Research Article

Dynamics of Rivalry and Power in Realism: Evidence from the Karabakh Conflict

Volume: 12 Number: 1 March 23, 2026
TR EN

Dynamics of Rivalry and Power in Realism: Evidence from the Karabakh Conflict

Abstract

International relations theories have long sought to explain states’ foreign policy behavior by emphasizing different levels of analysis, with realism remaining one of the most influential and enduring approaches in the field. Classical realism foregrounds power struggles, national interests, and the role of human nature, whereas neorealism focuses on the anarchic structure of the international system and the distribution of capabilities among states. Despite their analytical strengths, both strands of realism tend to underestimate or overlook the role of domestic political dynamics and ideational factors in shaping foreign policy outcomes. Neoclassical Realism emerged to address these theoretical limitations by integrating systemic pressures with unit-level variables. This approach emphasizes how state capacity, leadership perceptions, elite consensus, state–society relations, and ideational frameworks mediate the translation of international constraints into concrete policy choices. In doing so, Neoclassical Realism offers a more nuanced and context-sensitive explanation of foreign policy behavior. Applying this framework to Russia–Türkiye relations demonstrates that the interaction between the two states cannot be reduced to a simple model of rivalry or alliance. Instead, competition, pragmatic cooperation, and parallel struggles for regional influence coexist in a dynamic and issue-specific manner. The Karabakh case, in particular, illustrates how systemic power assessments interact with domestic strategic calculations in both countries. Consequently, this case strongly supports the multidimensional explanatory capacity of Neoclassical Realism in capturing complex regional interactions beyond binary interpretations.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

This article is extracted from my PhD dissertation entitled “Türkiye-Russia Rivalry in the Caucasus: The Case of Karabakh Issue”, supervised by Prof. Dr. Kemal İNAT (PhD Dissertation, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye, 2024).

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

International Relations (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 23, 2026

Submission Date

August 24, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 5, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 12 Number: 1

APA
Turan, A. (2026). Dynamics of Rivalry and Power in Realism: Evidence from the Karabakh Conflict. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1771504
AMA
1.Turan A. Dynamics of Rivalry and Power in Realism: Evidence from the Karabakh Conflict. JEAS. 2026;12(1):1-16. doi:10.46849/guiibd.1771504
Chicago
Turan, Ahmet. 2026. “Dynamics of Rivalry and Power in Realism: Evidence from the Karabakh Conflict”. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 12 (1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1771504.
EndNote
Turan A (March 1, 2026) Dynamics of Rivalry and Power in Realism: Evidence from the Karabakh Conflict. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 12 1 1–16.
IEEE
[1]A. Turan, “Dynamics of Rivalry and Power in Realism: Evidence from the Karabakh Conflict”, JEAS, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–16, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.46849/guiibd.1771504.
ISNAD
Turan, Ahmet. “Dynamics of Rivalry and Power in Realism: Evidence from the Karabakh Conflict”. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 12/1 (March 1, 2026): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1771504.
JAMA
1.Turan A. Dynamics of Rivalry and Power in Realism: Evidence from the Karabakh Conflict. JEAS. 2026;12:1–16.
MLA
Turan, Ahmet. “Dynamics of Rivalry and Power in Realism: Evidence from the Karabakh Conflict”. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 1-16, doi:10.46849/guiibd.1771504.
Vancouver
1.Ahmet Turan. Dynamics of Rivalry and Power in Realism: Evidence from the Karabakh Conflict. JEAS. 2026 Mar. 1;12(1):1-16. doi:10.46849/guiibd.1771504
  • Giresun University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences