Research Article
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Happy Victimizer Phenomenon and Children’s Judgements on Peer Exclusion Based on Gender and Ethnicity

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 165 - 179, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.51503/gpd.884009

Abstract

It has been found that the identifying of emotions and attribution of emotions play an important role in the development of moral and social reasoning (Arsenio, 2014). The primary purpose of this research was to examine children's judgments about peer exclusion in the context of gender and ethnicity. In addition, it investigated whether the phenomenon of "Happy Victimizer" (Arsenio and Lover, 1995; Keller et al., 2003)  in the early childhood and first half of primary school years is also seen in the Turkish study group in the context of peer exclusion. The research used a mixed research design, and one-on-one interviews were conducted with the participating children over an online platform. In the interviews, a total of 24 (12 girls and 12 boys) second-year students in a private primary school evaluated hypothetical stories about being excluded from the playgroup in terms of gender and ethnicity. First, the children were asked about their judgments and reasons for being excluded from a playgroup regarding gender and ethnicity. In addition, it was investigated whether the children's peer preference was for the in-group or the out-group when there was only one room left in the playgroup. The results showed that children negatively evaluated being excluded from the playgroup in both stories. They use moral norms as justification when evaluating exclusion from the playgroup in terms of gender and ethnicity. In both stories, the children attributed negative emotions (e.g., sad, lonely) to the child who was not included in the playgroup. On the other hand, the happy victimizer phenomenon emerged. The participating children were more inclined to attribute positive emotions to children who excluded their peers in the story. In general, the results of this study reveal that the participating children use universal reasoning patterns when evaluating social exclusion.

References

  • Arsenio, W. (2014). Moral emotion attributions and aggression. Handbook of moral development, 2, 235-255.
  • Arsenio, W. F., & Kramer, R. (1992). Victimizers and their victims: Children's conceptions of the mixed emotional consequences of moral transgressions. Child Development, 63(4), 915-927.
  • Arsenio, W., & Lover, A. (1995). Children's conceptions of sociomoral affect: Happy victimizers, mixed emotions, and other expectancies. In M. Killen & D. Hart (Eds.), Morality in everyday life: Developmental perspectives (pp. 87–128). Cambridge University Press.
  • Bayraktar, F. (2006). İlköğretimde zorbalık ve kurban olma: Ergenlik öncesi çocuklarda zorbaların, kurbanların, zorba/kurbanların ve katılmayan grubun karşılaştırılması. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 38, 43-58.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage Publications.
  • Gummerum, M., Lopez-Perez, B., Ambrona, T., Rodríguez-Cano, S., Dellaria, G., Smith, G., & Wilson, E. (2016). Children's moral emotion attribution in the Happy Victimizer task: The role of response format. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 177(1), 1-16.
  • Keller, M., Lourenço, O., Malti, T., & Saalbach, H. (2003). The multifaceted phenomenon of ‘happy victimizers’: A cross‐cultural comparison of moral emotions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 1-18.
  • Killen, M. (2007). Children's social and moral reasoning about exclusion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(1), 32-36.
  • Killen, M., Lee-Kim, J., McGlothlin, H., & Stangor, C. (2002). How children and adolescents evaluate gender and racial exclusion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1-129.
  • Killen, M., Mulvey, K. L., & Hitti, A. (2013). Social exclusion in childhood: A developmental intergroup perspective. Child Development, 84(3), 772-790.
  • Killen, M., & Rutland, A. (2013). Children and social exclusion: Morality, prejudice, and group identity. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Killen, M., & Stangor, C. (2001). Children's social reasoning about inclusion and exclusion in gender and race peer group contexts. Child development, 72(1), 174-186.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin, (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research, pp. 347-480, Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
  • Köymen, B., Tomasello, M. (2017). Çocuklar sosyal normları nasıl algılar, Ç. Aydın, T. Göksun, A. Küntay ve D. Tahiroğlu (Derleyenler), Aklın çocuk hali: Zihin gelişimi araştırmaları, (ss. 233-248). İstanbul: KÜY Yayınevi.
  • Malti, T., & Dys, S. P. (2015). A developmental perspective on moral emotions. Topoi, 34(2), 453-459.
  • Mayer, S.J. (2005). The early evolution of Jean Piaget's clinical method. History of Psychology, 8(4), 362.
  • Nucci, L. (1981). Conceptions of personal issues: A domain distinct from moral or societal concepts. Child Development, 114-121.
  • Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Killen, M., & Rutland, A. (2013). Children and social exclusion: Morality, prejudice, and group identity. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Smetana, J. G. (1981). Preschool children's conceptions of moral and social rules. Child Development, 1333-1336.
  • Smetana, J. G. (1989). Toddlers' social interactions in the context of moral and conventional transgressions in the home. Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 499.
  • Smetana, J. G. (2005). Social-cognitive domain theory: Consistencies and variations in children's moral and social judgments. In M. Killen & J. Smentana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development. Psychology Press.
  • Theimer, C. E., Killen, M., & Stangor, C. (2001). Young children's evaluations of exclusion in gender-stereotypic peer contexts. Developmental Psychology, 37(1), 18.
  • Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge University Press.
  • Turiel, E. (2015). Moral development. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science, 1-39.
  • Yaşartürk, İ. (2019). İlkokul öğrencilerinin adalet, dürüst olma, sorumluluk ve yardımseverlik değerlerine yönelik yargılarının Kohlberg’in ahlak gelişim kuramına göre incelenmesi, Yüksek lisans tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sakarya.

Mutlu Fail Olgusu ve Çocukların Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Etnisiteye Dayalı Akran Dışlanmasına Yönelik Yargıları

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 165 - 179, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.51503/gpd.884009

Abstract

Ahlaki ve sosyal sorgulamanın gelişiminde duyguların anlamlandırılması ve duygu atıflarının da önemli rol oynadığı bulunmuştur (Arsenio, 2014). Bu araştırmanın ilk amacı, çocukların toplumsal cinsiyet ve etnisite bağlamında akran dışlanmasına yönelik yargılarını incelemektir. Buna ek olarak erken çocukluk ve ilkokul yıllarının ilk yarısında gözlemlenen “Mutlu Fail” (Arsenio ve Lover, 1995; Keller vd., 2003) olgusunun Türkiye çalışma grubunda da görülüp görülmediği akran dışlanması bağlamında araştırmaktır. Araştırmada karma araştırma deseni kullanılmış, katılımcı çocuklarla çevirimiçi bir platform üzerinden birebir görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan görüşmelerde özel bir ilkokulda ikinci sınıf öğrencisi olan toplam 24 (12 kız ve 12 oğlan) çocuk, cinsiyet ve etnisite bağlamlarında oyun grubundan dışlanmayı anlatan varsayımsal hikayeleri değerlendirmişlerdir. İlk olarak çocuklara cinsiyet ve etnisite bağlamlarında bir oyun grubundan dışlanmaya yönelik yargı ve gerekçeleri sorulmuştur. Ayrıca, oyun grubunda sadece bir kişilik yer kaldığında çocukların akran tercihinin iç-gruptan mı, yoksa dış-gruptan yana mı olduğu araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, çocukların her iki hikayede de oyun grubundan dışlanmayı olumsuz olarak değerlendirdiğini, çocukların cinsiyet ve etnisite bağlamlarında oyun grubundan dışlanmayı değerlendirirken ahlaki normları gerekçe olarak kullandıkları göstermektedir. Her iki hikayede de çocuklar, oyun grubuna dahil olmayan çocuğa olumsuz duygular (örneğin, üzgün, yalnız) atfetmişlerdir. Öte yandan mutlu fail olgusu ortaya çıkmış, katılımcı çocukların hikayedeki akranını dışlayan çocuklara olumlu duygular atfetmeye daha meyilli oldukları gözlenmiştir. Genel olarak bu çalışmanın sonuçları bize, katılımcı çocukların sosyal dışlanmayı değerlendirirken evrensel bir sorgulama örüntüsü kullandıklarını göstermektedir.

References

  • Arsenio, W. (2014). Moral emotion attributions and aggression. Handbook of moral development, 2, 235-255.
  • Arsenio, W. F., & Kramer, R. (1992). Victimizers and their victims: Children's conceptions of the mixed emotional consequences of moral transgressions. Child Development, 63(4), 915-927.
  • Arsenio, W., & Lover, A. (1995). Children's conceptions of sociomoral affect: Happy victimizers, mixed emotions, and other expectancies. In M. Killen & D. Hart (Eds.), Morality in everyday life: Developmental perspectives (pp. 87–128). Cambridge University Press.
  • Bayraktar, F. (2006). İlköğretimde zorbalık ve kurban olma: Ergenlik öncesi çocuklarda zorbaların, kurbanların, zorba/kurbanların ve katılmayan grubun karşılaştırılması. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 38, 43-58.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage Publications.
  • Gummerum, M., Lopez-Perez, B., Ambrona, T., Rodríguez-Cano, S., Dellaria, G., Smith, G., & Wilson, E. (2016). Children's moral emotion attribution in the Happy Victimizer task: The role of response format. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 177(1), 1-16.
  • Keller, M., Lourenço, O., Malti, T., & Saalbach, H. (2003). The multifaceted phenomenon of ‘happy victimizers’: A cross‐cultural comparison of moral emotions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 1-18.
  • Killen, M. (2007). Children's social and moral reasoning about exclusion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(1), 32-36.
  • Killen, M., Lee-Kim, J., McGlothlin, H., & Stangor, C. (2002). How children and adolescents evaluate gender and racial exclusion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1-129.
  • Killen, M., Mulvey, K. L., & Hitti, A. (2013). Social exclusion in childhood: A developmental intergroup perspective. Child Development, 84(3), 772-790.
  • Killen, M., & Rutland, A. (2013). Children and social exclusion: Morality, prejudice, and group identity. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Killen, M., & Stangor, C. (2001). Children's social reasoning about inclusion and exclusion in gender and race peer group contexts. Child development, 72(1), 174-186.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin, (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research, pp. 347-480, Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
  • Köymen, B., Tomasello, M. (2017). Çocuklar sosyal normları nasıl algılar, Ç. Aydın, T. Göksun, A. Küntay ve D. Tahiroğlu (Derleyenler), Aklın çocuk hali: Zihin gelişimi araştırmaları, (ss. 233-248). İstanbul: KÜY Yayınevi.
  • Malti, T., & Dys, S. P. (2015). A developmental perspective on moral emotions. Topoi, 34(2), 453-459.
  • Mayer, S.J. (2005). The early evolution of Jean Piaget's clinical method. History of Psychology, 8(4), 362.
  • Nucci, L. (1981). Conceptions of personal issues: A domain distinct from moral or societal concepts. Child Development, 114-121.
  • Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Killen, M., & Rutland, A. (2013). Children and social exclusion: Morality, prejudice, and group identity. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Smetana, J. G. (1981). Preschool children's conceptions of moral and social rules. Child Development, 1333-1336.
  • Smetana, J. G. (1989). Toddlers' social interactions in the context of moral and conventional transgressions in the home. Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 499.
  • Smetana, J. G. (2005). Social-cognitive domain theory: Consistencies and variations in children's moral and social judgments. In M. Killen & J. Smentana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development. Psychology Press.
  • Theimer, C. E., Killen, M., & Stangor, C. (2001). Young children's evaluations of exclusion in gender-stereotypic peer contexts. Developmental Psychology, 37(1), 18.
  • Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge University Press.
  • Turiel, E. (2015). Moral development. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science, 1-39.
  • Yaşartürk, İ. (2019). İlkokul öğrencilerinin adalet, dürüst olma, sorumluluk ve yardımseverlik değerlerine yönelik yargılarının Kohlberg’in ahlak gelişim kuramına göre incelenmesi, Yüksek lisans tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Developmental Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Melike Acar 0000-0003-3233-1042

Ayşe Yıldız This is me 0000-0001-9975-6219

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Submission Date February 21, 2021
Acceptance Date December 9, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 2 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Acar, M., & Yıldız, A. (2021). Mutlu Fail Olgusu ve Çocukların Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Etnisiteye Dayalı Akran Dışlanmasına Yönelik Yargıları. Gelişim Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(4), 165-179. https://doi.org/10.51503/gpd.884009

Journal of Development and Psychology (JODAP)