Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Web-Based Time Series Tool: The Case Of Economic Growth And Female Employment

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 37 - 64, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1679577

Abstract

Time series analysis serves as a fundamental tool for macroeconomics and microeconomics and finance-related fields to answer different questions and manage uncertainties. Time series analysis stands as a fundamental empirical research field which studies the relationships and causal effects between multiple series. The research project develops an online computational system to execute unit root tests and cointegration analyses which are essential for time series analysis. The analysis methods of unit roots and cointegration find extensive application in economics and finance and health research but typically need specialized software or programming packages for execution. The tests demand programming expertise together with experience using particular software applications. The main purpose of this research work is to develop an accessible computation system that enables users to perform these methods.
The tool's functionality was demonstrated by analyzing quarterly data from the Turkish Statistical Institute spanning from 2005-Q1 to 2024-Q4. The statistical data consists of two quarterly series: the employment numbers of women aged 15 and above (in thousands) and the GDP expressed as the chained volume index of buyer prices. The web-based statistical testing tool produced results that exactly matched those generated by widely used software packages during this research study. The tool demonstrates both high reliability and precise accuracy. The application serves two groups of users: those who lack software expertise as well as professionals who need instant accurate results. The tool will receive future updates which will add time series methods including VAR, VECM and Granger causality to establish its position as a primary user choice. The research will generate future studies in multiple fields according to the authors' prediction.

References

  • Akbulut, R., & Tansel, A. (2012). Gender differences in labor market outcomes in Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6377. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2023057
  • Angular Team. (n.d.). What is Angular?. https://v17.angular.io/guide/what-is-angular
  • Arslan, H., & Yılmaz, M. (2017). Kadın işgücüne katılım ve ekonomik büyüme: Türkiye için ampirik bir analiz. Maliye Dergisi, 172, 209–228.
  • Basuki, A. T., & Prawoto, N. (2016). Analisis regresi. Rajawali Press.
  • Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.
  • Bener, Ö., & Özdemir, S. (2014). Kadın istihdamı ve GSYİH ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2), 13
  • Cuestas, J. C., & Garratt, D. (2011). Is real GDP per capita a stationary process? Smooth transitions, nonlinear trends and unit root testing. Empirical Economics, 41(3), 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-010-0380-2
  • Cuestas, J. C., & Ordóñez, J. (2014). Smooth transitions, asymmetric adjustment and unit roots. Applied Economics Letters, 21(14), 969–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.894603
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Enders, W., & Granger, C. W. J. (1998). Unit-root tests and asymmetric adjustment with an example using the term structure of interest rates. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 16(3), 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1998.10473717
  • Enders, W., & Siklos, P. L. (2001). Cointegration and threshold adjustment. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 19(2), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500101316970395
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251–276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Gasimova, S., Zeki Dinçer, M., & Önür Aslan, A. (2022).The impact of women’s employment on economic growth in Turkey (1990–2018): Johansen cointegration analysis. Journal of Business Administration and Social Studies, 6(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.5152/JBASS.2022.22004
  • Gottman, J. M. (1981). Time-series analysis. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2003). Ekonometri dasar (Sumarno Zain, Trans.). Erlangga. (Original work published n.d.)
  • Güris, B. (2020). Uygulamalı doğrusal olmayan zaman serileri analizi. DER Yayınları.
  • Hu, J., & Chen, Z. (2016). A unit root test against globally stationary ESTAR models when local condition is non-stationary. Economics Letters, 146, 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2016.07.027
  • Işık, A., & Tuncer, F. (2015). Kadın istihdamının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Panel veri analizi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 15(1), 53–64.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration – with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
  • Kapetanios, G., Shin, Y., & Snell, A. (2006). Testing for cointegration in nonlinear smooth transition error correction models. Econometric Theory, 22(2), 279–303. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466606060113
  • Kasa, K. (1992). Common stochastic trends in international stock markets. Journal of Monetary Economics, 29(1), 95–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(92)90025-W
  • Kılıç, R. (2011). Testing for a unit root in a stationary ESTAR process. Econometric Reviews, 30(3), 274–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2010.483885
  • Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 91–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700902893106
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1–3), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • Park, J. Y., & Shintani, M. (2016). Testing for a unit root against transitional autoregressive models. International Economic Review, 57(2), 635–664. https://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12170
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002–1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420
  • Sahani, A. K., v Singh, P. (2020). Web development using Angular: A case study. Journal of Informatics Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 1(2), 1–7.
  • Serletis, A., & King, M. (1997). Common stochastic trends and convergence of European Union stock markets. The Manchester School, 65(1), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9957.00039
  • Sollis, R. (2009). A simple unit root test against asymmetric STAR nonlinearity with an application to real exchange rates in Nordic countries. Economic Modelling, 26(1), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2008.06.003
  • Tansel, A. (2012). Türkiye’de kadın işgücü piyasası sonuçları: Eğilimler, belirleyiciler ve politikalar. Ankara: Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu (ERF).
  • World Bank. (2012). World development report 2012: Gender equality and development. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8810-5
  • Yeldan, E. (2006). Neoliberal globalleşme sürecinde Türkiye ekonomisi: Büyüme, istihdam ve gelir dağılımı. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.

WEB TABANLI ZAMAN SERİSİ ARACI: EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE KADIN İSTİHDAMI ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 37 - 64, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1679577

Abstract

Makroekonomi ve mikroekonomi finans ile ilgili alanlardaki soru işaretlerini yüksek oranda zaman serisi analizi ile çözümlemektedir. Zaman serisi analizi, iki veya daha fazla serinin birbiri arasındaki etkileşimini, yönünü, nedenselliğini araştıran ve ampirik çalışmalara yön veren alan haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, zaman serisinde kullanılan birim kök testleri ve eşbütünleşme analizlerinin web tabanlı hesaplama aracını tanıtmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Ekonomi, finans, sağlık ve birçok alanda kullanılan birim kök ve eşbütünleşme analizleri paket programlar veya özel yazılımlar ile gerçekleşmektedir. Testlerin gerçekleştirilebilmesi için kodlama becerileri veya program bilgisi gerekmektedir. Çalışmada amacımız bu yöntemlerin kolay ulaşılabilirliğini sağlayan bir hesaplama aracını tanıtmaktır.
Aracın işleyişini göstermek adına, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’ndan, 2005-1:2024-4 arası çeyreklik olarak çekilen, Türkiye’de +15 yaş kadın istihdamı (bin kişi) ve yine çeyreklik olarak elde edilen ekonomik büyümeye ilişkin alıcı fiyatları zincirlenmiş hacim endeksi cinsinden gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla kullanılmıştır. Web-tabanlı istatistik test aracının tanıtıldığı bu çalışmada sonuçlar popüler yazılım paketleri ile karşılaştırılmış ve birebir eşleşme görülmüştür. Bu sonuç test aracının başarısını doğrulamıştır. Araç kodlama bilgisi ve yazılım bilgisi olmayan kullanıcılara fayda sağlamakla birlikte hızlı ve kesin sonuç isteyen uzmanlara da yardımcı olacaktır. Gelecekte zaman serisinin diğer yöntemleri olan VAR, VECM, Nedensellik ve birçok diğer yöntemin araca eklenmesi ve aracın kullanıcıların birincil seçeneği olması hedeflenmektedir. Çalışmanın ilerde farklı alanlardaki birçok araştırmaya katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu makale, İpek DEVECİ KOCAKOÇ danışmanlığında yürütülen Selena KANTARMACI ÖZKAN’ın “Eşbütünleşme Testlerinin Kullanımına Dair Web Tabanlı Portal Yazılımı Geliştirme” başlıklı Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Ekonometri Doktora Programı’nda yazılan basılmamış doktora tezinden türetilmiştir.

References

  • Akbulut, R., & Tansel, A. (2012). Gender differences in labor market outcomes in Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6377. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2023057
  • Angular Team. (n.d.). What is Angular?. https://v17.angular.io/guide/what-is-angular
  • Arslan, H., & Yılmaz, M. (2017). Kadın işgücüne katılım ve ekonomik büyüme: Türkiye için ampirik bir analiz. Maliye Dergisi, 172, 209–228.
  • Basuki, A. T., & Prawoto, N. (2016). Analisis regresi. Rajawali Press.
  • Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.
  • Bener, Ö., & Özdemir, S. (2014). Kadın istihdamı ve GSYİH ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2), 13
  • Cuestas, J. C., & Garratt, D. (2011). Is real GDP per capita a stationary process? Smooth transitions, nonlinear trends and unit root testing. Empirical Economics, 41(3), 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-010-0380-2
  • Cuestas, J. C., & Ordóñez, J. (2014). Smooth transitions, asymmetric adjustment and unit roots. Applied Economics Letters, 21(14), 969–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.894603
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Enders, W., & Granger, C. W. J. (1998). Unit-root tests and asymmetric adjustment with an example using the term structure of interest rates. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 16(3), 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1998.10473717
  • Enders, W., & Siklos, P. L. (2001). Cointegration and threshold adjustment. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 19(2), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500101316970395
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251–276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Gasimova, S., Zeki Dinçer, M., & Önür Aslan, A. (2022).The impact of women’s employment on economic growth in Turkey (1990–2018): Johansen cointegration analysis. Journal of Business Administration and Social Studies, 6(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.5152/JBASS.2022.22004
  • Gottman, J. M. (1981). Time-series analysis. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2003). Ekonometri dasar (Sumarno Zain, Trans.). Erlangga. (Original work published n.d.)
  • Güris, B. (2020). Uygulamalı doğrusal olmayan zaman serileri analizi. DER Yayınları.
  • Hu, J., & Chen, Z. (2016). A unit root test against globally stationary ESTAR models when local condition is non-stationary. Economics Letters, 146, 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2016.07.027
  • Işık, A., & Tuncer, F. (2015). Kadın istihdamının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Panel veri analizi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 15(1), 53–64.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration – with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
  • Kapetanios, G., Shin, Y., & Snell, A. (2006). Testing for cointegration in nonlinear smooth transition error correction models. Econometric Theory, 22(2), 279–303. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466606060113
  • Kasa, K. (1992). Common stochastic trends in international stock markets. Journal of Monetary Economics, 29(1), 95–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(92)90025-W
  • Kılıç, R. (2011). Testing for a unit root in a stationary ESTAR process. Econometric Reviews, 30(3), 274–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2010.483885
  • Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 91–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700902893106
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1–3), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  • Park, J. Y., & Shintani, M. (2016). Testing for a unit root against transitional autoregressive models. International Economic Review, 57(2), 635–664. https://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12170
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002–1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420
  • Sahani, A. K., v Singh, P. (2020). Web development using Angular: A case study. Journal of Informatics Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 1(2), 1–7.
  • Serletis, A., & King, M. (1997). Common stochastic trends and convergence of European Union stock markets. The Manchester School, 65(1), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9957.00039
  • Sollis, R. (2009). A simple unit root test against asymmetric STAR nonlinearity with an application to real exchange rates in Nordic countries. Economic Modelling, 26(1), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2008.06.003
  • Tansel, A. (2012). Türkiye’de kadın işgücü piyasası sonuçları: Eğilimler, belirleyiciler ve politikalar. Ankara: Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu (ERF).
  • World Bank. (2012). World development report 2012: Gender equality and development. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8810-5
  • Yeldan, E. (2006). Neoliberal globalleşme sürecinde Türkiye ekonomisi: Büyüme, istihdam ve gelir dağılımı. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Microeconomics (Other), Statistics (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Selena Kantarmacı 0000-0002-0809-9477

İpek Deveci Kocakoç 0000-0001-9155-8269

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date April 18, 2025
Acceptance Date May 22, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kantarmacı, S., & Deveci Kocakoç, İ. (2025). WEB TABANLI ZAMAN SERİSİ ARACI: EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE KADIN İSTİHDAMI ÖRNEĞİ. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 37-64. https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1679577
  • Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences