Research Article
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Adana’nın Kentsel Ayrışma Monografisi: Endeks Temelli Bir Yaklaşım

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 536 - 563, 17.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1183625

Abstract

Kentler bir dizi yıkım, dönüşüm ve el değiştirme süreci ile sonu gelmez bir değişim içindedir. Kent araştırmacıları sürekli olarak bu değişimi anlamanın ve analiz etmenin yollarını aramaktadır. Benzer bir anlama çabası ile ortaya çıkan bu araştırmanın amacı Türkiye’nin toplumsal grupların çeşitliliği ve bölünmüşlüğü açısından dinamik kentlerinden biri olan Adana’da veri temelli ampirik bir yaklaşım ve monografik bir dil ve temsiliyet ile mekansal ayrışmayı ve ayrışmanın zaman içindeki değişimini analiz etmek, bunu yaparken uluslararası ayrışma literatüründeki yöntem odaklı tartışmaların ulusal düzeyde bir yorum ve özetini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmanın yöntemi beş boyutta ayrışma endeksleri (düzenlilik, maruz kalma, yığılma, kümeleneme, merkezileşme) ve bu endekslerin mahalle bazlı görselleştirmelerinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun Adana için mahalle düzeyinde 1990 ve 2000 yılı Genel Nüfus Sayımı yüzde beşlik örneklem verisi ile 2017 yılı Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi eğitim grupları verisi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonunda Adana’nın incelenen her dönemde (1990, 2000, 2017) ve ayrışmanın hemen her boyutuna göre eğitim gruplarınca paylaşılan, ayrışmış bir kent olduğu ancak bu ayrımların son dönemde mekansal olarak keskinleştiği görülmüştür. Ortaya çıkan ayrışma örüntüsüne göre, kentsel hareketi yüksek olanlar yüksek eğitimli gruplar iken, düşük eğitimli gruplar bulundukları alanda derinleşen bir içe kapanma eğilimi göstermektedir.

Supporting Institution

TED ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Thanks

Bu yazı TED Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Desteği ile 2019 yılında tamamlanan "Kentsel Ayrışma Analizinde Sayısal ve Görsel Yöntemler" başlıklı araştırma projesinin çıktıları ile hazırlanmıştır.

References

  • Akçura, T. (1971). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin başkenti hakkında monografik bir araştırma. Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Yayını.
  • Apparicio, P., Petkevitch, V. ve Charron, M. (2008). Segregation analyzer: a C#.net application for calculating residential segregation indices. Cyber Geo: European Journal of Geography, 414.
  • Ataç, E. (2014). Reading Turkish Urbanisation Through Socio--Economic Residential Segregation in 15 cities, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Ataç, E. (2015). Segregation in Istanbul: Measuring segregation in an ever-changing city, Przestrzeń Społeczna (Social Space), 9(1):35-62.
  • Ataç, E. (2017). Turkish-style segregation socio-economic divisions in seven metropolitan areas, Asian Journal of Social Science. 45, 235-270.
  • Baum, S. (1999). Social transformations in the global city: Singapore. Urban Studies, 36(7), 1095-1117.
  • Butler, T. ve Hamnett, C. (2007). The geography of education: introduction. Urban Studies, 44(7), 1161-1174.
  • Brown, L. A. ve Moore, E. G. (1970). The intra-urban migration process: A perspective. Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography, 52(1), 1-13.
  • Burgess, E. W. (1974). The growth of the city: An introduction to a research project. R. ParK, E.W. Burgess (Der.), The City içinde (ss. 47-62). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Castells, M. (1972). Urban renewal and social conflict in Paris. Social Science Information, 11(2), 93-124.
  • Collins, W. ve Margo, R. (2000). Residential segregation and socioeconomic outcomes: When did ghettos go bad? Economics Letters, 69 (2), 43-239.
  • Cutler, D., Glaeser, E. ve Vigdor, J. (1999). The rise and decline of the American ghetto. Journal of Political Economy 107 (3), 455–506.
  • Çakırer, Y. (2004) Kentli Varsılların Varoş ve Yoksulluk Algıları ve Mekansal Ayrımlaşma İlişkisi Adana Örneği. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Duman, A. (2008). Education and income inequality in Turkey: Does schooling matter? Financial Theory and Practice, 32 (3), 369-385.
  • Duygan, B. ve Güner, N. (2006). Income and consumption inequality in Turkey: What role does education play? S. Altug ve A. Filiztekin (Ed.), The Turkish economy: The real economy, corporate governance and reform and stabilization policy. U.K: Routledge.
  • Echenique, F. ve Fryer, R. (2007). A measure of segregation based on social interactions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (2), 441–85.
  • Ferreira, H. G., Gignoux, J. ve Aran, M. (2011). Measuring inequality of opportunity with imperfect Data: the case of Turkey. J Econ Inequal, 9, 651-680.
  • Fosset, M. (2001). Racial segregation in America: a virtual tour of residential segregation in U.S. urban areas using the segmaps program. 10.02.2017 tarihinde http://vlab-resi.tamu.edu/segmaps.htm adresinden erişildi.
  • Goldthorpe, J. H. (1980). Social mobility and class structure in modem Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Güvenç, M. (1998). Beş büyükşehirde köken-gelir temelinde mekansal farklılaşma, bilanço, 1923-1998. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin 75 yılı Uluslararası Kongresi, ODTÜ Kültür ve Kongre Merkezi, Ankara.
  • Güvenç, M. (2000). İstanbul’u haritalamak: 1990 sayımından İstanbul manzaraları. İstanbul Dergisi, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 34, 34-40.
  • Güvenç, M. (2001). İstanbul-Ankara: Toplumsal coğrafyalar, farklılılar-benzerlikler. İstanbul, İstanbul Dergisi, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 36, 80-83.
  • Güvenç, M. ve Işık, O. (2002). A metropolis at the crossroads: The changing social geography of Istanbul under the impact of globalisation. Marcuse, P. ve Van Kempen R. (Der.), Of States and Cities: The Partitioning of Urban Space içinde (ss. 203-220). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hamnett, C. (1994). Social polarisation in global cities: theory and evidence. Urban Studies, 31(3), 401-424.
  • Iceland, J., Weinberg, D. H. ve Steinmetz, E. (2002). Racial and ethnic residential segregation in the United States: 1980-2000 (Series CENSR-3). Washington D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau.
  • Işık, O. ve Pınarcıoğlu, M. M. (2009). Segregation in Istanbul: patterns and processes. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 100(4), 469-84.
  • Işık, O. ve Ataç, E. (2011). Yoksulluğa dair: Bildiklerimiz, az bildiklerimiz, bilmediklerimiz. Birikim, 268-269, 66-86.
  • Jahn, J. A., Schmidt, C. F. ve Schrag, C. (1947). The measurement of ecological segregation. American Sociological Review, 12, 293-303.
  • Kıray, M. B. (1982). Ereğli: Ağır Sanayiden Önce Bir Sahil Kasabası. Ankara: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Kovacks, Z. (1998). Ghettoization or gentrification? Post-socialist scenarios for Budapest. Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 13, 63-81.
  • Ladanyi, J. (2002). Residential segregation among social and ethnic groups in Budapest under the post-communist transition. P. Marcuse, R. ve Van Kempen (Der.), Of States and Cities: The Partitioning of Urban Space içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-level bureaucracy: dilemmas of the individual in public services. New York: Russell Sage.
  • Marcinczak, S. (2012). The evolution of spatial patterns of residential segregation in Central European cities: The Łodz´ Functional Urban Region from mature socialism to mature post-socialism. Cities, 29, 300-309.
  • Marcuse, P. (2001). Enclaves yes, ghettoes, no: segregation and the state. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Conference Paper. 02.08.2019 tarihinde http://www.urbancenter.utoronto.ca/pdfs/curp/Marcuse_Segregationandthe.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Massey, D. S. & Denton, N. A. (1988). The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces, 67, 2, 281-315.
  • Massey D. S. & Denton N. A. (1993). American apartheid: segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Massey, D., Rothwelland, J. & Domina, T. (2009). The changing bases of segregation in the United States. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 626, 74).
  • Maloutas, T. (2007). Middle class education strategies and residential segregation in Athens. Journal of Education Policy, 22(1), 49-68.
  • Musterd, S. & Deurleoo, R. (2002). Unstable immigrant concentrations in Amsterdam: Spatial segregation and integration of newcomers. Housing Studies,17 (3), 487-503.
  • Özüekren, Ş. & Van Kempen, R. (2002). Housing careers of minority ethnic groups: experiences, explanations and prospects. Housing Studies, 17 (3), 365-379.
  • OECD (2012). PISA 2012 Results: what makes schools succesful. 02.08.2018 tarihinde http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/pisa_19963777 adresinden erişildi.
  • Pahl, R. (1975). Whose city? Harmondsworth: UK: Penguin.
  • Peach, C. (1975). Urban social segregation. New York: Longman.
  • Poulsen, M., Johnston, R. & Forrest, J. (2002). From modern to post-modern? Contemporary ethnic residential segregation in four U.S. metropolitan areas. Cities, 19 (3), 161-172.
  • Reardon, S. F. & O'Sullivan, D. (2004). Measures of spatial segregation. Sociological Methodology, 34, 121-162.
  • Reardon, S. F. & Bischoff K. (2011). Growth in the residential segregation of families by income, 1970-2009. US2010 Project, Brown University.
  • Rex, J. & Moore, R. (1967). Race, community and conflict. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Roberts, B. R. (2005). Globalization and Latin American cities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29 (1), 110-123.
  • Saban Ökeşli, D. (2009). Hermann Jansen’s planning principles and his urban legacy in Adana, METU Journal of Faculty of Architecture, 26(2), 45-67.
  • Sassen, S. (1991). The global city. New York: Princeton University Press.
  • Shevky, E. & Williams, M. (1949). The social areas of Los Angeles. California: University of California Press.
  • Shevky, E. & Bell, W. (1955). Social area analysis. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Şengönül, T. (2007). Toplumumuzda eğitimin dikey sosyal hareketliliğe etkisi: İzmir’de profesyonel meslek sahibi bireyler üzerine bir araştırma, İzmir (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Tai, P. F. (2005). Social polarisation: comparing Singapore, Hong Kong and Taipei. Urban Studies, 43, 10, 1737-1756.
  • Tammaru, T., Marcinczak, M., Van Ham, M. & Musterd, S., (2016). Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East meets West. Oxford, UK: Routledge.
  • Tomul, E. (2007). The change in educational inequity in Turkey: A comparison by regional. Educational Planning, 16(3), 16-24.
  • Torres, H. G. (2006). Residential segregation and public policies: Sao Paulo in the 1990s. Rev.Bras.Ci.Soc., 2.
  • Van Kempen, R. (2007). Divided cities in the 21st century: Challenging the importance of globalisation. Journal of Housing and Built Environment, 22, 13-31.
  • Van Kempen, R. & Özüekren, Ş. (1998). Ethnic segregation in cities: New forms and explanations in a dynamic world. Urban Studies, 35 (10), 1631-1656.
  • Walks, A. R. (2001). The social sociology of the post-fordist/global city? Economic restructuring and socio-spatial polarisation in the Toronto urban region. Urban Studies, 38(3), 407-447.
  • Watson, T. (2009). Inequality and the measurement of residential segregation by income. Review of Income and Wealth, 55, 820-844.
  • Wilkes, R. & Iceland, J. (2004). Hyper-segregation in the twenty first century. Demography, 41(1), 23-36.
  • Wong D. W. S. (1993). Spatial indices of segregation. Urban Studies, 30, 559–572.
  • Wong, D. W. S. (2005). Formulating a general spatial segregation measure. The Professional Geographer, 57(2), 285-294.

Residential Segregation Monography of Adana: An Index Based Approach

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 536 - 563, 17.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1183625

Abstract

Cities are in a constant state of change with a series of destruction and transformation processes. Urban researchers are therefore looking for ways to understand and analyze the change in the cities. The aim of this study, which emerged with a similar understanding effort, is to analyze residential segregation and its change over time, with a method-based approach and a monographic language in Adana, one of the dynamic cities of Turkey in terms of diversity and division of social groups. The aim is to present a national interpretation and summary of the method-oriented debates at the international segregation literature. Method of the study consists of segregation indices and spatial representations. In the study, five percent sample data of the 1990 and 2000 General Population Census for Adana at neighborhood level of Turkish Statistical Institute, and education groups data of 2017 Address Based Population Registration System were used. At the end, it has been observed that Adana is a highly segregated city shared by education groups in every period examined, but these distinctions have been sharpened recently. In this segregated city picture, while those with high mobility are highly educated, groups with low education show a deepening tendency of closure.

References

  • Akçura, T. (1971). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin başkenti hakkında monografik bir araştırma. Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Yayını.
  • Apparicio, P., Petkevitch, V. ve Charron, M. (2008). Segregation analyzer: a C#.net application for calculating residential segregation indices. Cyber Geo: European Journal of Geography, 414.
  • Ataç, E. (2014). Reading Turkish Urbanisation Through Socio--Economic Residential Segregation in 15 cities, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Ataç, E. (2015). Segregation in Istanbul: Measuring segregation in an ever-changing city, Przestrzeń Społeczna (Social Space), 9(1):35-62.
  • Ataç, E. (2017). Turkish-style segregation socio-economic divisions in seven metropolitan areas, Asian Journal of Social Science. 45, 235-270.
  • Baum, S. (1999). Social transformations in the global city: Singapore. Urban Studies, 36(7), 1095-1117.
  • Butler, T. ve Hamnett, C. (2007). The geography of education: introduction. Urban Studies, 44(7), 1161-1174.
  • Brown, L. A. ve Moore, E. G. (1970). The intra-urban migration process: A perspective. Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography, 52(1), 1-13.
  • Burgess, E. W. (1974). The growth of the city: An introduction to a research project. R. ParK, E.W. Burgess (Der.), The City içinde (ss. 47-62). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Castells, M. (1972). Urban renewal and social conflict in Paris. Social Science Information, 11(2), 93-124.
  • Collins, W. ve Margo, R. (2000). Residential segregation and socioeconomic outcomes: When did ghettos go bad? Economics Letters, 69 (2), 43-239.
  • Cutler, D., Glaeser, E. ve Vigdor, J. (1999). The rise and decline of the American ghetto. Journal of Political Economy 107 (3), 455–506.
  • Çakırer, Y. (2004) Kentli Varsılların Varoş ve Yoksulluk Algıları ve Mekansal Ayrımlaşma İlişkisi Adana Örneği. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Duman, A. (2008). Education and income inequality in Turkey: Does schooling matter? Financial Theory and Practice, 32 (3), 369-385.
  • Duygan, B. ve Güner, N. (2006). Income and consumption inequality in Turkey: What role does education play? S. Altug ve A. Filiztekin (Ed.), The Turkish economy: The real economy, corporate governance and reform and stabilization policy. U.K: Routledge.
  • Echenique, F. ve Fryer, R. (2007). A measure of segregation based on social interactions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (2), 441–85.
  • Ferreira, H. G., Gignoux, J. ve Aran, M. (2011). Measuring inequality of opportunity with imperfect Data: the case of Turkey. J Econ Inequal, 9, 651-680.
  • Fosset, M. (2001). Racial segregation in America: a virtual tour of residential segregation in U.S. urban areas using the segmaps program. 10.02.2017 tarihinde http://vlab-resi.tamu.edu/segmaps.htm adresinden erişildi.
  • Goldthorpe, J. H. (1980). Social mobility and class structure in modem Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Güvenç, M. (1998). Beş büyükşehirde köken-gelir temelinde mekansal farklılaşma, bilanço, 1923-1998. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin 75 yılı Uluslararası Kongresi, ODTÜ Kültür ve Kongre Merkezi, Ankara.
  • Güvenç, M. (2000). İstanbul’u haritalamak: 1990 sayımından İstanbul manzaraları. İstanbul Dergisi, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 34, 34-40.
  • Güvenç, M. (2001). İstanbul-Ankara: Toplumsal coğrafyalar, farklılılar-benzerlikler. İstanbul, İstanbul Dergisi, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 36, 80-83.
  • Güvenç, M. ve Işık, O. (2002). A metropolis at the crossroads: The changing social geography of Istanbul under the impact of globalisation. Marcuse, P. ve Van Kempen R. (Der.), Of States and Cities: The Partitioning of Urban Space içinde (ss. 203-220). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hamnett, C. (1994). Social polarisation in global cities: theory and evidence. Urban Studies, 31(3), 401-424.
  • Iceland, J., Weinberg, D. H. ve Steinmetz, E. (2002). Racial and ethnic residential segregation in the United States: 1980-2000 (Series CENSR-3). Washington D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau.
  • Işık, O. ve Pınarcıoğlu, M. M. (2009). Segregation in Istanbul: patterns and processes. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 100(4), 469-84.
  • Işık, O. ve Ataç, E. (2011). Yoksulluğa dair: Bildiklerimiz, az bildiklerimiz, bilmediklerimiz. Birikim, 268-269, 66-86.
  • Jahn, J. A., Schmidt, C. F. ve Schrag, C. (1947). The measurement of ecological segregation. American Sociological Review, 12, 293-303.
  • Kıray, M. B. (1982). Ereğli: Ağır Sanayiden Önce Bir Sahil Kasabası. Ankara: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Kovacks, Z. (1998). Ghettoization or gentrification? Post-socialist scenarios for Budapest. Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 13, 63-81.
  • Ladanyi, J. (2002). Residential segregation among social and ethnic groups in Budapest under the post-communist transition. P. Marcuse, R. ve Van Kempen (Der.), Of States and Cities: The Partitioning of Urban Space içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-level bureaucracy: dilemmas of the individual in public services. New York: Russell Sage.
  • Marcinczak, S. (2012). The evolution of spatial patterns of residential segregation in Central European cities: The Łodz´ Functional Urban Region from mature socialism to mature post-socialism. Cities, 29, 300-309.
  • Marcuse, P. (2001). Enclaves yes, ghettoes, no: segregation and the state. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Conference Paper. 02.08.2019 tarihinde http://www.urbancenter.utoronto.ca/pdfs/curp/Marcuse_Segregationandthe.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Massey, D. S. & Denton, N. A. (1988). The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces, 67, 2, 281-315.
  • Massey D. S. & Denton N. A. (1993). American apartheid: segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Massey, D., Rothwelland, J. & Domina, T. (2009). The changing bases of segregation in the United States. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 626, 74).
  • Maloutas, T. (2007). Middle class education strategies and residential segregation in Athens. Journal of Education Policy, 22(1), 49-68.
  • Musterd, S. & Deurleoo, R. (2002). Unstable immigrant concentrations in Amsterdam: Spatial segregation and integration of newcomers. Housing Studies,17 (3), 487-503.
  • Özüekren, Ş. & Van Kempen, R. (2002). Housing careers of minority ethnic groups: experiences, explanations and prospects. Housing Studies, 17 (3), 365-379.
  • OECD (2012). PISA 2012 Results: what makes schools succesful. 02.08.2018 tarihinde http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/pisa_19963777 adresinden erişildi.
  • Pahl, R. (1975). Whose city? Harmondsworth: UK: Penguin.
  • Peach, C. (1975). Urban social segregation. New York: Longman.
  • Poulsen, M., Johnston, R. & Forrest, J. (2002). From modern to post-modern? Contemporary ethnic residential segregation in four U.S. metropolitan areas. Cities, 19 (3), 161-172.
  • Reardon, S. F. & O'Sullivan, D. (2004). Measures of spatial segregation. Sociological Methodology, 34, 121-162.
  • Reardon, S. F. & Bischoff K. (2011). Growth in the residential segregation of families by income, 1970-2009. US2010 Project, Brown University.
  • Rex, J. & Moore, R. (1967). Race, community and conflict. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Roberts, B. R. (2005). Globalization and Latin American cities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29 (1), 110-123.
  • Saban Ökeşli, D. (2009). Hermann Jansen’s planning principles and his urban legacy in Adana, METU Journal of Faculty of Architecture, 26(2), 45-67.
  • Sassen, S. (1991). The global city. New York: Princeton University Press.
  • Shevky, E. & Williams, M. (1949). The social areas of Los Angeles. California: University of California Press.
  • Shevky, E. & Bell, W. (1955). Social area analysis. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Şengönül, T. (2007). Toplumumuzda eğitimin dikey sosyal hareketliliğe etkisi: İzmir’de profesyonel meslek sahibi bireyler üzerine bir araştırma, İzmir (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Tai, P. F. (2005). Social polarisation: comparing Singapore, Hong Kong and Taipei. Urban Studies, 43, 10, 1737-1756.
  • Tammaru, T., Marcinczak, M., Van Ham, M. & Musterd, S., (2016). Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East meets West. Oxford, UK: Routledge.
  • Tomul, E. (2007). The change in educational inequity in Turkey: A comparison by regional. Educational Planning, 16(3), 16-24.
  • Torres, H. G. (2006). Residential segregation and public policies: Sao Paulo in the 1990s. Rev.Bras.Ci.Soc., 2.
  • Van Kempen, R. (2007). Divided cities in the 21st century: Challenging the importance of globalisation. Journal of Housing and Built Environment, 22, 13-31.
  • Van Kempen, R. & Özüekren, Ş. (1998). Ethnic segregation in cities: New forms and explanations in a dynamic world. Urban Studies, 35 (10), 1631-1656.
  • Walks, A. R. (2001). The social sociology of the post-fordist/global city? Economic restructuring and socio-spatial polarisation in the Toronto urban region. Urban Studies, 38(3), 407-447.
  • Watson, T. (2009). Inequality and the measurement of residential segregation by income. Review of Income and Wealth, 55, 820-844.
  • Wilkes, R. & Iceland, J. (2004). Hyper-segregation in the twenty first century. Demography, 41(1), 23-36.
  • Wong D. W. S. (1993). Spatial indices of segregation. Urban Studies, 30, 559–572.
  • Wong, D. W. S. (2005). Formulating a general spatial segregation measure. The Professional Geographer, 57(2), 285-294.
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Human Geography
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ela Ataç Kavurmacı 0000-0002-5230-9654

İnan Utku Türkmen 0000-0003-4768-2072

Publication Date July 17, 2023
Submission Date October 3, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ataç Kavurmacı, E., & Türkmen, İ. U. (2023). Adana’nın Kentsel Ayrışma Monografisi: Endeks Temelli Bir Yaklaşım. GRID - Architecture Planning and Design Journal, 6(2), 536-563. https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1183625