the point of employment, effectively maintaining the activities of local and regional development dynamics and controlling their productivity will trigger the dynamism of the labour markets. Finally, be at a level which will contribute to the employment of foreign direct investment, increasing the share allocated to research and development, it should increase the savings OECD to European Union countries and Turkey will contribute to the efficient functioning of the economy in the labour market.

Küreselleşmenin tüm dünyaya hızlı bir şekilde yayılması işgücü piyasalarını derinden etkilediği görülmektedir. Küreselleşme ile birlikte teknolojinin hızlı bir şekilde gelişimi yeni üretim tekniklerinin ortaya çıkması mevcut işgücünün bu teknolojiye uyum sağlamasını güçleşmiştir. Gelişen teknolojiye ayak uyduran nitelikli işgücü istihdam edilirken uyum sağlayamayanlar ya işsiz kalmakta ya da düşük gelir getiren işlere yönelmektedir. Dolayısıyla işgücü piyasalarındaki etkinliği sağlamanın en temel yolu yeni ekonomik düzene ayak uydurmaktan geçmektedir. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin beraberinde getirdiği bu yeni ekonomik yaklaşımın temelinde bilgiye dayalı ekonomik altyapı, sanallaşmanın önemli bir rol oynadığı digital ve ağ ekonomisi, yenilikçi temelli, aracıların ortadan kalktığı, üretici ve tüketici farkının giderek belirsizleştiği hızlı ve moleküler bir anlayış yatmaktadır. Bu ekonomik anlayış ve küreselleşmenin ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasal boyutu beraberinde yüksek büyüme oranları, yüksek ticaret hacimleri ve yüksek istihdam beklentilerini de getirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı küreselleşme sürecinde işgücü piyasasındaki gelişmeleri Avrupa Birliği- OECD ve Türkiye ekonomisi için makroekonomik olarak analiz etmektir.