Türkiye'de Endüstriyel Yangın Güvenliği: Yangına Bağlı iş kazalarının Geriye Dönük Analizi (2012-2022)

Abstract

Uluslararası Yangın Önleme ve Söndürme Teknik Komitesi'nin (2023) verilerine göre, yangınla ilgili ölüm oranı gelişmiş ülkelerde ABD, Almanya, ve Japonya gibi 100.000 kişide 3-5 iken, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde Hindistan, Pakistan ve Nijerya gibi 100.000 kişide 25-45'tir. Türkiye'nin 2022 değeri ise yaklaşık 100.000 kişide 7 olup, orta gelirli ülkeler grubunda yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma, 2012-2022 yılları arasında Türkiye'de ölüm ve yaralanmayla sonuçlanan iş kazalarını geriye dönük olarak incelemekte ve küresel trendlerle karşılaştırmaktadır. İstatistiksel analizler Pearson Ki-Kare ve Fisher-Freeman-Halton testleri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SSI) kayıtlarına göre, yangınla ilgili kazalar üç ana neden altında sınıflandırılmıştır. SSI istatistiklerine göre, yangınla ilgili kazalar tüm iş kazalarının %5,3'ünü ve ölümcül vakaların %11,6'sını oluşturmaktadır. Başlıca nedenler C1 (yaklaşık %42) ve C2 (yaklaşık %39) hataları olarak belirlenmiştir. Cinsiyete göre yapılan analiz, erkek işçilerin daha fazla etkilendiğini (p<0,001) ortaya koymuştur. Medya ve STK verilerine dayalı endüstriyel yangınlara ait verilere erişim sağlanırken resmi kayıtlar bulunamamıştır. Bulgular, uluslararası veri odaklı izleme sistemlerine entegre edilmiş standartlaştırılmış, çok katmanlı bir yangın güvenliği sistemine duyulan ihtiyacı göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Endüstriyel yangınlar
• yangın riskinin azaltılması
• iş güvenliği
• iş kazaları

Industrial Fire Safety in Turkey: A Retrospective Analysis of Fire-Related Occupational Accidents (2012–2022)

Abstract

Fire incidents continue to pose a significant public safety and occupational health risk worldwide. According to the International Technical Committee on Fire Prevention and Firefighting (2023), fire-related death rates range from 3 to 5 per 100,000 people in developed countries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan, while in developing countries such as India, Pakistan, and Nigeria, these rates can reach 25 to 45 per 100,000 people. In Türkiye, the fire-related death rate was approximately 7 per 100,000 people in 2022, placing the country in the middle-income group. The absence of a centralized and standardized national fire incident database in Türkiye limits the comprehensive analysis of fire-related workplace accidents. Therefore, this study examines the distribution and characteristics of fire-related workplace accidents using Social Security Institution (SSI) data covering the 2012–2022 period. Statistical analyses were conducted using Pearson’s chi-square and Fisher–Freeman–Halton tests. The findings indicate that fire-related accidents account for approximately 5.3% of all workplace accidents and 11.6% of fatal cases. According to SSI records, these accidents are predominantly concentrated in categories C1 (≈42%) and C2 (≈39%). A gender-based analysis indicates that male workers are significantly more affected by fire-related workplace accidents (p<0.001). These findings should be considered as preliminary evidence derived from existing official data. The results highlight the strategic importance of establishing a transparent, centralized, and internationally compliant national fire data monitoring system in Turkiye. Such an approach would also contribute to the achievement of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 8 and 9.

Keywords

• Industrial fires
• Fire risk assessment
• Occupational safety
• Workplace accidents
• Fire prevention strategies

Ethical Statement

No ethical approval

Thanks

We would like to thank all the professionals who provided preventive services with their selfless efforts in the field of fire safety, public and occupational health in the implementation of this study. Your contributions to the protection of health and safety are admirable.

References

1. Brzezińska, D., and Bryant, P., “Risk index method—a tool for building fire safety assessments”, Applied Sciences, 11(8): 3566, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083566
2. Daéid, N.N., “Fire Investigation”, CRC Press, 1st edition, (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203646953
3. Planas, E., Paugam, R., Àgueda, A., Vacca, P., and Pastor, E., “Fires at the wildland-industrial interface: Is there an emerging problem?”, Fire Safety Journal, 141: 103906, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103906
4. Çelik, İ.H., Usta, G., Yılmaz, G., and Yakupoğlu, M., “An assessment on the technological disasters experienced in Türkiye (between the years of 2000–2020)”, Artvin Coruh University International Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2): 49-57, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22466/acusbd.776580
5. Qiao, Y., Lam, C.C., Zhong, H., Pan, M., Zhang, T., and Wong, M.O., “BIM and GIS-integrated multi-stakeholder fire risk assessment model for heritage buildings”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 105983, (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105983
6. Omidvari, F., Jahangiri, M., Mehryar, R., Alimohammadlou, M., and Kamalinia, M., “Fire risk assessment in healthcare settings: Application of FMEA combined with multi-criteria decision making methods”, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2020: 8913497, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8913497
7. Bertazzi, P.A., Bernucci, I., Brambilla, G., Consonni, D., and Pesatori, A.C., “The Seveso studies on early and long-term effects of dioxin exposure: A review”, Environmental Health Perspectives, 106(Suppl 2): 625-633, (1998). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106625
8. CTIF Center of Fire Statistics, “World Fire Statistics Report No. 30”, (2023). [https://ctif.org/news/world-fire-statistics-report-no-30-comprehensive-analysis-fire-statistics-2023], (accessed 26 April 2024).

9. Manes, M., Houssami, M.E., Campbell, R., Sauca, A., Rush, D., Hofmann, A., Wagner, P., Sokolov, S., Leene, M., Kobes, M., Oberhagemann, D., Rupp, N., Jomaas, G., Grone, F., and Guillaume, E., “Closing data gaps and paving the way for pan-European fire safety efforts: Part I—Overview of current practices for fire statistics”, Fire Technology, 59(4): 1925-1968, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01415-6
10. Vignesh, K.S., Sathishkumar, A., Kim, S.C., Sowmya, N., and Arun, A., “Enhancing safety measures in manufacturing facilities: A comprehensive assessment of dust control and explosion mitigation systems”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 201: 107479, (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.107479
11. Delforge, D., Wathelet, V., Below, R., Sofia, C.L., Tonnelier, M., van Loenhout, J.A., and Speybroeck, N., “EM-DAT: The emergency events database”, BMC Public Health, 25: 105509, (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-21026-2
12. Girgin, S., and Yetiş, Ü., “Data availability in selected international databases on industrial accidents that occurred in Türkiye”, Conference Paper, (2007). DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2046.2724
13. Düzgün, H.S., and Leveson, N., “Analysis of Soma mine disaster using causal analysis based on systems theory (CAST)”, Safety Science, 110: 37-57, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.07.028
14. Kurtulmuş, T.Ö., Yerlikaya-Özkurt, F., and Askan, A., “Modeling of kappa factor using multivariate adaptive regression splines: Application to the western Türkiye ground motion dataset”, Natural Hazards, 120(8): 7817-7844, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06535-y
15. Alkış, S., Aksoy, E., and Akpınar, K., “Risk assessment of industrial fires for surrounding vulnerable facilities using a multi-criteria decision support approach and GIS”, Fire, 4(3): 53, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/fire4030053
16. Jakhar, R., Samek, L., and Styszko, K., “A comprehensive study of the impact of waste fires on the environment and health”, Sustainability, 15(19): 14241, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914241
17. Laurent, A., Pey, A., Gurtel, P., and Fabiano, B., “A critical perspective on the implementation of the EU Council Seveso Directives in France, Germany, Italy and Spain”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 148: 47-74, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.09.064
18. Kirchsteiger, C., “Status and functioning of the European Commission's major accident reporting system”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 65(1-2): 211-231, (1999). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(98)00264-7
19. Bhusari, A., Goh, A., Ai, H., Sathanapally, S., Jalal, M., and Mentzer, R.A., “Process safety incidents across 14 industries”, Process Safety Progress, 40(1): e12158, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.12158
20. Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette, “Law No. 6331 on Occupational Health and Safety”, (2012). [https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=6331&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5] (accessed 15 April 2025).
21. Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette, “Regulation on the Prevention and Mitigation of the Effects of Major Industrial Accidents (BEKRA)”, 30702, 2 March 2019. [https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/03/20190302-1.htm] (accessed 24 July 2024).
22. Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette, “Regulation on Safety Data Sheets Concerning Hazardous Substances and Mixtures”, (2014). [https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/12/20141213-1.htm] (accessed 11 October 2023).
23. Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette, “Waste Management Regulation”, 29314, 2 April 2015. [https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/04/20150402-2.htm] (accessed 24 July 2024).
24. Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette, “Regulation on the Protection of Employees from the Dangers of Explosive Environments”, 28633, 30 April 2013. [https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2013/04/20130430-6.htm] (accessed 24 July 2024).
25. Bottrill, G., Cheyne, D., Vijayaraghavan, G., and Mackay, S., “ATEX Directive”, in Practical Electrical Equipment and Installations in Hazardous Areas, Newnes, (2005). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-075066398-4/50016-1
26. Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette, “Regulation on Equipment and Protective Systems Used in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres (2014/34/AB)”, 29758, 30 June 2016. [https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/06/20160630-13.htm] (accessed 22 May 2026).
27. Shearman, M., “ATEX 100a Directive (94/9/EC)—Clarifying compliance”, World Pumps, 457: 46-47, (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-1762(04)00365-7
28. Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette, “Regulation on Business Opening and Operating Licenses”, 2005/9207. [https://csb.gov.tr/haberler/-isyeri-acma-ve-calisma-ruhsatlarina-iliskin-yonetmelik-degisti-302288] (accessed 24 July 2024).
29. Savaşan, Z., and Sumer, V., “Environmental Law and Policies in Turkey”, Springer International Publishing, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36483-0
30. Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette, “Regulation on Fire Protection of Buildings”, 19 December 2007. [https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/12/20071219-2.htm] (accessed 24 July 2024).
31. Amyotte, P.R., “Some myths and realities about dust explosions”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 92(4): 292-299, (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.02.013
32. Rein, G., “Smoldering combustion”, in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Springer, New York, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_19
33. Salvador, D.C., “Welding safety and health: Occupational hazards and risk mitigation”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, 993-997, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-11904
34. Skjold, T., Souprayen, C., and Dorofeev, S., “Fires and explosions”, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 64: 2-3, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2017.09.003
35. Taveau, J., “Secondary dust explosions: How to prevent them or mitigate their effects?”, Process Safety Progress, 31(1): 36-50, (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.10478
36. Republic of Türkiye Official Gazette, “Regulation on the Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures”, 28848, 11 December 2013. [https://ekutuphane.csgb.gov.tr/Media/m1xbymed/kimya-sekt%C3%B6r%C3%BC-isg-rehberi.pdf] (accessed 24 July 2024).
37. Di, B., Xiang, L., Daoqing, Y., and Kaimin, P., “MARA-YOLO: An efficient method for multiclass personal protective equipment detection”, IEEE Access, 12: 24866-24878, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3365504
38. Antonioni, G., Spadoni, G., and Cozzani, V., “Application of domino effect quantitative risk assessment to an extended industrial area”, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22(5): 614-624, (2009). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2009.02.012
39. Ji, J., Tong, Q., Khan, F., Dadashzadeh, M., and Abbassi, R., “Risk-based domino effect analysis for fire and explosion accidents considering uncertainty in processing facilities”, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 57(11): 3990-4006, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00103
40. Kadri, F., Chatelet, E., and Lallement, P., “The assessment of risk caused by fire and explosion in chemical process industry: A domino effect-based study”, Journal of Risk Analysis and Crisis Response, 3(2): 66-74, (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/jrarc.2013.3.2.1
41. Zhang, Z., Larranaga, A.S., and Wang, Q., “Liquefied natural gas storage and transmission”, in Advances in Natural Gas: Formation, Processing, and Applications, Volume 6, Elsevier, 51-80, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19225-8.00009-3
42. Anadolu Agency, “Tuzla industrial fire by domino effect”, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/tuzlada-fabrikada-cikan-yangina-itfaiye-mudahale-ediyor/3252587 (accessed 29 April 2024).
43. Hunt, J.P., Calvert, C.T., Peck, M.D., and Meyer, A.A., “Occupation-related burn injuries”, Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 21(4): 327-332, (2000). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004630-200021040-00007
44. Siraj, M.T., Debnath, B., Payel, S.B., Bari, A.B.M.M., and Islam, A.R.M.T., “Analysis of the fire risks and mitigation approaches in the apparel manufacturing industry: Implications toward operational safety and sustainability”, Heliyon, 9(9): e20312, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20312 MT Siraj,
45. Topyay, G., and Büyüker, S.M., “A retrospective analysis of the causes of industrial fires in Istanbul occurring between 2015 and 2020”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 7(2): 392-409, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1360896
46. Li, G., Guo, J., Kang, Y., Huang, Q., Zhao, J., and Liu, C., “Classification and prevention of electrical fires: A comprehensive review”, Fire, 8(4): 154, (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8040154
47. Kumar, K.S., and Balachander, K., “Fire risks in electrical installations: The review”, in E3S Web of Conferences, 376: 01113, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337601113
48. Dettmeyer, R.B., “Heat, fire, electricity, lightning, radiation, and gases”, in Forensic Histopathology: Fundamentals and Perspectives, Springer International Publishing, 187-206, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77997-3_7
49. Toolaroud, P.B., Attarchi, M., Haghdoust, R.A., Feizkhah, A., Esmailzadeh, M., Rimaz, S., Pirooz, A., and Mobayen, M., “Epidemiology of work-related burn injuries: A ten-year retrospective study of 429 patients at a referral burn centre in the north of Iran”, International Wound Journal, 20(9): 3599-3605, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.14238
50. Dissanaike, S., and Rahimi, M., “Epidemiology of burn injuries: Highlighting cultural and socio-demographic aspects”, International Review of Psychiatry, 21(6): 505-511, (2009). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09540260903340865
51. Brych, S. B., Engrav, L. H., Rivara, F. P., Ptacek, J. T., Lezotte, D. C., Esselman, P. C., Kowalske, K.J., and Gibran, N. S. “Time off work and return to work rates after burns: Systematic review of the literature and a large two-center series”, Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 22(6): 401-405, (2001). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004630-200111000-00010
52. Ehde, D.M., Patterson, D.R., Wiechman, S.A., and Wilson, L.G., “Post-traumatic stress symptoms and distress 1 year after burn injury”, Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 21(2): 105-111, (2000). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004630-200021020-00005
53. Chouinard, N.H., Ndongo Sonfack, D.J., Chang, S.L., Bergeron, F., Beaudoin Cloutier, C., and Guertin, J.R., “Exploring the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress symptoms in parents within 12 months of child burn injury: A systematic review”, Journal of Burn Care and Research, 45(4): 1051-1059, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irae033
54. Organized Industrial Zones Supreme Organization, “Approved Organized Industrial Zones in Türkiye”, https://osbuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/353-OSB.pdf (accessed 10 October 2025).
55. TMMOB Kimya Mühendisleri Odası İstanbul Şubesi, “Endüstriyel Yangınlar ve Patlamalar Raporu”, (2022). https://www.kmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/bf75f1541e47b5c_ek.pdf (accessed 27 April 2027).
56. Social Security Institution, “Social Security Institution Annual Statistics 2022”, https://www.sgk.gov.tr/Istatistik/Yillik/fcd5e59b-6af9-4d90-a451-ee7500eb1cb4/ (accessed 27 April 2027).
57. General Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety, “General Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety Strategic Plan 2022–2023”, Ministry of Labour and Social Security Publications, Ankara, (2023). https://www.csgb.gov.tr/Media/szkblgtl/stratejik-plan-2022-2023.pdf
58. Ministry of Labour and Social Security, “Ministry of Labour and Social Security Strategic Plan 2024–2028”, ÇSGB Publications, Ankara, (2024). https://www.csgb.gov.tr/Media/zroe5pul/%C3%A7sgb-stratejik-plan%C4%B1-2024-2028.pdf
59. Presidency of Strategy and Budget, “Twelfth Development Plan (2024–2028): Occupational Health and Safety Working Group Report”, Presidency of Strategy and Budget Publications, Ankara, (2023). https://onikinciplan.sbb.gov.tr/calisma-gruplari-listesi/is-sagligi-ve-guvenligi/
60. Qu, X., Dong, H., Tan, X., and Li, Z., “Real-time fire detection and response system using machine vision for industrial safety”, International Journal of Modern Physics C, 2542004, (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129183125420045
61. Tauseef, S., Abbasi, T., Pompapathi, V., and Abbasi, S., “Case studies of 28 major accidents of fires/explosions in storage tank farms in the backdrop of available codes/standards/models for safely configuring such tank farms”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 120: 340-358, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.09.017
62. Chavan, A., Chopde, A., Barde, A., and Wagaj, S., “Automated fire suppression system for electrical panel enclosures using IoT and embedded system”, in 2025 International Conference on Emerging Smart Computing and Informatics (ESCI), IEEE, 1-6, (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ESCI63694.2025.10988330
63. Lee, J. H., Kim, Y., Kim, I., Hong, S. B., and Yun, H. S., “Comparative analysis of ultrasonic and traditional gas-leak detection systems in the process industries: A Monte Carlo approach”, Processes, 12(1): 67, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010067
64. Lari, M., “A longitudinal study on the impact of occupational health and safety practices on employee productivity”, Safety Science, 170: 106374, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106374
65. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, “Occupational safety and health indicators: A review of methodologies”, (2021). https://osha.europa.eu (accessed 24 July 2024).
66. Kaufman, M. S., Graham, C. C., Lezotte, D., Fauerbach, J. A., Gabriel, V., Engrav, L. H., and Esselman, P. “Burns as a result of assault: Associated risk factors, injury characteristics, and outcomes”, Journal of Burn Care and Research, 28(1): 21-28, (2007). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0B013E31802C896F
67. Dyster-Aas, J., Kildal, M., Willebrand, M., Gerdin, B., and Ekselius, L., “Work status and burn specific health after work-related burn injury”, Burns, 30(8): 839-842, (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2004.05.010
68. Dissanaike, S., Boshart, K., Coleman, A., Wishnew, J., and Hester, C. “Cooking-related pediatric burns: Risk factors and the role of differential cooling rates among commonly implicated substances”, Journal of Burn Care and Research, 30(4): 593-598, (2009). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181ac02c8
69. World Health Organization, “Occupational Health: A Manual for Primary Health Care Practitioners”, WHO Publications, Geneva, (2023). https://iris.who.int/items/a47706a9-6281-45f7-8e51-a49113406e00
70. Murray, C.J.L., Lopez, A.D., and WHO Global Burden of Disease Study Group, “Measuring the global burden of disease: DALYs and healthy life expectancy”, The Lancet, 396: 1223-1249, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9
71. Jeddi, M.Z., Hopf, N.B., Louro, H., Viegas, S., Galea, K.S., Pasanen-Kase, R., …and Bessems, J., “Developing human biomonitoring as a 21st century toolbox within the European exposure science strategy 2020–2030”, Environment International, 168: 107476, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107476
72. Burkart, S., Baca, M.F.D., Lerma, L.M., and Ángel, N.T., “Impacts of sustainable cattle farming on the 2030 agenda: A global review”, Agricultural Systems, 234: 104649, (2026). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2026.104649
73. Bloem, S., Cullen, A.C., Mearns, L.O., and Abatzoglou, J.T., “The role of international resource sharing arrangements in managing fire in the face of climate change”, Fire, 5(4): 88, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/fire5040088
74. Fraccaroli, C., Górriz-Mifsud, E., Varela, E., and Wunder, S., “Economic incentives for reducing wildfire risk: Taking stock of an emerging field”, Journal of Environmental Management, 397: 128296, (2026). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128296
75. European Commission, “Wildfires and the EU Civil Protection Mechanism”, Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, (2024). https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu (accessed 24 July 2024).
76. Fang, Q., Ding, L., Zhong, B., Love, P.E.D., Luo, H., and Pena-Mora, F., “Computer vision applications in construction safety: A systematic review”, Safety Science, 110: 213-225, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.04.025
77. Lee, G., Kim, Y., and Teizer, J., “Vision-based safety monitoring in construction: A systematic review of deep learning methods”, Automation in Construction, 154: 104094, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.104094
78. Lo, C.K., Hu, H., and Chan, A.P.C., “Automatic detection of construction PPE using YOLOv7: A field evaluation”, Sustainability, 14(23): 15987, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315987
79. Liu, R., Zhang, W., and Li, X., “Real-time PPE detection for construction workers using improved YOLOv7”, Buildings, 14(7): 1623, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071623
80. Vukicevic, A.M., Petrovic, M., Milosevic, P., Peulic, A., Jovanovic, K., and Novakovic, A., “A systematic review of computer vision-based personal protective equipment compliance in industry practice: Advancements, challenges and future directions”, Artificial Intelligence Review, 57(12): 319, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-10978-x
81. Damilos, S., Saliakas, S., Karasavvas, D., and Koumoulos, E.P., “An overview of tools and challenges for safety evaluation and exposure assessment in Industry 4.0”, Applied Sciences, 14(10): 4207, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104207
82. Bao, Y., Li, H., and Zhang, C., “Virtual and augmented reality for construction safety training: A review”, Automation in Construction, 135: 104102, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104102
83. Patel, V., Chesmore, A., Legner, C.M., and Pandey, S., “Trends in workplace wearable technologies and connected-worker solutions for next-generation occupational safety, health, and productivity”, Advanced Intelligent Systems, 4(1): 2100099, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202100099
84. Leong, L.K., Manickam, L., Haque, R., Jumbulingam, K., and Noordin, N.B.M., “Embracing digital transformation for sustainable business in the construction industry”, Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 22(2), (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.57239/PJLSS-2024-22.2.00113