Aşırı çeşitliliğin olduğu mahallelerde girişimcilik: 13 Avrupa kentinde keşif çalışması

Öz

Kentsel çeşitlilik ve girişimcilik ilişkisi uzun yıllar etnik ve kültürel açıdan farklılık gösteren ve göçmenlerin yoğunlaştığı mahalleler özelinde tartışıldı. Son yıllarda göçmenlerin yoğunlaştığı mahallelerde demografik dönüşümler yaşanmakta, sosyal ve etnik çeşitlenme yanı sıra yaşam ve davranış biçimleri açısından da çeşitlilik artmakta ve nüfus yapısı değişen bu mahalleler çok farklı tipteki girişimlerin kuluçka alanları haline gelmektedir. Ancak, bu değişimin girişimcilik üzerindeki etkisi hala yeni bir çalışma alanıdır. Bu makale, etnik ve kültürel farklılıkların olduğu ve yakın geçmişte çöküntü yaşayan alanlardan sosyal ve kültürel çeşitliliğin en fazla olduğu kent parçalarına evrilen mahallelerde değişen girişimcilik örüntülerine odaklanmakta ve 13 farklı kentteki 18 mahalleyi kapsayan bir AB araştırma projesinin (DIVERCITIES) bulgularını sunmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular kentsel çeşitliliğin yeni boyutlar kazandığı bu kent parçalarında çok farklı girişimcilik türlerinin bir arada yer aldığını göstermektedir. Mevcut girişimlerin bir bölümü yeni koşullara uyum sağlarken, çeşitlenen nüfus yapısı ve bunun sağladığı özgürlük ortamından yararlanmak isteyen yeni yaratıcı ve yenilikçi girişimler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bulgular mevcut girişimcilik desenlerinin geçici olduğunu ve kentsel çeşitliliğin yeni piyasa koşulları yaratması nedeniyle yeni iş alanlarına kayışın süreceğini ve bu kent parçalarının hem kentin değişik bölgelerinde yaşayan hem de ulusal ve yabancı ziyaretçiler için çekiciliğinin artacağını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çeşitlilik
• Girişimcilik
• Göçmen işletmeler
• Etnik işletmeler
• Yaşam tarzı çeşitliliği

Entrepreneurship in hyper-diverse neighborhoods: An exploratory study in 13 European cities

Abstract

The relationship between neighbourhood diversity and entrepreneurship has been discussed concerning neighbourhoods where immigrants with different cultural and ethnic backgrounds are concentrated. Recently, these immigrant neighbourhoods experienced further demographic changes not only in social and ethnic terms but also concerning lifestyles and attitudes and they have become the incubation zones of various types of enterprises. Understanding the effects of neighbourhood diversification on entrepreneurship, however, is still a new field of inquiry. This paper explores the changes in entrepreneurship patterns in ethnic, immigrant and deprived neighbourhoods turning into socially diversified environs and draws upon the findings of research conducted within a cross-national EU project entitled DIVERCITIES that focused on the role of neighbourhood diversity on entrepreneurship in 18 neighbourhoods in 13 European cities. The findings show the coexistence of different types of enterprises including existing ones that adapt themselves to new conditions and creative and innovative enterprises that try to get the benefits of population diversity and a tolerant environment. The findings highlight that the existing categories are temporary and shift into new business fields and adaptive processes are continual due to neighbourhood diversity that generates new market conditions and attracts not only visitors from different parts of the city but also national and foreign tourists.

Keywords

• Diversity
• Entrepreneurship
• Immigrant enterprises
• Ethnic enterprises
• Lifestyle-diversity

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