A Comprehensive Review of the Two-Dimensional Material Borophene

Abstract

Borophene, which is the two-dimensional allotrope of boron atom in its simplest definition, is interesting with its polymorphism and anisotropic properties. It stands out among other 2D materials with its superior chemical properties, high mechanical strength and relatively high superconductivity transition temperature. With the studies that started theoretically, the first synthesis of borophene using a metal substrate paved the way for experimental studies. In addition to methods such as MBE and CVD based on the growth process on a metal substrate, borophene layers were produced by sonochemical, electrochemical and mechanical methods based on the exfoliation approach. Due to its high electronic conductivity, metallic behavior and electrochemical properties, it is used in many different areas such as energy storage, sensor applications, optical applications and biomedical applications. This study aimed to present a comprehensive report on the theoretical and experimental advances in borophene production along with its current application areas. Current methods and synthesis parameters used in borophene synthesis are discussed in detail and presented clearly. Finally, current challenges in borophene production and possible future application areas are evaluated.

Keywords

• Borophene
• Polymorphism
• Anisotropy
• Borophene synthesis
• Exfoliation process

References

1. [1] Mas-Balleste, R., Gomez-Navarro, C., Gomez-Herrero, J., and Zamora, F., “2D materials: to graphene and beyond”, Nanoscale, 3(1): 20-30, (2011). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C0NR00323A
2. [2] Shanmugam, V., Mensah, R. A., Babu, K., Gawusu, S., Chanda, A., Tu, Y., Neisiany, R. E., Försth, M., Sas, G., and Das, O., “A review of the synthesis, properties, and applications of 2D materials”, Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 39(6): 2200031, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202200031
3. [3] Mannix, A. J., Kiraly, B., Hersam, M. C., and Guisinger, N. P., “Synthesis and chemistry of elemental 2D materials”, Nature Reviews Chemistry, 1(2): 0014, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-016-0014
4. [4] Zielinkiewicz, K., Baranowska, D., and Mijowska, E., “Ball milling induced borophene flakes fabrication”, RSC Advances, 13(25): 16907-16914, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA02400H
5. [5] Werheit, H., Filipov, V., Kuhlmann, U., Schwarz, U., Armbrüster, M., Leithe-Jasper, A., Tanaka, T., Higashi, I., Lundström, T., and Korsukova, M. M., “Raman effect in icosahedral boron-rich solids”, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 11(2): 023001, (2010). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/11/2/023001
6. [6] Ou, M., Wang, X., Yu, L., Liu, C., Tao, W., Ji, X., and Mei, L., “The emergence and evolution of borophene”, Advanced Science, 8(12): 2001801, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202001801
7. [7] Karimzadeh, S., Safaei, B., and Jen, T. C., “Investigation on electrochemical performance of striped, β12 and χ3 Borophene as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries”, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 120: 108423, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108423
8. [8] Luo, Z., Fan, X., and An, Y., “First-principles study on the stability and STM image of borophene”, Nanoscale Research Letters, 12: 1-8, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-017-2282-7

9. [9] Penev, E. S., Kutana, A., and Yakobson, B. I., “Can two-dimensional boron superconduct?”, Nano Letters, 16(4): 2522-2526, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00070
10. [10] Tatullo, M., Zavan, B., Genovese, F., Codispoti, B., Makeeva, I., Rengo, S., Fortunato, L., and Spagnuolo, G., “Borophene is a promising 2D allotropic material for biomedical devices”, Applied Sciences, 9(17): 3446, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app9173446
11. [11] Li, W., Kong, L., Chen, C., Gou, J., Sheng, S., Zhang, W., Li, H., Chen, L., Cheng, P., and Wu, K., “Experimental realization of honeycomb borophene”, Science Bulletin, 63(5): 282-286, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2018.02.006
12. [12] Li, C., Tareen, A. K., Long, J., Iqbal, M., Ahmad, W., Khan, M. F., Sun, J., Ye, Z., Khan, U., Nairan, A., and Khan, K., “Two dimensional borophene nanomaterials: Recent developments for novel renewable energy storage applications”, Progress in Solid State Chemistry, 71: 100416, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2023.100416
13. [13] Li, W., Wu, K., and Chen, L., “Epitaxial growth of borophene on substrates”, Progress in Surface Science, 98(2): 100704, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsurf.2023.100704
14. [14] Wang, Y., Fan, J., and Trenary, M., “Surface chemistry of boron oxidation. 1. Reactions of oxygen and water with boron films grown on tantalum (110)”, Chemistry of Materials, 5(2): 192-198, (1993). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00026a007
15. [15] Han, M., Zhu, L., Mo, J., Wei, W., Yuan, B., Zhao, J., and Cao, C., “Protein corona and immune responses of borophene: a comparison of nanosheet–plasma interface with graphene and phosphorene”, ACS Applied Bio Materials, 3(7): 4220-4229, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.0c00306
16. [16] Feng, B., Zhang, J., Zhong, Q., Li, W., Li, S., Li, H., Cheng, P., Meng, S., Chen, L., and Wu, K., “Experimental realization of two-dimensional boron sheets”, Nature Chemistry, 8(6): 563-568, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2491
17. [17] Zhang, Z., Penev, E. S., and Yakobson, B. I., “Two-dimensional boron: structures, properties and applications”, Chemical Society Reviews, 46(22): 6746-6763, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00261K
18. [18] Sun, X., Liu, X., Yin, J., Yu, J., Li, Y., Hang, Y., Zhou, X., Yu, M., Li, J., Tai, G., and Guo, W., “Two‐dimensional boron crystals: structural stability, tunable properties, fabrications and applications”, Advanced Functional Materials, 27(19): 1603300, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201603300
19. [19] Wang, Z., Lü, T. Y., Wang, H. Q., Feng, Y. P., and Zheng, J. C., “High anisotropy of fully hydrogenated borophene”, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 18(46): 31424-31430, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP06164H
20. [20] Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Gao, G., and Yakobson, B. I., “Two‐dimensional boron monolayers mediated by metal substrates”, Angewandte Chemie, 127(44): 13214-13218, (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201505425
21. [21] Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Penev, E. S., and Yakobson, B. I., “Elasticity, flexibility, and ideal strength of borophenes”, Advanced Functional Materials, 27(9): 1605059, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201605059
22. [22] Zhong, H., Huang, K., Yu, G., and Yuan, S., “Electronic and mechanical properties of few-layer borophene”, Physical Review B, 98(5): 054104, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1803.05720
23. [23] Le, M. Q., Mortazavi, B., and Rabczuk, T., “Mechanical properties of borophene films: a reactive molecular dynamics investigation”, Nanotechnology, 27(44): 445709, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/44/445709
24. [24] Wang, H., Li, Q., Gao, Y., Miao, F., Zhou, X. F., and Wan, X. G., “Strain effects on borophene: ideal strength, negative Possion’s ratio and phonon instability”, New Journal of Physics, 18(7): 073016, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/7/073016
25. [25] Mortazavi, B., Rahaman, O., Dianat, A., and Rabczuk, T., “Mechanical responses of borophene sheets: a first-principles study”, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 18(39), 27405-27413, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP03828J
26. [26] Padilha, J. E., Miwa, R. H., and Fazzio, A., “Directional dependence of the electronic and transport properties of 2D borophene and borophane”, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 18(36): 25491-25496, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP05092A
27. [27] Xu, L. C., Du, A., and Kou, L., “Hydrogenated borophene as a stable two-dimensional Dirac material with an ultrahigh Fermi velocity”, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 18(39): 27284-27289, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP05405F
28. [28] Feng, B., Sugino, O., Liu, R. Y., Zhang, J., Yukawa, R., Kawamura, M., Iimori, T., Kim, H., Hasegawa, Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Wu, K., Kumigashira, H., Komori, F., Chiang, T. C., Meng, S., and Matsuda, I., “Dirac fermions in borophene”, Physical Review Letters, 118(9): 096401, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.096401
29. [29] Luo, Z., Fan, X., An, Y., Hu, Y., and Zhang, F., “Stabilization and metallic to semiconducting transition in 2D boron sheet”, Engineered Science, 2(2): 82-87, (2018). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30919/es8d142
30. [30] Li, D., Chen, Y., He, J., Tang, Q., Zhong, C., and Ding, G., “Review of thermal transport and electronic properties of borophene”, Chinese Physics B, 27(3):36303, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/27/3/036303
31. [31] Mannix, A. J., Zhang, Z., Guisinger, N. P., Yakobson, B. I., and Hersam, M. C., “Borophene as a prototype for synthetic 2D materials development”, Nature Nanotechnology, 13(6): 444-450, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0157-4
32. [32] Xiao, R. C., Shao, D. F., Lu, W. J., Lv, H. Y., Li, J. Y., and Sun, Y. P., “Enhanced superconductivity by strain and carrier-doping in borophene: A first principles prediction”, Applied Physics Letters, 109(12): 122604, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4963179
33. [33] Gao, M., Li, Q. Z., Yan, X. W., and Wang, J., “Prediction of phonon-mediated superconductivity in borophene”, Physical Review B, 95(2): 024505, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.95.024505
34. [34] Li, J. Y., Lv, H. Y., Lu, W. J., Shao, D. F., Xiao, R. C., and Sun, Y. P., “Tuning the electronic and magnetic properties of borophene by 3D transition-metal atom adsorption”, Physics Letters A, 380(46): 3928-3931, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2016.09.052
35. [35] Jiang, J., Wang, X., and Song, Y., “Tunable magnetic and electronic properties in 3D transition-metal adsorbed β12 and χ3 borophene”, Computational Materials Science, 153: 10-15, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.06.010
36. [36] Carrete, J., Li, W., Lindsay, L., Broido, D. A., Gallego, L. J., and Mingo, N., “Physically founded phonon dispersions of few-layer materials and the case of borophene”, Materials Research Letters, 4(4), 204-211, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2016.1174163
37. [37] Zhou, H., Cai, Y., Zhang, G., and Zhang, Y. W., “Superior lattice thermal conductance of single-layer borophene”, 2D Materials and Applications, 1(1): 14, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-017-0018-2
38. [38] Liu, G., Wang, H., Gao, Y., Zhou, J., and Wang, H., “Anisotropic intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity of borophane from first-principles calculations”, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 19(4): 2843-2849, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP07367K
39. [39] Sun, H., Li, Q., and Wan, X. G., “First-principles study of thermal properties of borophene”, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 18(22), 14927-14932, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP02029A
40. [40] Hou, C., Tai, G., Wu, Z., and Hao, J., “Borophene: current status, challenges and opportunities”, Chempluschem, 85: 2186–2196, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202000550
41. [41] Wang, Z. Q., Lü, T. Y., Wang, H. Q., Feng, Y. P., and Zheng, J. C., “Review of borophene and its potential applications”, Frontiers of Physics, 14(3): 33403, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-019-0884-5
42. [42] Xiao, H., Cao, W., Ouyang, T., Guo, S., He, C., and Zhong, J., “Lattice thermal conductivity of borophene from first principle calculation”, Sci. Rep. 7: 45986, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45986
43. [43] Guo, Q., Wu, K., Shao, Z., Basore, E. T., Jiang, P., and Qiu, J., “Boron nanosheets for efficient all‐optical modulation and logic operation”, Advanced Optical Materials, 7(13): 1900322, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201900322
44. [44] Wu, K., Wang, Y., Qiu, C., and Chen, J., “Thermo-optic all-optical devices based on two-dimensional materials”, Photonics Research, 6(10): C22-C28, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.6.000C22
45. [45] Peng, B., Zhang, H., Shao, H., Xu, Y., Zhang, R., and Zhu, H., “The electronic, optical, and thermodynamic properties of borophene from first-principles calculations”, Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 4(16): 3592-3598, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC00115G
46. [46] Lherbier, A., Botello-Méndez, A. R., and Charlier, J. C., “Electronic and optical properties of pristine and oxidized borophene”, 2D Materials, 3(4): 045006, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/3/4/045006
47. [47] Adamska, L., Sadasivam, S., Foley IV, J. J., Darancet, P., and Sharifzadeh, S., “First-principles investigation of borophene as a monolayer transparent conductor”, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 122(7): 4037-4045, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b10197
48. [48] Ali, S., Rahman, A. U., and Sun, M., “Superior optical and thermoelectric properties of bilayer β12-like phase borophene synthesized on Cu (111) film”, Materials Advances, 5(7): 3029-3036, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3MA01121F
49. [49] Vinogradov, N. A., Lyalin, A., Taketsugu, T., Vinogradov, A. S., and Preobrajenski, A., “Single-phase borophene on Ir (111): formation, structure, and decoupling from the support”, ACS Nano, 13(12): 14511-14518, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b08296
50. [50] Duo, Y., Xie, Z., Wang, L., Abbasi, N. M., Yang, T., Li, Z., Hu, G., and Zhang, H., “Borophene-based biomedical applications: Status and future challenges”, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 427: 213549, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213549
51. [51] Backes, C., Higgins, T. M., Kelly, A., Boland, C., Harvey, A., Hanlon, D., and Coleman, J. N., “Guidelines for exfoliation, characterization and processing of layered materials produced by liquid exfoliation”, Chemistry of Materials, 29(1): 243-255, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03335
52. [52] Chowdhury, M. A., Uddin, M. K., Shuvho, M. B. A., Rana, M., and Hossain, N., “A novel temperature dependent method for borophene synthesis”, Applied Surface Science Advances, 11, 100308, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2022.100308
53. [53] Sielicki, K., Maślana, K., Chen, X., and Mijowska, E., “Bottom up approach of metal assisted electrochemical exfoliation of boron towards borophene”, Scientific Reports, 12(1): 15683, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20130-w
54. [54] Kuru, D., and Kuru, C., “A new route to electrochemical exfoliation of borophene for scalable production”, Journal of Materials Science, 59(23): 10220-10231, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-024-09769-0
55. [55] Chand, H., Kumar, A., and Krishnan, V., “Borophene and boron‐based nanosheets: recent advances in synthesis strategies and applications in the field of environment and energy”, Advanced Materials Interfaces, 8(15): 2100045, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202100045
56. [56] Ma, D., Zhao, J., Xie, J., Zhang, F., Wang, R., Wu, L., Liang, W., Li, D., Ge, Y., Li, J., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, H., “Ultrathin boron nanosheets as an emerging two-dimensional photoluminescence material for bioimaging”, Nanoscale Horizons, 5(4): 705-713, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NH00698B
57. [57] Wang, X., Liang, J., You, Q., Zhu, J., Fang, F., Xiang, Y., and Song, J., “Bandgap engineering of hydroxy‐functionalized borophene for superior photo‐electrochemical performance”, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 59(52): 23559-23563, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202010723
58. [58] Fan, Q., Choi, C., Yan, C., Liu, Y., Qiu, J., Hong, S., Jung, Y., and Sun, Z., “High-yield production of few-layer boron nanosheets for efficient electrocatalytic N2 reduction”, Chemical Communications, 55(29): 4246-4249, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CC00985J
59. [59] Göktuna, S., and Taşaltın, N., “Preparation and characterization of PANI: α borophene electrode for supercapacitors”, Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 134: 114833, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2021.114833
60. [60] Taşaltın, C., Türkmen, T. A., Taşaltın, N., and Karakuş, S., “Highly sensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor based on PANI:β12 Borophene”, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 32: 10750-10760, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05732-w
61. [61] Li, H., Jing, L., Liu, W., Lin, J., Tay, R. Y., Tsang, S. H., and Teo, E. H. T., “Scalable production of few-layer boron sheets by liquid-phase exfoliation and their superior supercapacitive performance”, Acs Nano, 12(2): 1262-1272, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07444
62. [62] Rajput, U., Akhtar, M. F., Walve, V., Mulani, I., Vyas, G., Bhowmick, S., Kumar, P., and Deshpande, A., “Liquid phase exfoliated borophene on Au (111)”, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 128(9): 4104-4110, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00497
63. [63] Chowdhury, M. A., Uddin, M. K., Rana, M. M., Hossain, N., Shohan, M. A. F., Islam, M. M., and Kumar, S., “Synthesis and characterization of borophene for future applications”, Results in Chemistry, 6: 101071, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2023.101071
64. [64] Lin, H., Shi, H., Wang, Z., Mu, Y., Li, S., Zhao, J., Guo, J., Yang, B., Wu, Z. S., and Liu, F., “Scalable production of freestanding Few-layer β12-borophene single crystalline sheets as efficient electrocatalysts for lithium–sulfur batteries”, ACS Nano, 15(11): 17327-17336, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c04961
65. [65] Chen, K., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Wu, X., Hu, B., Liu, Z., and Wu, M., “Boron nanosheet-supported Rh catalysts for hydrogen evolution: a new territory for the strong metal-support interaction effect”, Nano-Micro Letters, 13(1): 138, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00662-y
66. [66] Ji, X., Kong, N., Wang, J., Li, W., Xiao, Y., Gan, S. T., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Song, X., Xiong, Q., Shi, S., Li, Z., Tao, W., Zhang, H., Mei, L., and Shi, J., “A novel top‐down synthesis of ultrathin 2D boron nanosheets for multimodal imaging‐guided cancer therapy”, Advanced Materials, 30(36): 1803031, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803031
67. [67] Somesh, T. E., Tran, D. T., Jena, S., Bai, Y., Prabhakaran, S., Kim, D. H., Kim, N. H., and Lee, J. H., “Flexible 2D borophene-stacked MXene heterostructure for high-performance supercapacitors”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 481: 148266, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.148266
68. [68] Zhang, F., She, L., Jia, C., He, X., Li, Q., Sun, J., Lei, Z., and Liu, Z. H. “Few-layer and large flake size borophene: preparation with solvothermal-assisted liquid phase exfoliation”, RSC Advances, 10(46): 27532-27537, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA03492D
69. [69] Guo, L., Wang, H., Wu, Z., Yang, X., Ma, R., Hu, Y., Li, G., Shi, D., Xie, W., Zhang, W., Lan, F., Zhou, L., and Zhang, K., “Li-intercalation chemistry of few-layer borophene with ultrahigh capacity and fast kinetics”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 473: 145017, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.145017
70. [70] Qi, P., Chen, Q., Tu, D., Yao, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Xie, C., Pan, C., and Peng, H., “The potential role of borophene as a radiosensitizer in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and particle therapy (PT)”, Biomaterials Science, 8(10): 2778-2785, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d0bm00318b
71. [71] Kumar Chinnalagu, D., Murugesan, B., Arumugam, M., Chinniah, K., Ganesan, S., Cai, Y., and Mahalingam, S., “Fabrication of 2D-Borophene nanosheets anchored S, N-mesoporous carbon nanocomposite (SNC-Bp//SNC-Bp) symmetric device for high-performance supercapacitor application”, Journal of Energy Storage, 74: 109328, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109328
72. [72] Ranjan, P., Sahu, T. K., Bhushan, R., Yamijala, S. S., Late, D. J., Kumar, P., and Vinu, A., “Freestanding borophene and its hybrids”, Advanced Materials, 31(27): 1900353, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201900353
73. [73] Chahal, S., Ranjan, P., Motlag, M., Yamijala, S. S., Late, D. J., Sadki, E. H. S., Cheng, G. J., and Kumar, P., “Borophene via micromechanical exfoliation”, Advanced Materials, 33(34): 2102039, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202102039
74. [74] Zhang, Z., Zhou, M., Zhang, T., Yang, M., Yang, Q., Yu, J., and Zhang, Y., “Few-layer borophene prepared by mechanical resonance and its application in terahertz shielding”, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(17): 19746-19754, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b19407
75. [75] Bhavyashree, M., Rondiya, S. R., and Hareesh, K., “Exploring the emerging applications of the advanced 2-dimensional material borophene with its unique properties”, RSC Advances, 12(19): 12166-12192, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA00677D
76. [76] Zhang, Z., Mannix, A. J., Hu, Z., Kiraly, B., Guisinger, N. P., Hersam, M. C., and Yakobson, B. I., “Substrate-induced nanoscale undulations of borophene on silver”, Nano Letters, 16(10): 6622-6627, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03349
77. [77] Liu, X., Li, Q., Ruan, Q., Rahn, M. S., Yakobson, B. I., and Hersam, M. C., “Borophene synthesis beyond the single-atomic-layer limit”, Nature Materials, 21(1): 35-40, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01084-2
78. [78] Liu, X., and Hersam, M. C., “Borophene-graphene heterostructures”, Science Advances, 5(10): 6444, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax6444
79. [79] Wu, R., Drozdov, I. K., Eltinge, S., Zahl, P., Ismail-Beigi, S., Božović, I., and Gozar, A., “Large-area single-crystal sheets of borophene on Cu (111) surfaces”, Nature Nanotechnology, 14(1): 44-49, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0317-6
80. [80] Wu, R., Gozar, A., and Božović, I., “Large-area borophene sheets on sacrificial Cu (111) films promoted by recrystallization from subsurface boron”, npj Quantum Materials, 4(1): 40, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41535-019-0181-0
81. [81] Chen, C., Lv, H., Zhang, P., Zhuo, Z., Wang, Y., Ma, C., Li, W., Wang, X., Feng, B., Cheng, P., Wu, X., Wu, K. and Chen, L., “Synthesis of bilayer borophene”, Nature Chemistry, 14(1): 25-31, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-021-00813-z
82. [82] Wu, R., Eltinge, S., Drozdov, I. K., Gozar, A., Zahl, P., Sadowski, J. T., Ismail-Beigi, S., and Božović, I., “Micrometre-scale single-crystalline borophene on a square-lattice Cu (100) surface”, Nature Chemistry, 14(4): 377-383, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-021-00879-9
83. [83] Kiraly, B., Liu, X., Wang, L., Zhang, Z., Mannix, A. J., Fisher, B. L., Yakobson, B. I., Hersam M. C., and Guisinger, N. P., “Borophene synthesis on Au (111)”, ACS Nano, 13(4): 3816-3822, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b09339
84. [84] Zhong, Q., Kong, L., Gou, J., Li, W., Sheng, S., Yang, S., Cheng, P., Li, H., Wu, K., and Chen, L., “Synthesis of borophene nanoribbons on Ag (110) surface”, Physical Review Materials, 1(2): 021001, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.1.021001
85. [85] Wang, Y., Kong, L., Chen, C., Cheng, P., Feng, B., Wu, K., and Chen, L., “Realization of Regular‐Mixed Quasi‐1D Borophene Chains with Long‐Range Order”, Advanced Materials, 32(48): 2005128, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202005128
86. [86] Radatović, B., Jadriško, V., Kamal, S., Kralj, M., Novko, D., Vujičić, N., and Petrović, M., “Macroscopic single-phase monolayer borophene on arbitrary substrates”, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14(18): 21727-21737, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c03678
87. [87] Liu, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, L., Yakobson, B. I. and Hersam, M. C., “Intermixing and periodic self-assembly of borophene line defects", Nature Materials 17(9): 783-788, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0134-1
88. [88] Gao, N., Li, J., Chen, J., and Yang, X., “Interaction between bilayer borophene and metal or inert substrates”, Applied Surface Science, 626:157157, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.157157
89. [89] Mannix, A. J., Zhou, X. F., Kiraly, B., Wood, J. D., Alducin, D., Myers, B. D., Liu, X., Fisher, B. L., Santiago, U., Guest, J. R., Yacaman, M. J., Ponce, A., Oganov, A. R., Hersam, M. C, and Guisinger, N. P., “Synthesis of borophenes: Anisotropic, two-dimensional boron polymorphs”, Science, 350(6267): 1513-1516, (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad1080
90. [90] Abdi, Y., Mazaheri, A., Hajibaba, S., Darbari, S., Rezvani, S. J., Cicco, A. D., Paparoni, F., Rahighi, R., Gholipour, S., Rahidi, A., ByranvandM. M. and Saliba, M., “A two-dimensional borophene supercapacitor”, ACS Materials Letters, 4(10): 1929-1936, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00475
91. [91] Liu, Y., Penev, E. S., and Yakobson, B. I., “Probing the synthesis of two-dimensional boron by first-principles computations”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.0656, (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201207972
92. [92] Xu, J., Chang, Y., Gan, L., Ma, Y., and Zhai, T., “Ultrathin single‐crystalline boron nanosheets for enhanced electro‐optical performances”, Advanced Science, 2(6): 1500023, (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500023
93. [93] Sutter, P., and Sutter, E., “Large-scale layer-by-layer synthesis of borophene on Ru (0001)”, Chemistry of Materials, 33(22): 8838-8843, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03061
94. [94] Tai, G., Hu, T., Zhou, Y., Wang, X., Kong, J., Zeng, T., You, Y., and Wang, Q., “Synthesis of atomically thin boron films on copper foils”, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 54(51): 15473-15477, (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201509285
95. [95] Wu, Z., Tai, G., Shao, W., Wang, R., and Hou, C., “Experimental realization of quasicubic boron sheets”, Nanoscale, 12(6): 3787-3794, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR08967E
96. [96] Tai, G., Xu, M., Hou, C., Liu, R., Liang, X., and Wu, Z., “Borophene nanosheets as high-efficiency catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction”, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13(51): 60987-60994, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c15953
97. [97] Bi, T., Zhang, J., Wang, M., Wang, L., Chen, J., Hu, S., ... & Wang, H., “Nickel foam deposited with borophene sheets used as a self-supporting binder-free anode for lithium-ion batteries”, CrystEngComm, 25(23): 3391-3402, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CE00406F
98. [98] Joshi, A., Tomar, A. K., Singh, G., and Sharma, R. K., “Engineering oxygen defects in the boron nanosheet for stabilizing complex bonding structure: an approach for high-performance supercapacitor”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 407: 127122, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127122
99. [99] Rao, D., Zhang, L., Meng, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Qiao, G., Shen, X., Xia, H., Liu, J., and Lu, R., “Ultrahigh energy storage and ultrafast ion diffusion in borophene-based anodes for rechargeable metal ion batteries”, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5(5): 2328-2338, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA09730H
100. [100] Zhang, X., Hu, J., Cheng, Y., Yang, H. Y., Yao, Y., and Yang, S. A., “Borophene as an extremely high capacity electrode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries”, Nanoscale, 8(33): 15340-15347, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR04186H
101. [101] Li, L., Zhang, H., and Cheng, X., “The high hydrogen storage capacities of Li-decorated borophene”, Computational Materials Science, 137: 119-124, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2017.05.032
102. [102] Mohanty, S., Panda, D., Dash, A., Sovan Kumar, S., Padhi, R. R., Guhathakurata, S., and Mallik, S., “A Review on Borophene: A Potential Gas-Capture Material”, Journal of Electronic Materials 52: 4434-4454, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-023-10367-0
103. [103] Ma, D., Wang, R., Zhao, J., Chen, Q., Wu, L., Li, D., Su, L., Jiang, X., Luo, Z., Ge, Y., Li, J., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, H., “A self-powered photodetector based on two-dimensional boron nanosheets”, Nanoscale, 12(9):5313-5323, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR00005A
104. [104] Ashraf, N., and Abghoui, Y., “Borophene potential for developing next-generation battery applications: a comprehensive review”, Energy & Fuels, 37(19): 14589-14603, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02319
105. [105] Zhan, C., Zhang, P., Dai, S., and Jiang, D. E., “Boron supercapacitors”, ACS Energy Letters, 1(6): 1241-1246, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00483
106. [106] Türkmen, T. A., Taşaltın, N., Taşaltın, C., Baytemir, G., and Karakuş, S., “PEDOT: PSS/β12 borophene nanocomposites as an inorganic-organic hybrid electrode for high performance supercapacitors”, Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 139: 109329, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109329
107. [107] Jiang, H. R., Shyy, W., Liu, M., Ren, Y. X., and Zhao, T. S., “Borophene and defective borophene as potential anchoring materials for lithium–sulfur batteries: a first-principles study”, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6(5): 2107-2114, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA09244J
108. [108] Zhang, L., Liang, P., Shu, H. B., Man, X. L., Li, F., Huang, J., Dong, Q. M., and Chao, D. L., “Borophene as efficient sulfur hosts for lithium–sulfur batteries: suppressing shuttle effect and improving conductivity”, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(29): 15549-15555, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03741
109. [109] Jiang, H. R., Lu, Z., Wu, M. C., Ciucci, F., and Zhao, T. S., “Borophene: a promising anode material offering high specific capacity and high rate capability for lithium-ion batteries”, Nano Energy, 23, 97-104, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.03.013
110. [110] Rubab, A., Baig, N., Sher, M., and Sohail, M., “Advances in ultrathin borophene materials”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 401: 126109, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126109
111. [111] Mortazavi, B., Dianat, A., Rahaman, O., Cuniberti, G., and Rabczuk, T., “Borophene as an anode material for Ca, Mg, Na or Li ion storage: a first-principle study”, Journal of Power Sources, 329: 456-461, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.08.109
112. [112] Huang, T., Tian, B., Guo, J., Shu, H., Wang, Y., and Dai, J., “Semiconducting borophene as a promising anode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries”, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 89: 250-255, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2018.09.025
113. [113] Wu, Z., Tai, G., Liu, R., Shao, W., Hou, C., and Liang, X., “Synthesis of borophene on quartz towards hydroelectric generators”, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 10(15): 8218-8226(2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA10855G
114. [114] Mridha, P., Borah, P., Biswas, A., Bora, H. K., Das, M. R., and Baishya, R., “Safety Profiling of Borophene Nanosheets: In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity Investigations”, ACS Applied Bio Materials, 8(8), 7295-7305, (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c00981
115. [115] Nakagawa, Y., Pooh, K., Kobayashi, T., Kageji, T., Uyama, S., Matsumura, A., and Kumada, H., “Clinical review of the Japanese experience with boron neutron capture therapy and a proposed strategy using epithermal neutron beams”, Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 62: 87-99, (2003). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023234902479
116. [116] Shukla, V., Warna, J., Jena, N. K., Grigoriev, A., and Ahuja, R., “Toward the realization of 2D borophene based gas sensor”, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(48): 26869-26876, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b09552
117. [117] Kootenaei, A. S., and Ansari, G., “B36 borophene as an electronic sensor for formaldehyde: quantum chemical analysis”, Physics Letters A, 380(34): 2664-2668, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2016.06.016
118. [118] Rastgou, A., Soleymanabadi, H., and Bodaghi, A., “DNA sequencing by borophene nanosheet via an electronic response: a theoretical study”, Microelectronic Engineering, 169: 9-15, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2016.11.012
119. [119] Ji, Y., Dong, H., and Li, Y., “Theoretical predictions on Li–decorated borophenes as promising hydrogen storage materials”, ChemistrySelect, 2(31): 10304-10309, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201702203
120. [120] Er, S., de Wijs, G. A., and Brocks, G., “DFT study of planar boron sheets: a new template for hydrogen storage”, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(43): 18962-18967, (2009). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9077079
121. [121] Liu, T., Chen, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, M., Yuan, L., and Zhang, C., “Li-decorated β12-borophene as potential candidates for hydrogen storage: a first-principle study”, Materials, 10(12): 1399, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10121399
122. [122] Liu, Z., Zhao, W., and Chai, M., “Li-decorated bilayer borophene as a potential hydrogen storage material: a DFT study”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 51: 229-235(2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.11.093
123. [123] Wang, J., Du, Y., and Sun, L., “Ca-decorated novel boron sheet: a potential hydrogen storage medium”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(10): 5276-5283, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.01.039
124. [124] Tang, X., Gu, Y., and Kou, L., “Theoretical investigation of calcium-decorated β12 boron sheet for hydrogen storage”, Chemical Physics Letters, 695: 211-215, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2018.02.022
125. [125] Zhang, F., Chen, R., Zhang, W., and Zhang, W., “A Ti-decorated boron monolayer: a promising material for hydrogen storage”, Rsc Advances, 6(16): 12925-12931, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA23459J
126. [126] Wen, T. Z., Xie, A. Z., Li, J. L., and Yang, Y. H., “Novel Ti-decorated borophene χ3 as potential high-performance for hydrogen storage medium”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(53): 29059-29069, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.278
127. [127] Haldar, S., Mukherjee, S., and Singh, C. V., “Hydrogen storage in Li, Na and Ca decorated and defective borophene: a first principles study”, RSC Advances, 8(37): 20748-20757, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA12512G
128. [128] Baraiya, B. A., Som, N. N., Mankad, V., Wu, G., Wang, J., and Jha, P. K., “Nitrogen-decorated borophene: An empowering contestant for hydrogen storage”, Applied Surface Science, 527: 146852, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146852
129. [129] Ploysongsri, N., and Ruangpornvisuti, V., “Adsorption of sulfur-containing gases on B36 nanocluster: a DFT study”, Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 42(4): 383-396, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17415993.2021.1895160
130. [130] Fazilaty, M., Pourahmadi, M., Shayesteh, M. R., and Hashemian, S., “χ3–borophene-based detection of hydrogen sulfide via gas nanosensors”, Chemical Physics Letters, 741: 137066, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2019.137066
131. [131] Omidvar, A., “Borophene: a novel boron sheet with a hexagonal vacancy offering high sensitivity for hydrogen cyanide detection”, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, 1115: 179-184, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2017.06.018
132. [132] Tai, T. B., and Nguyen, M. T., “Interaction mechanism of CO2 ambient adsorption on transition-metal-coated boron sheets”, Chemistry, 19(9): 2942, (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201203664
133. [133] Tan, X., Tahini, H. A., and Smith, S. C., “Borophene as a promising material for charge-modulated switchable CO2 capture”, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 9(23): 19825-19830, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b03676
134. [134] Arkoti, N. K., and Pal, K., “Improved selectivity of borophene sensor towards NO2 gas with PEI-ZIF-8 overlayer”, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 401: 135033, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2023.135033
135. [135] Liu, M., Rao, F., Xu, T., Fu, Q., and Liu, C., “Reaction mechanism of metal-free borophene catalyst electrochemical reduction of CO2”, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 701: 134933, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.134933
136. [136] Liu, P., Feng, X., Wang, M., Hu, W., Gao, X., Xing, Y., Wang, Q., and Zhang, J., “Theoretical study on borophene as metal-free catalyst for selective conversion of NO”, Molecular Catalysis, 569: 114556, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2024.114556
137. [137] Saad, A., Liu, D., Wu, Y., Song, Z., Li, Y., Najam, T., Zong, K., Tsiakaras, P., and Cai, X., “Ag nanoparticles modified crumpled borophene supported Co3O4 catalyst showing superior oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance”, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 298: 120529, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120529
138. [138] Wenelska, K., Dymerska, A., and Mijowska, E., “Promotion of borophene/NiO-based electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 476: 146714, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.146714
139. [139] Wang, R., and Zheng, J. C., “Promising transition metal decorated borophene catalyst for water splitting”, RSC Advances, 13(14): 9678-9685, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA00299C
140. [140] Rojek, A. G., Leniec, G., and Mijowska, E., “Electrocatalytic water splitting by bifunctional Zircon-doped borophene”, Applied Surface Science, 684: 161851, (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161851
141. [141] Yang, F., Pan, Y., and Zhu, J., “Enhanced catalytic activity of noble metal@ borophene/WS2 heterojunction for hydrogen evolution reaction”, Applied Surface Science, 680: 161321, (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161321