Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Trace Amount of Rhodium by Using Ligandless Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Droplet

Abstract

In this article, ligandless dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop was used as a sample preparation method prior to flame atomic absorption determi nation trace amount of rhodium in standard and dust samples. Several factors that may be affected on the extraction process, such as extraction and disperser solvent, the volume of extraction and disperser solvent, effect of salt, pH of the aqueous solution and extraction time were optimized. Under the best experimental conditions, the calibration curve exhibited linearity over the range of 10.0 ng mL^-1- 3.7 µg mL^-1with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992 and detection limit was 1.5 ng mL⁻¹ based on 3S_b. Eight replicate determination of 1.0 mg mL^-1 rhodium gave a mean absorbance of 0.255 with relative standard deviation of ±1.7%. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to extraction and determination of the rhodium ions in the dust and standard samples and satisfactory results were obtained.

Keywords

• Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
• Ligandless
• preconcentration
• Rhodium determination
• Solidification

References

1. Hoppstock, K., Sures, B., in: Merian E, Anke M, Ihnat M and Stoeppler M (Eds.), "Elements and their compounds in the environment", Weinheim, Wiley-VCH (2004).
2. Ojeda, C. and Sanchez Rojas, F., "Determination of rhodium: Since the origins until today Atomic absorption spectrometry", Talanta, 68: 1407–1420 (2006).
3. Bosch Ojeda, C. and Sanchez Rojas, F., "Determination of rhodium: Since the origins until today: Spectrophotometric methods", Talanta, 67: 1-19 (2005).
4. Bosch Ojeda, C. and Sanchez Rojas, F., "Determination of rhodium: Since the origins until today ICP-OES and ICP-MS", Talanta, 71: 1–12 (2007).
5. Ghaseminezhad, S., Afzali, D. and Taher, M.A., "Flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of trace amount of rhodium after separation and preconcentration onto modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a new solid sorbent", Talanta, 80: 168–172 (2009).
6. Jeannot, M.A. and Cantwell, F.F., "Solvent Microextraction into a Single Drop", Anal. Chem., 68: 2236-2240 (1996).
7. Liu, H. and Dasgupta, P.K., "Analytical Chemistry in a Drop. Solvent Extraction in a Microdrop", Anal. Chem., 68: 1817-1821 (1996).
8. Cruz-Vera, M., Lucena, R., Cárdenas, S. and Valcárcel, M., "Determination of phenothiazine derivatives in human urine by using ionic liquid- based coupled Chromatogr. B, 877: 37-42 (2009). chromatography", J.

9. Li, Y., Zhang, T. and Liang, P., "Application of continuous-flow liquid-phase microextractionto the analysis of volatile halohydrocarbons in water", Anal. Chim. Acta, 536: 245-249 (2005).
10. Ghasemi, E., "Optimization of solvent bar microextraction chromatography preconcentration and determination of tramadol in biological samples", J. Chromatogr. A, 1251: 48- 53 (2012). with gas for spectrometry
11. Ghambarian, M., Yamini, Y. and Esrafili, A., fiber "Three-phase-hollow microextraction based on two immiscible organic solvents for determination of tramadol in urine and plasma samples", J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 56; 1041-1045 (2011). liquid-phase
12. Jiang, X., Basheer, C., Zhang, J. and Lee, H.K., "Dynamic hollow fiber-supported headspace liquid-phase microextraction", J. Chromatogr. A, 1087: 289-294 (2005).
13. Chen, S., Peng, H., Wu, D. and Guan, Y., headspace "Temperature-controlled microextraction device using volatile solvents", J. Chromatogr. A, 1217: 5883-5889 (2010).
14. Xiong, J. and Hu, B., "Comparison of hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of organosulfur pesticides in environmental and beverage samples by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection", J. Chromatogr. A, 1193: 7- 18 (2008).
15. Zanjani, M.R.K., Yamini, Y., Shariati, S. and Jonsson, J.A., "A new liquid-phase microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop", Anal. Chim. Acta, 585: 286-293 (2007).
16. Dadfarnia, S., Salmanzadeh, A.M. and Shabani, A.M.H., "A novel separation/preconcentration system based on solidification of floating organic drop microextraction for determination of lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry", Anal. Chim. Acta, 623: 163-167 (2007).
17. Xu, H., Ding, Z., Lv, L., Song, D. and Feng, Y.Q., microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples", Anal. Chim. Acta, 636: 28–33 (2009).
18. Mohammadi, S.Z., Afzali, D., Taher, M.A. and Baghelani Y.M., "Ligandless dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the separation of trace amounts of silver ions in water samples and flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination", Talanta, 80: 875-879 (2009).
19. Mohammadi, S.Z., Afzali, D. and Baghelani, Y.M., microextraction of trace amount of copper ions", Anal. Chim. Acta, 653: 173-177 (2009).
20. Lee, J.Y., Kumar, J.R., Kim, J.S., Park, H.K. and Yoon, H.S., "Liquid-liquid extraction/separation of platinum(IV) and rhodium(III) from acidic chloride solutions using tri-iso-octylamine", J. Hazard. Mater., 168: 424-429 (2009).
21. Dubey, R.K., Bhalotra, A., Gupta, M.K. and Puri, B.K., "Differential Pulse Polarographic