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Neuroprotective and Nootropic Effect of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Brahmi) through Its In vivo Data Focused on Alzheimer’s Disease

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 83 - 90, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.59124/guhes.1469267

Abstract

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Plantaginaceae) (BM), known as “brahmi”, is a reputed medicinal plant, particularly in Ayurvedic medicine. Since BM has been traditionally used for memory dysfunction, experimental studies at the pre-clinical level support the nootropic effect of the plant relevant to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) demonstrated through various mechanisms. It has been reported that saponins (e.g. bacosides, bacopasides, and bacopasaponins) are largely responsible for the memory-enhancing and other neuropharmacological effects of BM. Bacosides, which are non-polar molecules that can easily cross the blood-brain barrier, are reported to directly lead to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in the brain. BM extracts rich in bacosides are considered advantageous due to their higher nootropic efficacy. The findings suggest that only bacoside enrichment increases antiamnesic activity; other components also contribute to the extract with a synergism. Adverse side effects of BM in humans have rarely been reported. In the current review, we aimed to scrutinize in vivo data derived from the studies related to the cognitive-enhancement effect of BM with a special focus on AD.

References

  • Chowdhuri, D.K., Parmar, D., Kakkar, P., Shukla, R., Seth, P.K., & Srimal, R.C. (2002). Antistress effects of bacosides of Bacopa monnieri: modulation of Hsp70 expression, superoxide dismutase and cytochrome P450 activity in rat brain. Phytotherapy Research, 16(7), 639-645. https://doi: 10.1002/ptr.1023
  • Kwon, H.J., Jung, H.Y., Hahn, K.R., Kim, W., Kim, J.W., Yoo, D.Y., Yoon, Y.S., Hwang, I.K., & Kim, D.W. (2018). Bacopa monnieri extract improves novel object recognition, cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein in the dentate gyrus. Laboratory Animal Research, 34(4), 239-247. https://doi: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.4.239
  • Le, X.T., Pham, H.T., Do, P.T., Fujiwara, H., Tanaka, K., Li, F., Van Nguyen, T., Nguyen, K.M., & Matsumoto, K. (2013). Bacopa monnieri ameliorates memory deficits in olfactory bulbectomized mice: possible involvement of glutamatergic and cholinergic systems. Neurochemistry Research, 38(10), 2201-2215. https://doi: 10.1007/s11064-013-1129-6
  • Mishra, A., Mishra, A.K., & Jha, S. (2018). Effect of traditional medicine brahmi vati and bacoside A-rich fraction of Bacopa monnieri on acute pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures, amphetamine-induced model of schizophrenia, and scopolamine-induced memory loss in laboratory animals. Epilepsy Behavior, 80, 144-151. https://doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.12.040
  • Pandey, S.P., Singh, H.K., & Prasad, S. (2015). Alterations in hippocampal oxidative stress, expression of AMPA Receptor GluR2 subunit and associated spatial memory loss by Bacopa monnieri extract (CDRI-08) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus type 2 mice. PLoS One, 10(7), e0131862. https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131862
  • Pham, H.T.N., Phan, S.V., Tran, H.N., Phi, X.T., Le, X.T., Nguyen, K.M., Fujiwara, H., Yoneyama, M., Ogita, K., Yamaguchi, T., & Matsumoto, K. (2019). Bacopa monnieri (L.) ameliorates cognitive deficits caused in a trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity model mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 42(8), 1384-1393. https://doi: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00288
  • Piyabhan, P., Tingpej, P., & Duansak, N. (2019). Effect of pre- and post-treatment with Bacopa monnieri (brahmi) on phencyclidine-induced disruptions in object recognition memory and cerebral calbindin, parvalbumin, and calretinin immunoreactivity in rats. Neuropsychiatric Disease Treatment, 15, 1103-1117. https://doi: 10.2147/NDT.S193222
  • Rastogi, M., Ojha, R.P., Prabu, P.C., Devi, B.P., Agrawal, A., & Dubey, G.P. (2012). Prevention of age-associated neurodegeneration and promotion of healthy brain ageing in female Wistar rats by long term use of bacosides. Biogerontology, 13(2), 183-195. https://doi: 10.1007/s10522-011-9367-y
  • Rehman, M.U., Ali, N., Jamal, M., Kousar, R., Ishaq, M., Awan, A.A., Hussain, I., Sherkheli, M.A., & Ul Haq, R. Comparison of acute and chronic effects of Bacopa monnieri, Ginkgo biloba, and Lavandula angustifolia and their mixture on learning and memory in mice. Phytotherapy Research, 35(5), 2703-2710. https://doi: 10.1002/ptr.7016
  • Russo, A., Borrelli, F., Campisi, A., Acquaviva, R., Raciti, G., & Vanella, A. (2003). Nitric oxide related toxicity in cultured astrocytes: effect of Bacopa monniera. Life Sciences, 73, 1517-1526. https://doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00476-4
  • Saini, N., Singh, D., & Sandhir, R. (2012). Neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in experimental model of dementia. Neurochemistry Research, 37(9), 1928-1937. https://doi: 10.1007/s11064-012-0811-4
  • Shinomol, G.K., & Muralidhara. (2011). Bacopa monnieri modulates endogenous cytoplasmic and mitochondrial oxidative markers in prepubertal mice brain. Phytomedicine, 18(4), 317-326. https://doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.005
  • Singh, H.K., & Dhawan, B.N. (1997). Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the Ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi). Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 29(5), S359-S365. (doi not available)
  • Sivasangari, K., & Rajan, K.E. (2020). Standardized Bacopa monnieri extract ameliorates learning and memory impairments through synaptic protein, neurogranin, pro-and mature BDNF signaling, and HPA axis in prenatally stressed rat offspring. Antioxidants (Basel), 9(12), 1229. https://doi: 10.3390/antiox9121229
  • Sudhakaran, M.V. (2020). Botanical pharmacognosy of Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell. Pharmacognosy Journal, 12(6), 1559-1572. https://doi: 10.5530/pj.2020.12.214
  • Uabundit, N., Wattanathorn, J., Mucimapura, S., & Ingkaninan, K. (2010). Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in Alzheimer's disease model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(1), 26-31. https://doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.056
  • Verma, P., Gupta, R.K., Gandhi, B.S., & Singh, P. (2015). CDRI-08 Attenuates REST/NRSF-mediated expression of NMDAR1 gene in PBDE-209-exposed mice brain. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 403840. https://doi: 10.1155/2015/403840
Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 83 - 90, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.59124/guhes.1469267

Abstract

References

  • Chowdhuri, D.K., Parmar, D., Kakkar, P., Shukla, R., Seth, P.K., & Srimal, R.C. (2002). Antistress effects of bacosides of Bacopa monnieri: modulation of Hsp70 expression, superoxide dismutase and cytochrome P450 activity in rat brain. Phytotherapy Research, 16(7), 639-645. https://doi: 10.1002/ptr.1023
  • Kwon, H.J., Jung, H.Y., Hahn, K.R., Kim, W., Kim, J.W., Yoo, D.Y., Yoon, Y.S., Hwang, I.K., & Kim, D.W. (2018). Bacopa monnieri extract improves novel object recognition, cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein in the dentate gyrus. Laboratory Animal Research, 34(4), 239-247. https://doi: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.4.239
  • Le, X.T., Pham, H.T., Do, P.T., Fujiwara, H., Tanaka, K., Li, F., Van Nguyen, T., Nguyen, K.M., & Matsumoto, K. (2013). Bacopa monnieri ameliorates memory deficits in olfactory bulbectomized mice: possible involvement of glutamatergic and cholinergic systems. Neurochemistry Research, 38(10), 2201-2215. https://doi: 10.1007/s11064-013-1129-6
  • Mishra, A., Mishra, A.K., & Jha, S. (2018). Effect of traditional medicine brahmi vati and bacoside A-rich fraction of Bacopa monnieri on acute pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures, amphetamine-induced model of schizophrenia, and scopolamine-induced memory loss in laboratory animals. Epilepsy Behavior, 80, 144-151. https://doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.12.040
  • Pandey, S.P., Singh, H.K., & Prasad, S. (2015). Alterations in hippocampal oxidative stress, expression of AMPA Receptor GluR2 subunit and associated spatial memory loss by Bacopa monnieri extract (CDRI-08) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus type 2 mice. PLoS One, 10(7), e0131862. https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131862
  • Pham, H.T.N., Phan, S.V., Tran, H.N., Phi, X.T., Le, X.T., Nguyen, K.M., Fujiwara, H., Yoneyama, M., Ogita, K., Yamaguchi, T., & Matsumoto, K. (2019). Bacopa monnieri (L.) ameliorates cognitive deficits caused in a trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity model mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 42(8), 1384-1393. https://doi: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00288
  • Piyabhan, P., Tingpej, P., & Duansak, N. (2019). Effect of pre- and post-treatment with Bacopa monnieri (brahmi) on phencyclidine-induced disruptions in object recognition memory and cerebral calbindin, parvalbumin, and calretinin immunoreactivity in rats. Neuropsychiatric Disease Treatment, 15, 1103-1117. https://doi: 10.2147/NDT.S193222
  • Rastogi, M., Ojha, R.P., Prabu, P.C., Devi, B.P., Agrawal, A., & Dubey, G.P. (2012). Prevention of age-associated neurodegeneration and promotion of healthy brain ageing in female Wistar rats by long term use of bacosides. Biogerontology, 13(2), 183-195. https://doi: 10.1007/s10522-011-9367-y
  • Rehman, M.U., Ali, N., Jamal, M., Kousar, R., Ishaq, M., Awan, A.A., Hussain, I., Sherkheli, M.A., & Ul Haq, R. Comparison of acute and chronic effects of Bacopa monnieri, Ginkgo biloba, and Lavandula angustifolia and their mixture on learning and memory in mice. Phytotherapy Research, 35(5), 2703-2710. https://doi: 10.1002/ptr.7016
  • Russo, A., Borrelli, F., Campisi, A., Acquaviva, R., Raciti, G., & Vanella, A. (2003). Nitric oxide related toxicity in cultured astrocytes: effect of Bacopa monniera. Life Sciences, 73, 1517-1526. https://doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00476-4
  • Saini, N., Singh, D., & Sandhir, R. (2012). Neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in experimental model of dementia. Neurochemistry Research, 37(9), 1928-1937. https://doi: 10.1007/s11064-012-0811-4
  • Shinomol, G.K., & Muralidhara. (2011). Bacopa monnieri modulates endogenous cytoplasmic and mitochondrial oxidative markers in prepubertal mice brain. Phytomedicine, 18(4), 317-326. https://doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.005
  • Singh, H.K., & Dhawan, B.N. (1997). Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the Ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi). Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 29(5), S359-S365. (doi not available)
  • Sivasangari, K., & Rajan, K.E. (2020). Standardized Bacopa monnieri extract ameliorates learning and memory impairments through synaptic protein, neurogranin, pro-and mature BDNF signaling, and HPA axis in prenatally stressed rat offspring. Antioxidants (Basel), 9(12), 1229. https://doi: 10.3390/antiox9121229
  • Sudhakaran, M.V. (2020). Botanical pharmacognosy of Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell. Pharmacognosy Journal, 12(6), 1559-1572. https://doi: 10.5530/pj.2020.12.214
  • Uabundit, N., Wattanathorn, J., Mucimapura, S., & Ingkaninan, K. (2010). Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in Alzheimer's disease model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(1), 26-31. https://doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.056
  • Verma, P., Gupta, R.K., Gandhi, B.S., & Singh, P. (2015). CDRI-08 Attenuates REST/NRSF-mediated expression of NMDAR1 gene in PBDE-209-exposed mice brain. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 403840. https://doi: 10.1155/2015/403840
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Primary Health Care
Journal Section Derleme
Authors

Tuğba Uçar Akyürek 0000-0003-3105-8494

İlkay Erdoğan Orhan 0000-0002-7379-5436

Publication Date August 31, 2024
Submission Date April 16, 2024
Acceptance Date May 9, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Uçar Akyürek, T., & Erdoğan Orhan, İ. (2024). Neuroprotective and Nootropic Effect of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Brahmi) through Its In vivo Data Focused on Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Gazi University Health Sciences Institute, 6(2), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.59124/guhes.1469267