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BATI TÜRKİSTAN HUNLARINDA GÖRÜLEN SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL GELENEKLER VE DİNLER (IV. – VII. YÜZYILLAR)

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 19 - 32, 20.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1198999

Abstract

Şanyü Modu’nun iktidarından (M.Ö. 209-174) Şanyü Jünchen döneminin (M.Ö. 161-126) sonlarına kadar Hunlar İç Asya’nın tek hakim gücü olarak Çin’i tahakküm altında tutmayı başarmışlardı. Han hanedanının büyük imparatoru Wudi’nin Hun tehdidine karşı M.Ö. 129 civarında başlattığı kuzey ve batı yönündeki geniş-çaplı hücum stratejisi başarılı generaller sayesinde bilhassa Şanyü Yizhixie döneminde Hunların ciddi kayıplar verdiği ağır yenilgilerle sonuçlanmış ve Çin üzerindeki Hun hakimiyeti kesin bir şekilde kalkmıştı (M.Ö. 129-119). Hunlar Kansu’yu (Hexi Koridoru) kaybetmekle kalmamış, Ordos – Gobi’nin güneyindeki pay-i taht merkezlerini de yukarı Moğolistan’a taşımışlardı. M.Ö. 60’da I. Hun İç Savaşı patlak vermiş ve M.Ö. 53’de Zhizhi’nin iktidara gelmişti. Sürdüğü kardeşi Huhanye, Çin’in desteğiyle bir süre sonra Kuzey’e dönerek tahta geçerken, askeri üstünlüğüyle bilinen Zhizhi ise Batı’ya hareket etmiştir. Balkaş Gölü – Talas Nehri hattına kadar topraklarını genişleten ve Kangju devletini (Soğdiyana) kendine bağlayan Zhizhi, M.Ö. 36’da Çinliler tarafından kuşatılarak öldürüldü. Huhanye’den itibaren Çin’in “vasalı” konumunda kalan Hunlar, özellikle Şanyü Huduershi döneminde tekrar eski gücüne kavuşmuş ve Çin’e (Sonraki Han/Doğu Han: M.S. 25-206) karşı vasal statüsünü kaldırarak büyük bir tehdite dönüşmüştü. Lakin, M.S. 46’da veraset sırasından kaynaklanan yeni bir İç Savaş yaşanmış; karizmatik lider Punu Hun Şanyüsü olurken, esasında verasette daha önde gelen Bi güneye inerek taraftarlarının da desteğiyle kendini Şanyü ilan etmiş ve “tam vasal” statüsüyle Han’a bağlanmıştı. Bu dönemden itibaren Çin’in organizasyonu ile Kuzey Hunlarına karşı Doğu’da Xianbei (Siyenpi) ve Wuhuan’lar, Kuzey’de akraba Dingling’ler, Güney’de “kardeş” Güney Hunları, Tibetli Qiang’lar ve hatta kısa bir zaman önceye kadar vasalları olan Batı’daki Türkistan’ın vaha devletleri de dahil olmak üzere devasa bir ittifak oluşturuldu. M. S. 87’de Şanyü Youliu’nun, Siyenpiler tarafından öldürülerek derisinin yüzülmesi hadisesi, Hun tarihi için bir dönüm noktası ve yeni bir dönemin habercisi olacaktır. Bilhassa M. S. 89-91 senelerinde Doğu Tanrı Dağları, Moğolistan ve Altaylar’ın güney eteklerinde alınan ağır yenilgilerden sonra mağlup Kuzey Hun boyları 200.000’den fazla bir nüfus ile İli Vadisi, Yedi-su ve Doğu Kazakistan’a göç ederken boşalan Hun topraklarına ise Siyenpiler yerleşti. Kaynaklara göre Dou Xian’ın hibrid-ittifak ordularından kaçan bu Hunlar idari-geleneklerine göre “Yabgu” unvanı taşıyan bir devlet kurmuşlardır. Bu süreç kesin olarak Hunlar’ın Doğu Türkistan’ın batısından Hazar Denizi’nin kuzeyine uzanan bozkırlardaki yeni yayılma dönemi başlatmıştır.
M.S. IV. yüzyılın ortalarında (M.S. 350-370) işte bu Hunların torunlarının önderliğinde farklı yönlere (Kuzey-batı ve Güney-batı) hareket eden aynı damara mensup iki grup; Avrupa, Batı Türkistan–Toharistan, İran ve Kuzey Hindistan’da tarihe yön verecek bir akışın baş aktörleri olacaklardır. Konumuzu oluşturan Batı Türkistan Hunları, muhtelif kaynaklarda Chionitae, Kermichion, Karmir Hyon, Alhon, Huna, Sveta Huna, Hyaona, Hyôn-Xiyon, Hon-k’–Kuşank, Kidarita, Hua-Yeda; Ephthalita, hep’t‘hal, Hēvtāl, Haytal/Hetal – Türk gibi farklı isimlerle gözükmüşlerdir. Sosyo-kültürel gelenekleri ve inanç sistemleri hususunda Roma, Bizans, İran, Çin ve Hint kaynaklarından gelen sınırlı ve kısmen çelişkili bilgiler; onların kendi Hun-Türk bozkır geleneklerini net bir şekilde taşımakla beraber hakim oldukları coğrafyalardaki köklü yerleşik halklar ile bilhassa Kuzey Tibet göçebelerine mahsus hususiyetleri bünyelerinde barındırdıklarını göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla egemen oldukları coğrafyaların tarihsel ve kültürel gücüyle doğrudan ilişkili olarak kendilerini de mirasçıları olarak addettikleri Kuşanlar gibi kurdukları idarelerde senkretik bir yapının varlığı dikkatleri çekmektedir.

References

  • AHMETBEYOĞLU, Ali, Grek Seyyahı Priskos’a (V. Asır) göre Avrupa Hunları, TDAV, İstanbul, 1995.
  • AHMETBEYOĞLU, Ali, “Bizans Tarihçisi Menandros’un Türkler (Gök Türkler) Hakkında Verdiği Bilgiler”, Tarih Dergisi, sayı 50 (2009 /2), 2010, ss. 11-25.
  • ARADI, Éva, “The Yue-chis, Kushans and Hephtalites”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, 2, 2010, 45-56.
  • Ammianus Marcellinus, The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae), trans. Charles D. Yonge, George Bell & Sons, Londra, 1902.
  • BALOGH, Daniel, Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History, Barkhuis, 2020.
  • BARFIELD, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China 221BC to AD 1757, Basil Blackwell, 1989.
  • BLOCKLEY, R. C. Blockley, The history of Menander the Guardsman, I. bask., Francis Cairns Pub., Liverpool, 1985.
  • ÇEŞMELİ, İbrahim, “Tarihi Kaynaklara Göre Türk Göçebelerinde Dinler, Kültler, Ritüeller İle İkonografi (M.S. 8. Yüzyıla Kadar)”. Art- Sanat Dergisi, 3, 2015, ss. 45 – 96.
  • DE CRESPIGNY, Rafe, “The division and Destruction of the Xiongnu Confederacy in the first and second centuries AD”, Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National Universty, (internet edition: 2004), 1-6; https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/42051; https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Division-and-Destruction-of-the-Xiongnu-in-the-Crespigny/ee39f76c5bfb13f90879c321710c2532e56b5e6e.
  • DE LA VAISSIÉRE, Étienne, “Is there a ‘Nationality of Hephthalites’?”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 17, 2003, ss. 119-132.
  • DI COSMO, N., Ancient China and It’s Enimies, Cambridge Universty Press, 2002.
  • ENOKI, Kazuo, “On the Nationality of the Ephthalites”, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, No. 18, Toyo Bunko, Tokyo, 1959, ss. 1-58.
  • FORTACI, Talha, “Nesturiliğin Ortaya Çıkış Süreci”, Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 18 (2), 2018, ss. 63-99.
  • GOLDEN, P. B., Dünya Tarihinde Orta Asya, çev. Yahya Kemal Taştan, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul, 2015.
  • GOLDEN, Peter B., Türk Halkları Tarihine Giriş, çev. Osman Karatay, Karam Yayınları, Ankara, 2002.
  • HAW, Stephen G., Beijing – A Concise History, Routledge, 2006.
  • HONEY, David B., “Lineage as Legitimation in the Rise of Liu Yuan and Shih Le”, Journal of the American Oriental Society (JAOS), 110 (4), October-December: 1990, ss. 616-621.
  • KAFESOĞLU, İbrahim, Türk Milli Kültürü, 16. Bask., Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul 1998.
  • KIRİLEN, Gürhan, “Xuan Zang’ın Orta Asya İzlenimleri”, AÜDTCF Dergisi, 53 (1), 2013, ss. 63-84.
  • KIM, Hyun Jin, Hunlar, çev. Hakan Herdem, 1. Baskı, Gumbel Yayınevi, Ankara, 2020.
  • KYLASOV, L. R., “Northern Nomads”: History of Civilization of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilisations (A. D. 250 to 750), 3, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, 1996, ss. 311-320.
  • KUBATİN, Andrey, “Muğ Dağı Soğd Arşivi Belgelerinde Görülen ’Hun’ ve ‘Türk’ Terimleri Üzerine”, XVII. Türk Tarih Kongresi (C. II-I. Kısım), Ankara, 15-17 Eylül 2014, ss. 55-60.
  • KURBANOV, Aydogdy, The Hephthalites (Archaeological And Historical Analysis), PhD Thesis, Free University Berlin, 2010.
  • LAURSEN, Sarah, Leaves that Sway: Gold Xianbei Cap Ornaments from Northeast China, University of Pennsylvania (Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations), unpublished Phd Thesis, 2011.
  • MILLER, Bryan K., Power Politics in The Xiongnu Empire, Phd Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 2009, s. 152: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/76382562.pdf.
  • MIZRAK, Egemen Çağrı, Bozkır Kavimleri, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul 2017.
  • NANAI-VANDAK, “Sogdian Ancient Letter II”, Telling the Sogdian story: A Freer\Sackler Digital Exhibition Project, accessed August 7, 2021: https://kimon.hosting.nyu.edu/sogdians/items/show/851
  • PARKER, E. H., A Thousand Years of The Tartars, Kelly&Walsh Limited, 1895.
  • PROCOPIUS, History of the Wars [Book I-II (of VIII)], trans. H. B. Dewing, I. baskı, 1914: e-kitapRelease Date: September 27, 2005 [eBook #16764]: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16764/pg16764-images.html
  • RUDOLPH, K., “Maniheizm”, Çev: Mustafa Bıyık, Gazi Üniversitesi Çorum İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, I, 2002, ss. 378-393.
  • SARITAŞ, Eyüp, “Seyyah Hui Chao’nun Beş Tianzhu Ülkesine Seyahati ve Türk Tarihi Bakımından Önemi”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Şarkiyat Mecmuası, 16, 2010, s. 105-116.
  • SINOR, Denis, “The Hun Period”, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, vol. I, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ss. 177-205.
  • TAISHAN, Yu, “History of the Yeda Tribe (Hephthalites) Further Issues”, Eurasian Studies, ed. Yu Taishan-Li Jinxiu, vol. 1, Beijing: Commercial Press, 2011, ss. 66-119.
  • TAISHAN, Yu, “A Study of Saka History”, Sino-Platonic Papers, no. 80, ed. V. H. Mair, University of Pennyslvania, 1998, July: 1-225. TAŞAĞIL, Ahmet, Gök-Türkler (I-II-III), TTK, Ankara, 2012.
  • TEZCAN, M. Tezcan, “V. – VI. Yüzyıl Ermeni Kaynaklarının Hun ve Eftalit Tarihi Bakımından Önemi”, XV. Türk Tarih Kongresi (11-15 Eylül 2006), c. II, 2010, ss. 183-202.
  • TOH, Hoong Teik, “The –yu Ending in Xiongnu, Xianbei and Gaoju Onomastica”, Sino-Platonic Papers, 146, Feb. 2005, ss. 1-24. WANG, Xian, “A Study On The Kidarites: Reexamination of Documentary Sources”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 19, Harrowitz Verlag-Wiesbaden, 2012, ss. 243-301.
  • WRIGHT, David Curtis, “The Hsiung-nu – Hun equation revisited”, Eurasian Studies Yearbook, 69, 1997, ss. 77-112.
  • The Gothic History of Jordanes, ed. Charles Christopher Mierow, Princeton University Press, 1915.
  • The Raghuvança (The Story of Raghu’s Line by Kâlidâsa), translated by P. de Lacy Johnstone, Aldine House, London, 1902.
  • YILDIRIM, Kürşad, “Sung Yün’ün Türkistan ‘daki Seyahati”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, XXX/1, 2015, s. ss. 281-300.
  • YÜ, Ying-shih, “Hsiung-nu”, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, V. I, ed. Denis Sinor, reprinted: Athenaeum Press Ltd., 1994, ss. 118-150.
  • ZADNEPROVSKIY, Y. A., “The Nomads of Norther Central Asia After The Invasion of Alexander”, History of Civilization of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilisations (700 BC to A. D. 250), vol. II, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, (1994, online edition 1999), 448 – 463: https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/nomads-northern-central-asia-after-invasion-alexander.
  • ZEIMAL, E. V., “The Kidarite Kingdom in Central Asia”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilisations (A. D. 250 to 750), vol. 3, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, 1996, ss. 123-137.

THE SOCIO-CULTURAL TRADITIONS AND RELIGIONS IN WESTERN TURKESTAN HUNS (IV.th – VII.th CENTURIES AD)

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 19 - 32, 20.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1198999

Abstract

Between the times of the Modu Chanyu (209-174 BC) to the last years of Chanyu Junchen (161-126 BC), the Hunnic (Xiongnu) steppe empire as the sole ruler of the Inner Asian steppes, had also managed to dominate Han’s China. A large-scale of assault strategy in the northern and western borders initiated by the great emperor of Han dynasty Wudi in 129 BC against the Hunnic threat with the help of his successful Chinese generals. The wars resulted in heavy defeats of Huns in which they suffered serious losses especially during the times of Chanyu Yizhixie. As a result the Hunnic authority over the China was definitely abolished (129-119 BC). The Huns were not only lost the Kansu region (Hexi Corridor) but also moved their throne from the south of Ordos – Gobi line to the Upper Mongolia. In 60 BC First Hunnic Civil War broke out and Zhizhi came to power in 53 BC. His exiled brother Huhanye had returned to the North after a time with the support of China and took the throne. Chanyu Zhizhi, who was known of his military superiority, moved to the West. Expanding his territory to the Balkash Lake – Talas/Taraz line and brought Kangju state under his control, Zhizhi was besieged and killed by Chinese in 36 BC. After remained in a “vassal” state position since the Huhanye period, the Huns were regained their former power especially during the Chanyu Huduershi time and turned into a great threat again by removing their vassal status against China (Later Han/Eastern Han: 25- 206 AD). However, in 46 AD a new Civil War was broke out due to the succession right; while the charismatic leader Punu had became the Chanyu, in fact Bi who was legally more ahead in heritage, moved to south and declared himself as the Chanyu with the help of his supporters. Then, he had attached to the Han with a “fully vassal”status. From this period onwards, a massive alliance was formed by China against the Northern Huns: Xianbei and Wuhuans in East, Dinglings in North, “brother” Southern Huns and Tibetian Qiangs in South and the oasis states of Western Turkistan in West who were the vassals of Northern Huns until recently. The event that Chanyu Youliu was killed and skinned by the Xianbei’s in 87 AD., would be a turning point and herald of a new era for the Inner Asia Hunnic history. Especially between 89 – 91 AD., after the heavy defeats in the Eastern Tian Shan, Mongolia and the southern foothills of Altai Mountains, the defeated Northern Hunnic tribes migrated to the Ili Valley, Yedi-su and Eastern Kazakhstan with a population of more than 200.000, while the Xianbei tribes settled in the abandoned Hunnic lands. According to the sources, these Huns who fled from the hybrid-alliance armies of Dou Xian, established a state with the title of “Yabgu” as their administrative traditions. Thus, this process had started the new expansion period of Huns in the steppes that stretching from the north-west of Eastern Turkistan to the Northern Caspian Sea.
In the middle of the IV th. century (350-370 AD), two groups belonging to the same vein under the leadership of the descendants of these Huns moved in different directions (North-west and South-west); would be the main actors of a flow that shapes the history of Europe, Western Turkestan – Tocharistan, Iran and Northern India. The Western Turkistan Huns, which constitutes our subject were seen under these names in various sources in different eras: Chionitae, Kermichion, Karmir Hyon, Alhon, Huna, Sveta Huna, Hyaona, Hyôn-Xiyon, Hon-k’–Kuşank, Kidarita, Hua-Yeda; Ephthalita, hep’t‘hal, Hēvtāl, Haytal/Hetal – Türk. The limited and partialy contradictory informations on the socio-cultural and religious traditions from Roman,Byzantine, Persian, Chinese and Indian sources; it shows that they were clearly carrying their own Hunnic-Turkic steppe traditions, but they also took the socio-cultural and religious structures of the other Inner Asian nomads Little Yuezhi’s – Northern Tibetan Qiangs and the deep-rooted settled peoples of region such as Sogdians, Iranians and Indians. Therefore, in direct relation with the historical and cultural power of the geographies they dominated, the existence of a syncretic model – that was a multicultural structure in which peoples belonging to the different races, beliefs and teachings merge – draws attention in adminitrations they established such as the steppe-origin Kushans, whom they considered themselves as their heirs.

References

  • AHMETBEYOĞLU, Ali, Grek Seyyahı Priskos’a (V. Asır) göre Avrupa Hunları, TDAV, İstanbul, 1995.
  • AHMETBEYOĞLU, Ali, “Bizans Tarihçisi Menandros’un Türkler (Gök Türkler) Hakkında Verdiği Bilgiler”, Tarih Dergisi, sayı 50 (2009 /2), 2010, ss. 11-25.
  • ARADI, Éva, “The Yue-chis, Kushans and Hephtalites”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, 2, 2010, 45-56.
  • Ammianus Marcellinus, The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae), trans. Charles D. Yonge, George Bell & Sons, Londra, 1902.
  • BALOGH, Daniel, Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History, Barkhuis, 2020.
  • BARFIELD, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China 221BC to AD 1757, Basil Blackwell, 1989.
  • BLOCKLEY, R. C. Blockley, The history of Menander the Guardsman, I. bask., Francis Cairns Pub., Liverpool, 1985.
  • ÇEŞMELİ, İbrahim, “Tarihi Kaynaklara Göre Türk Göçebelerinde Dinler, Kültler, Ritüeller İle İkonografi (M.S. 8. Yüzyıla Kadar)”. Art- Sanat Dergisi, 3, 2015, ss. 45 – 96.
  • DE CRESPIGNY, Rafe, “The division and Destruction of the Xiongnu Confederacy in the first and second centuries AD”, Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National Universty, (internet edition: 2004), 1-6; https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/42051; https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Division-and-Destruction-of-the-Xiongnu-in-the-Crespigny/ee39f76c5bfb13f90879c321710c2532e56b5e6e.
  • DE LA VAISSIÉRE, Étienne, “Is there a ‘Nationality of Hephthalites’?”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 17, 2003, ss. 119-132.
  • DI COSMO, N., Ancient China and It’s Enimies, Cambridge Universty Press, 2002.
  • ENOKI, Kazuo, “On the Nationality of the Ephthalites”, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, No. 18, Toyo Bunko, Tokyo, 1959, ss. 1-58.
  • FORTACI, Talha, “Nesturiliğin Ortaya Çıkış Süreci”, Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 18 (2), 2018, ss. 63-99.
  • GOLDEN, P. B., Dünya Tarihinde Orta Asya, çev. Yahya Kemal Taştan, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul, 2015.
  • GOLDEN, Peter B., Türk Halkları Tarihine Giriş, çev. Osman Karatay, Karam Yayınları, Ankara, 2002.
  • HAW, Stephen G., Beijing – A Concise History, Routledge, 2006.
  • HONEY, David B., “Lineage as Legitimation in the Rise of Liu Yuan and Shih Le”, Journal of the American Oriental Society (JAOS), 110 (4), October-December: 1990, ss. 616-621.
  • KAFESOĞLU, İbrahim, Türk Milli Kültürü, 16. Bask., Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul 1998.
  • KIRİLEN, Gürhan, “Xuan Zang’ın Orta Asya İzlenimleri”, AÜDTCF Dergisi, 53 (1), 2013, ss. 63-84.
  • KIM, Hyun Jin, Hunlar, çev. Hakan Herdem, 1. Baskı, Gumbel Yayınevi, Ankara, 2020.
  • KYLASOV, L. R., “Northern Nomads”: History of Civilization of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilisations (A. D. 250 to 750), 3, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, 1996, ss. 311-320.
  • KUBATİN, Andrey, “Muğ Dağı Soğd Arşivi Belgelerinde Görülen ’Hun’ ve ‘Türk’ Terimleri Üzerine”, XVII. Türk Tarih Kongresi (C. II-I. Kısım), Ankara, 15-17 Eylül 2014, ss. 55-60.
  • KURBANOV, Aydogdy, The Hephthalites (Archaeological And Historical Analysis), PhD Thesis, Free University Berlin, 2010.
  • LAURSEN, Sarah, Leaves that Sway: Gold Xianbei Cap Ornaments from Northeast China, University of Pennsylvania (Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations), unpublished Phd Thesis, 2011.
  • MILLER, Bryan K., Power Politics in The Xiongnu Empire, Phd Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 2009, s. 152: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/76382562.pdf.
  • MIZRAK, Egemen Çağrı, Bozkır Kavimleri, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul 2017.
  • NANAI-VANDAK, “Sogdian Ancient Letter II”, Telling the Sogdian story: A Freer\Sackler Digital Exhibition Project, accessed August 7, 2021: https://kimon.hosting.nyu.edu/sogdians/items/show/851
  • PARKER, E. H., A Thousand Years of The Tartars, Kelly&Walsh Limited, 1895.
  • PROCOPIUS, History of the Wars [Book I-II (of VIII)], trans. H. B. Dewing, I. baskı, 1914: e-kitapRelease Date: September 27, 2005 [eBook #16764]: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16764/pg16764-images.html
  • RUDOLPH, K., “Maniheizm”, Çev: Mustafa Bıyık, Gazi Üniversitesi Çorum İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, I, 2002, ss. 378-393.
  • SARITAŞ, Eyüp, “Seyyah Hui Chao’nun Beş Tianzhu Ülkesine Seyahati ve Türk Tarihi Bakımından Önemi”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Şarkiyat Mecmuası, 16, 2010, s. 105-116.
  • SINOR, Denis, “The Hun Period”, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, vol. I, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ss. 177-205.
  • TAISHAN, Yu, “History of the Yeda Tribe (Hephthalites) Further Issues”, Eurasian Studies, ed. Yu Taishan-Li Jinxiu, vol. 1, Beijing: Commercial Press, 2011, ss. 66-119.
  • TAISHAN, Yu, “A Study of Saka History”, Sino-Platonic Papers, no. 80, ed. V. H. Mair, University of Pennyslvania, 1998, July: 1-225. TAŞAĞIL, Ahmet, Gök-Türkler (I-II-III), TTK, Ankara, 2012.
  • TEZCAN, M. Tezcan, “V. – VI. Yüzyıl Ermeni Kaynaklarının Hun ve Eftalit Tarihi Bakımından Önemi”, XV. Türk Tarih Kongresi (11-15 Eylül 2006), c. II, 2010, ss. 183-202.
  • TOH, Hoong Teik, “The –yu Ending in Xiongnu, Xianbei and Gaoju Onomastica”, Sino-Platonic Papers, 146, Feb. 2005, ss. 1-24. WANG, Xian, “A Study On The Kidarites: Reexamination of Documentary Sources”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 19, Harrowitz Verlag-Wiesbaden, 2012, ss. 243-301.
  • WRIGHT, David Curtis, “The Hsiung-nu – Hun equation revisited”, Eurasian Studies Yearbook, 69, 1997, ss. 77-112.
  • The Gothic History of Jordanes, ed. Charles Christopher Mierow, Princeton University Press, 1915.
  • The Raghuvança (The Story of Raghu’s Line by Kâlidâsa), translated by P. de Lacy Johnstone, Aldine House, London, 1902.
  • YILDIRIM, Kürşad, “Sung Yün’ün Türkistan ‘daki Seyahati”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, XXX/1, 2015, s. ss. 281-300.
  • YÜ, Ying-shih, “Hsiung-nu”, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, V. I, ed. Denis Sinor, reprinted: Athenaeum Press Ltd., 1994, ss. 118-150.
  • ZADNEPROVSKIY, Y. A., “The Nomads of Norther Central Asia After The Invasion of Alexander”, History of Civilization of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilisations (700 BC to A. D. 250), vol. II, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, (1994, online edition 1999), 448 – 463: https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/nomads-northern-central-asia-after-invasion-alexander.
  • ZEIMAL, E. V., “The Kidarite Kingdom in Central Asia”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilisations (A. D. 250 to 750), vol. 3, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, 1996, ss. 123-137.
There are 43 citations in total.

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Authors

Egemen Çağrı Mızrak 0000-0002-9876-9971

Early Pub Date January 16, 2023
Publication Date January 20, 2023
Submission Date November 3, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 9

Cite

Chicago Mızrak, Egemen Çağrı. “BATI TÜRKİSTAN HUNLARINDA GÖRÜLEN SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL GELENEKLER VE DİNLER (IV. – VII. YÜZYILLAR)”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 5, no. 9 (January 2023): 19-32. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1198999.

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