MENTAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE PSİKOBİYOTİKLER

Berra Recep; Solmaz Ece Yılmaz

Review

PSYCHOBIOTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISEASES

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 124 - 132, 30.08.2024

Berra Recep , Solmaz Ece Yılmaz

Abstract

Gut microbiota includes the largest number of bacteria in the body. It has the potential to affect the body in terms of overall health. Stimulants such as unhealthy eating, drug use, and environmental factors cause gut microbiota dysbiosis. In addition to metabolic diseases and inflammatory diseases, intestinal dysbiosis has a close association with mental diseases.
Psychobiotics, a new concept due to the gut microbiota and its effects on the brain, have gained importance in recent years. Psychobiotics are probiotic microorganisms that positively affect mental health when consumed and strengthen the host's immunity.
The main bacterial genera with psychobiotic properties are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Psychobiotic strains have been shown to reduce anxiety and depression-related symptoms by lowering cortisol levels, they also affect the recovery of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases such as autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.

Keywords

Microbiota, psychobiotics, mental health

References

Góralczyk-Bińkowska A, Szmajda-Krygier D, Kozłowska E. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(19):11245. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36232548/
2. Cheng L-H, Liu Y-W, Wu C-C, Wang S, Tsai Y-C. Psychobiotics in mental health, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of food and drug analysis. 2019;27(3):632-48. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324280/
3. Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(10):720-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23759244/
4. Yılmaz KK, Öğüt S, Karaman AD, editors. Psikobiyotiklere güncel yaklaşım. International Conference on Scientific and Academic Research; 2023.
5. Vasiliu O. The current state of research for psychobiotics use in the management of psychiatric disorders–A systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2023;14:1074736. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36911130/
6. Özyürek MB, Özcan T. Psikobiyotik etki mekanizmaları ve bağırsak mikrobiyotası. 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11452/28073
7. Góralczyk-Bińkowska A, Szmajda-Krygier D, Kozłowska E. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(19):11245. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36232548/
8. Xu Z, Knight R. Dietary effects on human gut microbiome diversity. British Journal of Nutrition. 2015;113(S1):S1-S5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25498959/
9. Bicknell B, Liebert A, Borody T, Herkes G, McLachlan C, Kiat H. Neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases and the gut-brain axis: The potential of therapeutic targeting of the microbiome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(11):9577. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37298527/
10. Scassellati C, Marizzoni M, Cattane N, Lopizzo N, Mombelli E, Riva MA, et al. The complex molecular picture of gut and oral microbiota-brain-depression system: What we know and what we need to know. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021;12:722335. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34819883/
11. Zhu X, Han Y, Du J, Liu R, Jin K, Yi W. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and the central nervous system. Oncotarget. 2017;8(32):53829. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28881854/
12. Vrieze A, Holleman F, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, Hoekstra JB, Nieuwdorp M. The environment within: how gut microbiota may influence metabolism and body composition. Diabetologia. 2010;53(4):606-13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20101384/
13. Björkstén B, Sepp E, Julge K, Voor T, Mikelsaar M. Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(4):516-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11590374/
14. Finegold SM, Molitoris D, Song Y, Liu C, Vaisanen ML, Bolte E, et al. Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(Suppl 1):S6-S16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12173102/
15. Oğuzcan K, Dönmez N. İkinci beyin: Bağırsak. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;15(2):187-95. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunivbd/issue/57564/701620
16. Halverson T, Alagiakrishnan K. Gut microbes in neurocognitive and mental health disorders. Annals of Medicine. 2020;52(8):423-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32772900/
17. Ekici M, Ekici HB. Beyin-bağırsak-mikrobiyota ekseni: Genel bakış. Bozok Veterinary Sciences. 2021;2(1):16-22. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bozokvetsci/issue/65824/1024907
18. Järbrink-Sehgal E, Andreasson A. The gut microbiota and mental health in adults. Current opinion in neurobiology. 2020;62:102-14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32163822/
19. Sena Ö, Kalkan I. Fermente besinlerin beyin-bağırsak ekseni ve psikiyatrik bozukluklara etkisi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;8(3):1087-93. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ikcusbfd/issue/79919/1246338
20. Küçük UDE. Nöropsikiyatrik bozukluklarda beslenme. 2023. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373144108_Noropsikiyatrik_Bozukluklarda_Beslenme
21. Dhyani P, Goyal C, Dhull SB, Chauhan AK, Singh Saharan B, Harshita, et al. Psychobiotics for mitigation of neuro‐degenerative diseases: Recent advancements. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2023:2300461. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37715243/
22. Onaran Acar B, Kanca N. Psikobiyotikler: Depresyon ve anksiyete ile ilişkisi. Journal of Health Sciences/Erciyes Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;31(1). https://web.p.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=02bdc3ce-df2b-4e3b-8058-9f8d47f9f222%40redis
23. Smith KS, Greene MW, Babu JR, Frugé AD. Psychobiotics as treatment for anxiety, depression, and related symptoms: A systematic review. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2021;24(12):963-77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31858898/
24. Kafes AY. Depresyon ve anksiyete bozuklukları üzerine bir bakış. Humanistic Perspective. 2021;3(1):186-94. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/hp/issue/60407/867111
25. Günüç S, Şendemir A. Beyin ve bağırsak mikrobiyotası arasındaki ilişkinin bilişsel, duygusal, davranışsal ve fizyolojik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2022. http://www.cappsy.org/archives/vol14/no4/cap_14_04_02.pdf
26. Evrensel A, Ünsalver BÖ, Ceylan ME. Psychobiotics. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1192:565-581. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31705514/
27. Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG, et al. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(38):16050-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21876150/
28. Wei CL, Wang S, Yen JT, Cheng YF, Liao CL, Hsu CC, et al. Antidepressant-like activities of live and heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 in chronic corticosterone-treated mice and possible mechanisms. Brain Res. 2019;1711:202-213. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30684456/
29. Barros-Santos T, Silva KSO, Libarino-Santos M, Elisangela Gouveia Cata-Preta, Reis HS, Tamura EK, et al. Effects of chronic treatment with new strains of Lactobacillus plantarum on cognitive, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in male mice. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0234037. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32559185/
30. Liang S, Wang T, Hu X, Luo J, Li W, Wu X, et al. Administration of Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 improves behavioral, cognitive, and biochemical aberrations caused by chronic restraint stress. Neuroscience. 2015;310:561-77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26408987/
31. Sarkar A, Lehto SM, Harty S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Burnet PWJ. Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signals. Trends Neurosci. 2016;39(11):763-781. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27793434/
32. Savignac HM, Tramullas M, Kiely B, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Bifidobacteria modulate cognitive processes in an anxious mouse strain. Behav Brain Res. 2015;287:59-72. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25794930/
33. Ross K. Psychobiotics: Are they the future intervention for managing depression and anxiety? A literature review. Explore. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36868988/
34. Messaoudi M, Violle N, Bisson JF, Desor D, Javelot H, Rougeot C. Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in healthy human volunteers. Gut Microbes. 2011;2(4):256-61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21983070/
35. Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, Jiang Z, Stains J, Ebrat B, et al. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(7):1394-401, 1401.e1-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23474283/
36. Göktaş A, Doğan G, Çelik E, Ayhan NY. Psikobiyotiklerin sağlık üzerine etkileri. Sağlık Üzerine Multidisipliner Çalışmalar: Uluslararası Farklı Boyutlarıyla Sağlık Konferansı (ICDAH2020) 12-14 Kasım 2020-Seçme Bildiriler-2.105. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350042651_Psikobiyotiklerin_Saglik_Uzerine_Etkileri
37. Nimgampalle M, Kuna Y. Anti-Alzheimer properties of probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 1325 in Alzheimer’s disease induced albino rats. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2017;11(8):KC01. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28969160/
38. Akbari E, Asemi Z, Daneshvar Kakhaki R, Bahmani F, Kouchaki E, Tamtaji OR, et al. Effect of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind and controlled trial. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2016;8:256. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27891089/
39. Wasilewski A, Zielińska M, Storr M, Fichna J. Beneficial Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Psychobiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(7):1674-82. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822014/
40. Aktitiz S, Yalçın E, Göktaş Z. Otizm spektrum bozuklukları tedavisinde beslenme yaklaşımları. Sağlık Akademisi Kastamonu. 2019;4(2):127-43. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sak/article/435435
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MENTAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE PSİKOBİYOTİKLER

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 124 - 132, 30.08.2024

Berra Recep , Solmaz Ece Yılmaz

Abstract

Vücut içerisinde en yüksek sayıda bakteriyi bağırsak mikrobiyotası içerir. Bağırsak mikrobiyotası vücudu genel sağlık açısından etkileme potansiyeline sahiptir. Sağlıksız beslenme, ilaç kullanımı ve çevresel faktörler gibi uyaranlar bağırsak mikrobiyotasının disbiyozuna sebep olur. Bağırsak disbiyozunun ise metabolik hastalıklar ve inflamatuar hastalıkların yanında mental hastalıklarla da yakından ilişkisi vardır.
Bağırsak mikrobiyotası ve beyin üzerindeki etkilerinden dolayı yeni bir kavram olan psikobiyotikler son yıllarda önem kazanmıştır. Psikobiyotikler, tüketildiğinde ruh sağlığını olumlu yönde etkileyen ve konağın bağışıklığını güçlendiren probiyotik mikroorganizmalardır.
Psikobiyotik özelliklere sahip başlıca bakteri cinsleri Lactobacillus ve Bifidobacterium'dur. Psikobiyotik suşlarının kortizol seviyelerini düşürerek anksiyete ve depresyona bağlı semptomları azalttığı, aynı zamanda otizm spektrum bozukluğu, Alzheimer hastalığı, dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu gibi nörodejeneratif ve nörogelişimsel hastalıkların iyileşmesinde etkisinin olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu araştırmada, psikobiyotiklerin mental hastalıkların tedavisi üzerindeki rolü derlenmiştir.

Keywords

Mikrobiyota, psikobiyotikler, mental sağlık

References

Góralczyk-Bińkowska A, Szmajda-Krygier D, Kozłowska E. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(19):11245. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36232548/
2. Cheng L-H, Liu Y-W, Wu C-C, Wang S, Tsai Y-C. Psychobiotics in mental health, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of food and drug analysis. 2019;27(3):632-48. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324280/
3. Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(10):720-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23759244/
4. Yılmaz KK, Öğüt S, Karaman AD, editors. Psikobiyotiklere güncel yaklaşım. International Conference on Scientific and Academic Research; 2023.
5. Vasiliu O. The current state of research for psychobiotics use in the management of psychiatric disorders–A systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2023;14:1074736. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36911130/
6. Özyürek MB, Özcan T. Psikobiyotik etki mekanizmaları ve bağırsak mikrobiyotası. 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11452/28073
7. Góralczyk-Bińkowska A, Szmajda-Krygier D, Kozłowska E. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(19):11245. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36232548/
8. Xu Z, Knight R. Dietary effects on human gut microbiome diversity. British Journal of Nutrition. 2015;113(S1):S1-S5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25498959/
9. Bicknell B, Liebert A, Borody T, Herkes G, McLachlan C, Kiat H. Neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases and the gut-brain axis: The potential of therapeutic targeting of the microbiome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(11):9577. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37298527/
10. Scassellati C, Marizzoni M, Cattane N, Lopizzo N, Mombelli E, Riva MA, et al. The complex molecular picture of gut and oral microbiota-brain-depression system: What we know and what we need to know. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021;12:722335. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34819883/
11. Zhu X, Han Y, Du J, Liu R, Jin K, Yi W. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and the central nervous system. Oncotarget. 2017;8(32):53829. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28881854/
12. Vrieze A, Holleman F, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, Hoekstra JB, Nieuwdorp M. The environment within: how gut microbiota may influence metabolism and body composition. Diabetologia. 2010;53(4):606-13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20101384/
13. Björkstén B, Sepp E, Julge K, Voor T, Mikelsaar M. Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(4):516-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11590374/
14. Finegold SM, Molitoris D, Song Y, Liu C, Vaisanen ML, Bolte E, et al. Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(Suppl 1):S6-S16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12173102/
15. Oğuzcan K, Dönmez N. İkinci beyin: Bağırsak. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;15(2):187-95. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunivbd/issue/57564/701620
16. Halverson T, Alagiakrishnan K. Gut microbes in neurocognitive and mental health disorders. Annals of Medicine. 2020;52(8):423-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32772900/
17. Ekici M, Ekici HB. Beyin-bağırsak-mikrobiyota ekseni: Genel bakış. Bozok Veterinary Sciences. 2021;2(1):16-22. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bozokvetsci/issue/65824/1024907
18. Järbrink-Sehgal E, Andreasson A. The gut microbiota and mental health in adults. Current opinion in neurobiology. 2020;62:102-14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32163822/
19. Sena Ö, Kalkan I. Fermente besinlerin beyin-bağırsak ekseni ve psikiyatrik bozukluklara etkisi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;8(3):1087-93. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ikcusbfd/issue/79919/1246338
20. Küçük UDE. Nöropsikiyatrik bozukluklarda beslenme. 2023. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373144108_Noropsikiyatrik_Bozukluklarda_Beslenme
21. Dhyani P, Goyal C, Dhull SB, Chauhan AK, Singh Saharan B, Harshita, et al. Psychobiotics for mitigation of neuro‐degenerative diseases: Recent advancements. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2023:2300461. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37715243/
22. Onaran Acar B, Kanca N. Psikobiyotikler: Depresyon ve anksiyete ile ilişkisi. Journal of Health Sciences/Erciyes Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;31(1). https://web.p.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=02bdc3ce-df2b-4e3b-8058-9f8d47f9f222%40redis
23. Smith KS, Greene MW, Babu JR, Frugé AD. Psychobiotics as treatment for anxiety, depression, and related symptoms: A systematic review. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2021;24(12):963-77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31858898/
24. Kafes AY. Depresyon ve anksiyete bozuklukları üzerine bir bakış. Humanistic Perspective. 2021;3(1):186-94. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/hp/issue/60407/867111
25. Günüç S, Şendemir A. Beyin ve bağırsak mikrobiyotası arasındaki ilişkinin bilişsel, duygusal, davranışsal ve fizyolojik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2022. http://www.cappsy.org/archives/vol14/no4/cap_14_04_02.pdf
26. Evrensel A, Ünsalver BÖ, Ceylan ME. Psychobiotics. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1192:565-581. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31705514/
27. Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG, et al. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(38):16050-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21876150/
28. Wei CL, Wang S, Yen JT, Cheng YF, Liao CL, Hsu CC, et al. Antidepressant-like activities of live and heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 in chronic corticosterone-treated mice and possible mechanisms. Brain Res. 2019;1711:202-213. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30684456/
29. Barros-Santos T, Silva KSO, Libarino-Santos M, Elisangela Gouveia Cata-Preta, Reis HS, Tamura EK, et al. Effects of chronic treatment with new strains of Lactobacillus plantarum on cognitive, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in male mice. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0234037. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32559185/
30. Liang S, Wang T, Hu X, Luo J, Li W, Wu X, et al. Administration of Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 improves behavioral, cognitive, and biochemical aberrations caused by chronic restraint stress. Neuroscience. 2015;310:561-77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26408987/
31. Sarkar A, Lehto SM, Harty S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Burnet PWJ. Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signals. Trends Neurosci. 2016;39(11):763-781. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27793434/
32. Savignac HM, Tramullas M, Kiely B, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Bifidobacteria modulate cognitive processes in an anxious mouse strain. Behav Brain Res. 2015;287:59-72. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25794930/
33. Ross K. Psychobiotics: Are they the future intervention for managing depression and anxiety? A literature review. Explore. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36868988/
34. Messaoudi M, Violle N, Bisson JF, Desor D, Javelot H, Rougeot C. Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in healthy human volunteers. Gut Microbes. 2011;2(4):256-61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21983070/
35. Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, Jiang Z, Stains J, Ebrat B, et al. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(7):1394-401, 1401.e1-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23474283/
36. Göktaş A, Doğan G, Çelik E, Ayhan NY. Psikobiyotiklerin sağlık üzerine etkileri. Sağlık Üzerine Multidisipliner Çalışmalar: Uluslararası Farklı Boyutlarıyla Sağlık Konferansı (ICDAH2020) 12-14 Kasım 2020-Seçme Bildiriler-2.105. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350042651_Psikobiyotiklerin_Saglik_Uzerine_Etkileri
37. Nimgampalle M, Kuna Y. Anti-Alzheimer properties of probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 1325 in Alzheimer’s disease induced albino rats. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2017;11(8):KC01. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28969160/
38. Akbari E, Asemi Z, Daneshvar Kakhaki R, Bahmani F, Kouchaki E, Tamtaji OR, et al. Effect of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind and controlled trial. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2016;8:256. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27891089/
39. Wasilewski A, Zielińska M, Storr M, Fichna J. Beneficial Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Psychobiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(7):1674-82. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822014/
40. Aktitiz S, Yalçın E, Göktaş Z. Otizm spektrum bozuklukları tedavisinde beslenme yaklaşımları. Sağlık Akademisi Kastamonu. 2019;4(2):127-43. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sak/article/435435
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Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section	Makaleler
Authors	Berra Recep 0009-0007-0767-8243 Solmaz Ece Yılmaz 0000-0002-7133-7079
Publication Date	August 30, 2024
Submission Date	February 25, 2024
Acceptance Date	May 6, 2024
Published in Issue	Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA	Recep, B., & Yılmaz, S. E. (2024). MENTAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE PSİKOBİYOTİKLER. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 124-132.
AMA	Recep B, Yılmaz SE. MENTAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE PSİKOBİYOTİKLER. Gazi sağlık bilim. derg. August 2024;9(2):124-132.
Chicago	Recep, Berra, and Solmaz Ece Yılmaz. “MENTAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE PSİKOBİYOTİKLER”. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 9, no. 2 (August 2024): 124-32.
EndNote	Recep B, Yılmaz SE (August 1, 2024) MENTAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE PSİKOBİYOTİKLER. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 9 2 124–132.
IEEE	B. Recep and S. E. Yılmaz, “MENTAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE PSİKOBİYOTİKLER”, Gazi sağlık bilim. derg, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 124–132, 2024.
ISNAD	Recep, Berra - Yılmaz, Solmaz Ece. “MENTAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE PSİKOBİYOTİKLER”. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 9/2 (August 2024), 124-132.
JAMA	Recep B, Yılmaz SE. MENTAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE PSİKOBİYOTİKLER. Gazi sağlık bilim. derg. 2024;9:124–132.
MLA	Recep, Berra and Solmaz Ece Yılmaz. “MENTAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE PSİKOBİYOTİKLER”. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2, 2024, pp. 124-32.
Vancouver	Recep B, Yılmaz SE. MENTAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE PSİKOBİYOTİKLER. Gazi sağlık bilim. derg. 2024;9(2):124-32.

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