Palladium Coated Steel Electrode - Preparation, Characterization and Their Use of Borohydride Determination

Year 2015, Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 377 - 385, 15.03.2015

Kuddusi Karaboduk , Erdoğan Hasdemir , Mehmet Aksu

https://izlik.org/JA59FG86LK

Abstract

The purpose of this study is the fabrication of a cost effective palladium coated steel electrode (pd-S) for the direct analysis of the sodium borohydride (BH₄^-). The electrode was prepared by the cyclic voltammetry. The electrode was observed to have a high catalytic effect on the oxidation of BH₄^-. The Pd-S surface was characterized with profilometri, scanning electron microscope, ferrocene test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic technique. The effects of  borohydride concentration, scan rate and pH upon the electrode reaction were examined. The concentrations of BH₄^- were found with an error of 0.35-0.53%. The interference of  the cations and anions have been investigated.  

Keywords

Palladium , borohydride , determination , surface characterization

References

• Davis, W. D., Mason, L.S. and Stegeman, G., “The heats of formation of sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71(8): 2775-2781 (1949).
• Amendola, S. C., Sharp-Goldman, S. L., Janjua, M. S., Spencer, N. C., Kelly, M. T., Petillo, P. J., Binder, M., “A safe, Portable, Hydrogen Gas Generator Using Aqueous Borohydride Solution and Ru Catalyst”, Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, 25(10): 969-975 (2000).
• Liu, B. H., Li, Z. P., and Suda, S., “Electrocatalysts for the Anodic Oxidation of Borohydrides”, Electrochim. Acta, 49(19): 3097-3105 (2004).
• Martins, J.I., Nunes, M.C., Kochb, R., Martins, L. and Bazzaoui, M., “Electrochemical Oxidation of Borohydride On Platinum Electrodes: The Influence of Thiourea in Direct Fuel Cells”, Electrochim. Acta, 52(23): 6443-6449 (2007).
• Simoes, M., Baranton, S. and Coutanceau, C., “Influence of Bismuth On The Structure And Activity of Pt And Pd Nano-Catalysts For The Direct Electro Oxidation of NaBH4”, Electrochim. Acta, 56(1): 580-591 (2010).
• Gyenge, E., “Electro Oxidation of Borohydride On Platinum And Gold Electrodes, Implication For Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell”, Electrochim. Acta, 49(6): 965-978 (2004).
• He, P., Wang, X., Fu, P., Wang, H. and Yi, L., “The Studies of Performance of The Au Electrode Modified By Zn As The Anode Electrocatalyst of Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell”, İnternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(15): 8857-8863 (2011).
• Li, Z. P., Liu, B. H., Arai, K. and Suda, S., “Development of The Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 404-406: 648-652 (2005).
• Celik, C., Boyacı San, F. G. and Sarac, H. I., “Effects of Operation Conditions On Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell Performance”, Journal of Power Sources, 185(1): 197-201 (2008).
• Indig, M. E. and Snyder, R. N., “Sodium Borohydride, An Interesting Anodic Fuel”, J. Electrochem. Soc., 109(11): 1104-1106 (1962) .
• Ponce de Leon, C., Walsh, F.C., Pletcher, D., Browning, D.J. and Lakeman, J.B., “Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells”, Journal of Power Sources, 155(2): 172-181 (2006).
• Elder, J.P. and Hickling, A., “Anodic Behavior of the Borohydride Ion”, Trans. Faraday Soc., 58: 1852-1864 (1962).
• Amendola, S. C., Onnerud, P., Kelly, M. T., Petillo, P. J., Sharp-Goldman, S. L. and Binder, M., “A Novel High Power Density Borohydride-Air Cell”, Journal of Power Sources, 84(1): 130-133 (1999).
• Lam, V.W.S. and Gyenge, E.L., “High-Performance Osmium Nanoparticles Electrocatalyst for Direct Borohydride PEM Fuel Cell Anodes”, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155(11): B1155-B1160 (2008).
• Santos, D.M.F. and Sequeira, C.A.C., “Cyclic Voltammetric Investigation of Borohydride Oxidation at a Gold Electrode”, Electrochim. Acta, 55(22): 6775-6781 (2010).
• Celikkan, H., Aydın, H. and Aksu, M. L., “The Electroanalytical Determination of Sodium Borohydride Using a Gold Electrode”, Turk. J. Chem. 29: 519-524 (2005).
• Dong, H., Yang, H., Ai, X. and Cha, C., “Hydrogen Production From Catalytic Hydrolysis of Sodium Borohydride Solution Using Nickel Boride Catalyst”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 28(10): 1095-1100 (2003).
• Yoshitsugu, K., Ken-Ichirou, S., Kazuhiro, F., Megumi, S., Toshio, Y., Yasuaki, K. and Hiroaki, H., “Hydrogen Generation Using Sodium Borohydride Solution and Metal Catalyst Coated on Metal Oxide”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 27(10): 1029-1034 (2002).
• Lyttle, D.A., Jensen, E.H., W.A. and Struck, W.A., “Simple Volumetric Assay for Sodium Borohydride”, Anal. Chem., 24(11): 1843-1844 (1952).
• Chaikin, S.W., “Direct Volumetric Assay of Sodium Borohydride and Potassium Borohydride”, Anal. Chem., 25(5): 831-832 (1953).
• Mirkin, M. V. and Bard, A. J., “Voltammetric Method for the Determination of Borohydride Concentration in Alkaline Aqueous Solutions”, Anal. Chem., 63(5): 532-533 (1991).
• Werner, D.A., Huang, C. C. and Aminoff, D., “Micro Method for Determination of Borohydride with NAD+”, Anal. Biochem., 54: 554-560 (1973).
• Lichtenstein, I. E. and Mras, J. S., “Indirect Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Determination of Borohydride Using Acetone”, J. Franklin Inst., 281(6): 481-485 (1966).
• Unal, U. and Somer, G., “Determination of Trace Borohydride in Basic Solutions Using Differential Pulse Polarography”, Turk. J. Chem., 33: 657-665 (2009).
• Pourbaix, M. J. N., Van Muylder, J. and De Zoubov, N., “Electrochemical Properties of the Platinum Metals”, Platinum Metals Rev., 3(3): 100-106 (1959).
• Ning, Y. and Ning, Y., “Alloying behavior and atomic size effect in palladium-rich Pd-RE systems”, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 13: 21-26 (1997).
• Sundfors, F. and Bobacka, J., “EIS Study of the Redox Reaction of Fe(CN)63-/4-; at poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Electrodes: Influence of DC Potential and cOx:cRed Ratio”, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 572(2): 309-316 (2004).
• Celikkan, H., Sahin, M., Aksu, M. L. and Veziroglu, T. N., “The Investigation of the Electro Oxidation of Sodium Borohydride on Various Metal Electrodes in Aqueous Basic Solutions”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32(5): 588-593 (2007).
• Nicholson, S.R. and Shain, I., “Theory of Stationary Electrode Polarography. Single Scan and Cyclic Methods Applied to Reversible, Irreversible, and Kinetic Systems”, Analytical Chemistry, 36(4): 706-723 (1964).