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The concept of accessibility and its dimensions for spatial design

Year 2021, , 225 - 248, 29.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.824581

Abstract

Design, which is a human-specific ability, is an action that cannot be abstracted from the life of the individual that is the reason for its production. Designs shaped by social and cultural behaviors respond to the individual's vital requirements regarding security, shelter, and self-realization. Thus, to the individuals, it offers opportunities to develop their various actions and experiences. Making these opportunities possible can be achieved by making the designed products, places, and systems accessible to individuals. This study aims to reveal the multidimensional relationship between the act of design and the concept of accessibility. The concept of accessibility is examined with its perceptual, physical, and cultural dimensions in terms of its meanings and expansions. Here, it is revealed that the designs, which exist both physically and socially and culturally, should meet all dimensions of the concept of accessibility in an integrated way. This framework aims to create awareness about spatial design by analyzing all obtained data with an integrated approach.

References

  • Andrade, I., Dorneles, V. and Bins Ely, V.H.M. (2012). Accessibility for all: going from theory to practice, Work 41, 3840-3846. doi: 10.3233/ WOR-2012-0687-3840
  • Arnheim, R. (2002). Art and Visual Perception. A Psychology of Creative Eye, London: University of California Press.
  • Benzel, K. F. (1997). The Room in Context. Design Beyond Boundaries. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Bergson, H. (2015). Madde ve Bellek Beden-Tin İlişkisi Üzerine Deneme (çev. I. Ergüden). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Canadian Human Rights Commission. (2006) International Best Practices in Universal Design: A Global Review, Canada: Betty Dion Enterprises Ltd.
  • Coates, M., Brooker, G. ve Stone, S. (2017). Görsel İç Mimarlık Sözlüğü (çev. N. Şık). İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.
  • Communities and Local Government/DCLG. (2003). Planning and Access for Disabled People: a Good Practice Guide, London: Department for Communities and Local Government.
  • Corbusier, L. (2017). Bir Mimarlığa Doğru (çev. S. Merzi). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Curl, A., Nelson, J. D. and Anable, J. (2015). Same question, different answer: A comparison of GIS-based journey time accessibility with self-reported measures from the National Travel Survey in England. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 49, 86-97.
  • Day, C. ve Parnell, R. (2003). Consensus Design Socially Inclusive Process, London: Architectural Press.
  • Deffner, A., Psatha, E., Bogiantzidis, N., Mantas, N., Vlachaki, E., Ntaflouka, P., (2015) Accessibility To Culture And Heritage: Designing For All. In Proceedings of the AESOP, ‘Definite space—Fuzzy responsibility’, Prague: Czech Technical University.
  • Eco, U. (2019). Mimarlık Göstergebilimi (çev. F. E. Akerson). İstanbul: Daimon Yayınları.
  • Engelliler Hakkında Kanun. (2014 Düzenleme tarihi). Resmi Gazete (Yayımlandığı tarih: 2005, 7 Temmuz, Resmi Gazete Sayısı:25868, Tertip:5, Cilt:44). Erişim adresi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5378.pdf.
  • Ergenoğlu Sungur, A. ve Yıldız, S. (2013). Fiziksel Erişilebilirlik. Elzi M., Nesrin B. ve Neyyir B. (Ed.), Engelsiz Türkiye için: Yolun Neresindeyiz? Mevcut Durum ve Öneriler içinde (s. 123-171), İstanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Etimoloji Sözlüğü. (2020). Erişilebilirlik. Erişim Adresi: https://www.etymonline.com/word/accessible?ref=etymonline_crossreference.
  • Farrington, J., Farrington, C. (2005). Rural accessibility, social inclusion and social justice:towards conceptualisation, Journal of Transport Geography, 13, 1–12.
  • Frampton, K. (2001). Studies in Tectonic Culture The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture, London: Phaidon Press.
  • Geurs, K.T. and Wee, B. (2014). Accessibility Evaluation of Land-use and Transport Strategies: Review and Research Directions, Journal of Transport Geography, 12(2),127–140.
  • Gibson, J.J. (2015). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, New York: Psychology Press
  • Hall, E. T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension, United States: Anchor Books.
  • Hanson, J. (2004). The Inclusive City: delivering a more accessible urban environment through inclusive design. International Construction Conference Responding to Change (p. 1-39), UK: York.
  • Harris, C.M. (2005). Dictionary of Architecture & Construction, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Harvey, D. (2016). Sosyal Adalet ve Şehir (çev. M. Moralı). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Heskett, J. (2017). Tasarım (çev. E. Uzun). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Interaction Design Foundation. (2002). The Basics of User Experience Design. Erişim Adresi: https://tofasakademi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/the-basics-of-ux-design.pdf.
  • International Organization for Standardization. (2011). Ergonomics – General Approach, Principles and Concepts (ISO 26800:2011). Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
  • International Organization for Standardization. (2014). Guide for Addressing in Standarts (ISO/IEC Guide 71: 2014). Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
  • Iwarsson, S., Stahl, A. (2003). Accessibility, usability and universal design—positioning and definition of concepts describing person-environment relationship, Disability and Rehabilitation, 25 (2), 57-66,
  • Kandemir, Ö. (2018). Tasarım Kavramında Yaşanan Öze Dönük Paradigma Değişimi ve Mekân Tasarımına Yönelik Açılımları. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sanat Tasarım Dergisi, 8 (2), 110-127.
  • Koca, D., Yılmaz, M. (2017). Engelliler İçin Mekân Düzenlemelerinde Kapsayıcı Tasarım, Ankara: Anadolu Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2007). Design Research, an Oxymoron?. Ralf M.(Ed). Design Research Now Essays and Selected Projects (p.67-80). Basel:Birkhauser.
  • Mahmoodi, A. S. M. (2001). The Design Process in Architecture a Pedagogic Approach Using Interactive Thinking (Unpublished PhD Thesis). The University of Leeds School of Civil Engineering, United Kingdom.
  • Merlau-Ponty, M. (2017a). Algılanan Dünya Sohbetler (çev. Ö. Aygün). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (2017b). Algının Önceliği ve Felsefi Sonuçları (çev. Y. Yıldırım). Alfa Yayınları..
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (2017c). Algının Fenomenolojisi (çev. E. Sarıkartal ve E. Hacımuratoğlu). İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Norman, D. (2017). Gündelik Şeylerin Tasarımı (çev. A. M. Şengel). Ankara: Tübitak Popüler Bilim Yayınları.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2018). Tenin Gözleri (çev. A. U. Kılıç). İstanbul: Yem Yayın.
  • Persson, H., Ahman, H., Yngling, A., Gulliksen, J. (2014). Universal design, inclusive design, accessible design, design for all: different concepts—one goal? On the concept of accessibility— historical, methodological and philosophical aspects, Universal Access in the Information Society, 14 (4), 1-22
  • Pheasant, S. (2003). Bodyspace Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work, UK: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
  • Pirie, G.H. (1979). Measuring accessibility: a review and proposal, Environment and Planning A, 11(3), 299-312.
  • Rapley, C.E. (2013). Accessibility and Development: Environmental Accessibility and Its Implications for Inclusive, Sustainable and Equitable Development for all. United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs
  • Rapoport, A. (1977). Human Aspects of Urban Form Towards a Man—Environment Approach to Urban Form and Design, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Rapoport, A. (2004). Kültür Mimarlık Tasarım (çev. S. Batur). İstanbul: Yapı Yayın.
  • Rosenman, M. A. Ve Gero, J.S. (1998). Purpose and function in design: from the socio-cultural to the technophysical. Design Studies, 19 (2), 161–186.
  • Rosso, A. L., Taylor, J. A., Tabb, L. P. and Michael, Y. L. (2013). Mobility, Disability, and Social Engagement in Older Adults, J Aging Health, 25 (4), 617-637.
  • Roth, L. M. (2000). Mimarlığın Öyküsü (çev. E. Akça). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Sanoff, H. (2010). Democratic Design: Participation Case Studies in Urban Small Town Environments, Germany: VDM Verlag.
  • Sartain, A.Q., North, A.J., Strange, J.R. and Chapman, H.M. (1958) Pshchology: Understaning Human Behavior, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  • Scherrer, V. (2001). “Neden Ulaşılabirlik Hakkında Düşünmeliyiz”. Herkes İçin Ulaşılabilirlik Seminer Notları (s. 38-42), Cem Ofset, Temmuz, İstanbul.
  • Smithers, T. (1992). Design as Exploration: Puzzle-Making and Puzzle-Solving. Notes for theWorkshop on Explorationbased models of design and search-based models of design, held as part of AI in Design ’92 (p.1-30), Pittsburgh: Carneige Mellon University.
  • Tilly, A., Dreyfuss, H. (1993). The Measure Of Man And Woman: Human Factors in Design, 1st edition, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications.
  • Tschumi, B. (2000). Çağdaş Dünya Mimarları 1 (çev. M. Ekincioğlu). İstanbul: Boyut Yayın Grubu.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (2020). Erişilebilirlik. Erişim Adresi: https://sozluk.tdk.gov.tr
  • Ulusal Engellilik Kurumu. (2020). Tasarım Kavramı. Erişim Adresi: http://universaldesign.ie/What-is-Universal-Design/Definition-and-Overview
  • United Nations General Assembly. (1994). Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities. Forty-eighth Session, Agenda Item 109, 1-28.
  • United States Department of Justice. (2010). 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design. Erişim adresi: https://www.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAStandards.pdf.
  • Urdang, L. (1991). The Oxford Thesaurus An A-Z Dictionary of Synonyms, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Vanderveen, A., de Laat, P., Dominicus, M. and Mohammadi, M. (2015). IntegralAccessibility: a Matter of Social Inclusion Recommendations on Measures for Dutch Policyon Accessibility in the Public Built Environment to Comply with the UN ‘Conventionon Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The 7th International Conference of SuDBE2015, 27-29 July, Reading, UK.

Mekân tasarımı için erişilebilirlik kavramı ve boyutları

Year 2021, , 225 - 248, 29.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.824581

Abstract

İnsana özgü bir yetenek olan tasarım, üretilme nedeni olan bireyin yaşamından soyutlanamayan bir eylemdir. Toplumsal ve kültürel davranış biçimleriyle şekillenen tasarımlar, bireyin güvenlik ve barınma ihtiyacından kendini gerçekleştirmeye kadar, yaşamsal her türlü ihtiyaca karşılık vermektedir. Böylelikle bireylere çeşitlenen eylemlerini ve deneyimlerini geliştirme fırsatları sunmaktadır. Bu fırsatların olanaklı kılınması ise, tasarlanan ürünlerin, mekânlar ve sistemlerin bireyler için erişilebilir olması ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Bu farkındalıkla ele alınan çalışma, tasarlama eylemi ile erişilebilirlik kavramı arasındaki çok boyutlu ilişkinin ortaya konulmasını hedeflemektedir. Bu çerçevede burada erişilebilirlik kavramının anlam ve açılımlarına yer verilerek kavramın algısal, fiziksel ve kültürel boyutları incelenmiştir. Yalnızca fiziksel değil sosyal ve kültürel olarak da varlık gösteren tasarımların, erişilebilirlik kavramının tüm boyutlarını bütünleşik olarak karşılaması gerektiği ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çerçevede elde edilen tüm veriler bütünleşik olarak incelenip, mekân tasarımına yönelik farkındalıkların oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir.

References

  • Andrade, I., Dorneles, V. and Bins Ely, V.H.M. (2012). Accessibility for all: going from theory to practice, Work 41, 3840-3846. doi: 10.3233/ WOR-2012-0687-3840
  • Arnheim, R. (2002). Art and Visual Perception. A Psychology of Creative Eye, London: University of California Press.
  • Benzel, K. F. (1997). The Room in Context. Design Beyond Boundaries. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Bergson, H. (2015). Madde ve Bellek Beden-Tin İlişkisi Üzerine Deneme (çev. I. Ergüden). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Canadian Human Rights Commission. (2006) International Best Practices in Universal Design: A Global Review, Canada: Betty Dion Enterprises Ltd.
  • Coates, M., Brooker, G. ve Stone, S. (2017). Görsel İç Mimarlık Sözlüğü (çev. N. Şık). İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.
  • Communities and Local Government/DCLG. (2003). Planning and Access for Disabled People: a Good Practice Guide, London: Department for Communities and Local Government.
  • Corbusier, L. (2017). Bir Mimarlığa Doğru (çev. S. Merzi). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Curl, A., Nelson, J. D. and Anable, J. (2015). Same question, different answer: A comparison of GIS-based journey time accessibility with self-reported measures from the National Travel Survey in England. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 49, 86-97.
  • Day, C. ve Parnell, R. (2003). Consensus Design Socially Inclusive Process, London: Architectural Press.
  • Deffner, A., Psatha, E., Bogiantzidis, N., Mantas, N., Vlachaki, E., Ntaflouka, P., (2015) Accessibility To Culture And Heritage: Designing For All. In Proceedings of the AESOP, ‘Definite space—Fuzzy responsibility’, Prague: Czech Technical University.
  • Eco, U. (2019). Mimarlık Göstergebilimi (çev. F. E. Akerson). İstanbul: Daimon Yayınları.
  • Engelliler Hakkında Kanun. (2014 Düzenleme tarihi). Resmi Gazete (Yayımlandığı tarih: 2005, 7 Temmuz, Resmi Gazete Sayısı:25868, Tertip:5, Cilt:44). Erişim adresi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5378.pdf.
  • Ergenoğlu Sungur, A. ve Yıldız, S. (2013). Fiziksel Erişilebilirlik. Elzi M., Nesrin B. ve Neyyir B. (Ed.), Engelsiz Türkiye için: Yolun Neresindeyiz? Mevcut Durum ve Öneriler içinde (s. 123-171), İstanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Etimoloji Sözlüğü. (2020). Erişilebilirlik. Erişim Adresi: https://www.etymonline.com/word/accessible?ref=etymonline_crossreference.
  • Farrington, J., Farrington, C. (2005). Rural accessibility, social inclusion and social justice:towards conceptualisation, Journal of Transport Geography, 13, 1–12.
  • Frampton, K. (2001). Studies in Tectonic Culture The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture, London: Phaidon Press.
  • Geurs, K.T. and Wee, B. (2014). Accessibility Evaluation of Land-use and Transport Strategies: Review and Research Directions, Journal of Transport Geography, 12(2),127–140.
  • Gibson, J.J. (2015). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, New York: Psychology Press
  • Hall, E. T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension, United States: Anchor Books.
  • Hanson, J. (2004). The Inclusive City: delivering a more accessible urban environment through inclusive design. International Construction Conference Responding to Change (p. 1-39), UK: York.
  • Harris, C.M. (2005). Dictionary of Architecture & Construction, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Harvey, D. (2016). Sosyal Adalet ve Şehir (çev. M. Moralı). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Heskett, J. (2017). Tasarım (çev. E. Uzun). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Interaction Design Foundation. (2002). The Basics of User Experience Design. Erişim Adresi: https://tofasakademi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/the-basics-of-ux-design.pdf.
  • International Organization for Standardization. (2011). Ergonomics – General Approach, Principles and Concepts (ISO 26800:2011). Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
  • International Organization for Standardization. (2014). Guide for Addressing in Standarts (ISO/IEC Guide 71: 2014). Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
  • Iwarsson, S., Stahl, A. (2003). Accessibility, usability and universal design—positioning and definition of concepts describing person-environment relationship, Disability and Rehabilitation, 25 (2), 57-66,
  • Kandemir, Ö. (2018). Tasarım Kavramında Yaşanan Öze Dönük Paradigma Değişimi ve Mekân Tasarımına Yönelik Açılımları. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sanat Tasarım Dergisi, 8 (2), 110-127.
  • Koca, D., Yılmaz, M. (2017). Engelliler İçin Mekân Düzenlemelerinde Kapsayıcı Tasarım, Ankara: Anadolu Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2007). Design Research, an Oxymoron?. Ralf M.(Ed). Design Research Now Essays and Selected Projects (p.67-80). Basel:Birkhauser.
  • Mahmoodi, A. S. M. (2001). The Design Process in Architecture a Pedagogic Approach Using Interactive Thinking (Unpublished PhD Thesis). The University of Leeds School of Civil Engineering, United Kingdom.
  • Merlau-Ponty, M. (2017a). Algılanan Dünya Sohbetler (çev. Ö. Aygün). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (2017b). Algının Önceliği ve Felsefi Sonuçları (çev. Y. Yıldırım). Alfa Yayınları..
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (2017c). Algının Fenomenolojisi (çev. E. Sarıkartal ve E. Hacımuratoğlu). İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Norman, D. (2017). Gündelik Şeylerin Tasarımı (çev. A. M. Şengel). Ankara: Tübitak Popüler Bilim Yayınları.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2018). Tenin Gözleri (çev. A. U. Kılıç). İstanbul: Yem Yayın.
  • Persson, H., Ahman, H., Yngling, A., Gulliksen, J. (2014). Universal design, inclusive design, accessible design, design for all: different concepts—one goal? On the concept of accessibility— historical, methodological and philosophical aspects, Universal Access in the Information Society, 14 (4), 1-22
  • Pheasant, S. (2003). Bodyspace Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work, UK: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
  • Pirie, G.H. (1979). Measuring accessibility: a review and proposal, Environment and Planning A, 11(3), 299-312.
  • Rapley, C.E. (2013). Accessibility and Development: Environmental Accessibility and Its Implications for Inclusive, Sustainable and Equitable Development for all. United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs
  • Rapoport, A. (1977). Human Aspects of Urban Form Towards a Man—Environment Approach to Urban Form and Design, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Rapoport, A. (2004). Kültür Mimarlık Tasarım (çev. S. Batur). İstanbul: Yapı Yayın.
  • Rosenman, M. A. Ve Gero, J.S. (1998). Purpose and function in design: from the socio-cultural to the technophysical. Design Studies, 19 (2), 161–186.
  • Rosso, A. L., Taylor, J. A., Tabb, L. P. and Michael, Y. L. (2013). Mobility, Disability, and Social Engagement in Older Adults, J Aging Health, 25 (4), 617-637.
  • Roth, L. M. (2000). Mimarlığın Öyküsü (çev. E. Akça). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Sanoff, H. (2010). Democratic Design: Participation Case Studies in Urban Small Town Environments, Germany: VDM Verlag.
  • Sartain, A.Q., North, A.J., Strange, J.R. and Chapman, H.M. (1958) Pshchology: Understaning Human Behavior, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  • Scherrer, V. (2001). “Neden Ulaşılabirlik Hakkında Düşünmeliyiz”. Herkes İçin Ulaşılabilirlik Seminer Notları (s. 38-42), Cem Ofset, Temmuz, İstanbul.
  • Smithers, T. (1992). Design as Exploration: Puzzle-Making and Puzzle-Solving. Notes for theWorkshop on Explorationbased models of design and search-based models of design, held as part of AI in Design ’92 (p.1-30), Pittsburgh: Carneige Mellon University.
  • Tilly, A., Dreyfuss, H. (1993). The Measure Of Man And Woman: Human Factors in Design, 1st edition, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications.
  • Tschumi, B. (2000). Çağdaş Dünya Mimarları 1 (çev. M. Ekincioğlu). İstanbul: Boyut Yayın Grubu.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (2020). Erişilebilirlik. Erişim Adresi: https://sozluk.tdk.gov.tr
  • Ulusal Engellilik Kurumu. (2020). Tasarım Kavramı. Erişim Adresi: http://universaldesign.ie/What-is-Universal-Design/Definition-and-Overview
  • United Nations General Assembly. (1994). Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities. Forty-eighth Session, Agenda Item 109, 1-28.
  • United States Department of Justice. (2010). 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design. Erişim adresi: https://www.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAStandards.pdf.
  • Urdang, L. (1991). The Oxford Thesaurus An A-Z Dictionary of Synonyms, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Vanderveen, A., de Laat, P., Dominicus, M. and Mohammadi, M. (2015). IntegralAccessibility: a Matter of Social Inclusion Recommendations on Measures for Dutch Policyon Accessibility in the Public Built Environment to Comply with the UN ‘Conventionon Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The 7th International Conference of SuDBE2015, 27-29 July, Reading, UK.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Architecture
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Zeynep Acırlı 0000-0003-0753-5529

Özge Kandemir 0000-0001-7999-5845

Publication Date July 29, 2021
Submission Date November 11, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Acırlı, Z., & Kandemir, Ö. (2021). Mekân tasarımı için erişilebilirlik kavramı ve boyutları. GRID - Architecture Planning and Design Journal, 4(2), 225-248. https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.824581