A NEW, FAST AND SENSITIVE POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF NITRATE AND APPLICATION TO RAW POTATOES

Abstract

Nitrate in food stuff can be reduced to nitrite and may form nitrosamines which are known as carcinogenic substances. Thus, its concentration has to be controlled by highly sensitive methods. In this work a new and fast differential pulse polarographic (DPP) method is established for the determination of nitrate. According to the reduction potentials V(II) was found most suitable for the reduction of nitrate. The product of this reaction is V(III) and its polarographic peak is high and sharp, it also displays very good performance in regard to reproducibility. Thus, with this method it is possible to determine low concentrations of nitrate. This reaction has been used first time in this work. The optimum conditions for the quantitative reaction between nitrate and V(II) has been studied. This method is applied to potato samples and nitrate is determined.

Keywords

• Trace Determination
• Nitrate
• Diffrential Puls Polarography
• Potato

References

1. Budanova, N., Fourest, B. and Maslennikov, A. “Capillary electrophoresis determination of nitrate and nitrite in high-salt perchlorate solutions for the UC dissolution study”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem, 281: 597–602 (2009).
2. Nam, P.H., Benitez A. Hommet, F., Bombe, D., Schoefs, O. and Andre, P. “A new quantitative and low-cost determination method of nitrate in vegetables, based on deconvolution of UV spectra” Talanta, 76: 936–940 (2008).
3. Bulgariu L. and Bulgariu, D. “Direct determination of nitrate in small volumes of natural surface waters using a simple spectrophotometric method” Rev. Anal. Chem., 31: 201-207 (2012).
4. Perez-Olmos, R., Gabiola X. and Hurtado, J. M. “Sequential Potentiometric Determination of Nitrate and Chloride in Vegetables” Chemistry Journal, 3: 81-85 (2013).
5. Fogg, A.G., Scullion S.P. and Edmonds, T.E., “Direct reductive amperometric determination of nitrate at a copper electrode formed in situ in a capillary-fill sensor device” Analyst, 116: 573-79 (1991).
6. Gamboa, C.M.J., Pena, R.C., Paixao T.R.L.C. and Bertotti, M., “A renewable copper electrode as an amperometric flow detector for nitrate determination in mineral water and soft drink samples” Talanta 80:581–585 (2009).
7. Gil Torro, I., Garcia Mateo J.V. and Martinez Calatayud, J., “Flow-injection biamperometric determination of nitrate (by photoreduction) and nitrite with the NO-12 /I -1 reaction” Anal. Chim. Acta 366:241-249 (1998).
8. Tsaplev, Yu. B. “High-performance liquid chromatography of nitrate esters with chemiluminescence detection” J. Anal. Chem., 64:299–303 (2009).

9. Siu, D.C. and Henshall, A. “Ion chromatographic determination of nitrate and nitrite in meat products” J. Chromatogr. A, 804:157–160 (1998).
10. Ximenes, M.I.N., Rath, S., and Reyes, F.G.R., “Polarographic determination of nitrate in vegetables” Talanta 51:49–56 (2000).
11. Paixao, T.R.L.C., Cardoso, J. L. and Bertotti, M. “Determination of nitrate in mineral water and sausage samples by using a renewable in situ copper modified electrode” Talanta, 71:186–191 (2007).
12. MarkuSovri, K., Kolzhutova, L. and Dzurov, J. “Programmed-potential voltammetric determination of nitrate at a static mercury drop electrode in natural waters and soil extracts” Electroanalysis 8:582-84 (1996).
13. Solak A. O. and Çekirdek, P. “Square Wave Voltammetric Determination of Nitrate at a Freshly Copper Plated Glassy Carbon Electrode” Anal. Lett., 38:271-280 (2005).
14. Yilmaz, U. T. and Somer, G. “Determination of trace nitrite by direct and indirect methods using differential pulse polarography and application” J. Electroanal. Chem. 624: 59-63 (2008).
15. Sharma, P. and Sharma, R., “Sequential Trace Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite in Natural Waters by Differential Pulse Polarography” Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 82: 7-11 (2002).
16. Walter, H. and Specchio, J. J. “Determination of Nitrite and Nitrate by Differential Pulse Polarography with Simultaneous Nitrogen Purging” Anal. Chem., 64:1313-15 (1992).
17. Sadallah, T. S. and Banan, A. A. “Differential-Pulse Polarographic Determination of Nitrite” Analyst, 109: 1545-50 (1984).
18. Caetano da Rocha, J. R., Angnes, L., Bertotti, M., Araki, K. and Toma, H. E., “Amperometric detection of nitrite and nitrate at tetraruthenated porphyrin-modified electrodes in a continuous-flow assembly” Anal. Chim. Acta 452:23-28 (2002).
19. Miranda, K. M., Espey M. G. and Wink, D. A. “A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite” Nitric Oxide 5:62-71 (2001).
20. Beda, N. and Nedospasov, A. “A spectrophotometric assay for nitrate in an excess of nitrite” Nitric Oxide 13:93-97 (2005).
21. Zuo, Y., Wang, C. and Van, T. “Simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in dew, rain, snow and lake water samples by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography” Talanta 70:281-85 (2006).
22. Cox, R. D. “Determination of nitrate and nitrite at the parts per billion level by chemiluminescence” Anal. Chem., 52:332-35 (1980).
23. Somer, G. and Kocak, A, “Determination of atmospheric sulfur dioxide by differential-pulse polarography using selenite” Analyst 118:657-59 (1993).
24. Cieslik, E. and Sikora, E. “Correlation between the levels of nitrates and nitrites and the contents of potassium, calcium and magnesium in potato tubers” Food Chemistry 63(4):525-528 (1998).