Characterization of Divalent Metal Soaps of Cannabis Sativa Seed Oil

Abstract

In this study, the structural characteristics and thermal degradation behaviour of barium, calcium and zinc soaps of hemp seed oil prepared using the metathesis method are reported. Scanning electron micrographs of the metal soaps showed similar plate-like microstructures and are indicative of an orderly packed particulate structure. The bands at 1509, 1539 and 1543 cm-1 in the FTIR spectra showed the association of the carboxylate ion with Ba, Ca and Zn ions respectively The thermal decomposition consisted of one single step on the weight loss – temperature curves located around 250 – 450 oC for all the divalent metal soaps at the various heating rates and the observed loss in weight which occurred before 200 oC was minimal (< 10%). The average values of the apparent activation energy for the thermal process were 18.73, 13.77 and 8.48 kJ/mol for Zn-HSO, Ca-HSO and Ba-HSO respectively. 

Keywords

• Cannabis sativa
• Metal soaps
• Thermal degradation
• Activation energy
• Morphology

References

1. [1] Okieimen, F.E., Egbuchunam, T.O., Balköse, D., “Bio-based additives for PVC: Preparation, characterization and properties evaluation”, Current Trends in Polymer Science, 14: 1–10 (2010).
2. [2] Meier, M.A.R., Metzger, J.O., Schubert, U.S., “Plant oil renewable resources as green alternatives in polymer science”, Chemical Society Reviews, 36: 1788–1802 (2007).
3. [3] Gönen, M., Öztürk, S., Balköse, D., Okur, S., Ülku, S., “Preparation and Characterization of Calcium Stearate Powders and Films Prepared by Precipitation and Langmuir-Blodgett Techniques”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 49: 1732–1736 (2010). http://doi: 10.1021/ie901437d.
4. [4] Mishra, S., Daniele, S., Hubert-Pfalzgraf, L.G., “Metal 2-Ethylhexanoates and Related Compounds as Useful Precursors in Materials Science”, Chemical Society Reviews, 36: 770–787 (2007).
5. [5] Benaniba, M.T., Belhareche-Bensemra, N., Gelbard, G., “Stabilization of PVC by Epoxidized Sunflower Oil in the presence of Zinc and Calcium Stearates”, Polymer Degradation & Stability, 82: 245–249 (2003).
6. [6] Sogbaike, C.E., Okieimen, F.E., Eromosele, C.O., “Thermo-oxidative Degradation of Poly (vinyl chloride) in the presence of derivatives of Khaya Seed Oil”, Polymer Degradation & Stability, 88: 175–181 (2005).
7. [7] Egbuchunam, T.O., Balköse D, Okieimen, F.E., “Effect of zinc soaps of rubber seed oil (RSO) and/or epoxidized rubber seed oil (ERSO) on the thermal stability of poly (vinyl chloride) plastigels”, Polymer Degradation & Stability, 92: 1572–1582 (2007).
8. [8] Benaniba, M.T., Belhareche-Bensemra, N., Gelbard, G., “Stabilizing effect of epoxidized sunflower oil on the thermal degradation of poly (vinyl chloride)”, Polymer Degradation & Stability, 74: 501–505 (2001).

9. [9] Baltacioglu, H., Balköse, D., “Effect of zinc stearate and/or epoxidized soybean oil on gelation and thermal stability of PVC-DOP Plastigels”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 74: 2488–2498 (1999).
10. [10] Turan, K., Akcan, M., Kalfa, O.M., “Preparation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Malva Sylvestris L. Seed Extract Containing Novel Electroospan PVA Nanofibers”, Gazi University Journal of Science, 34(4): 987 – 998, (2021).
11. [11] Borhade, S.S., “Chemical Composition and Characterization of Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Seed oil and essential fatty acids by HPLC Method”, Archives of Applied Science Research, 5: 5 – 8 (2013).
12. [12] Gonen, M., Balköse, D., Inal, F., Ülku, S., “Zinc stearate production by precipitation and fusion processes”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 44: 1627–1633 (2005).
13. [13] Akanni, M.S., Okoh, E.K., Burrows, H.D., Ellis, H.A., “The thermal behaviour of divalent and higher valent metal soaps: a review”, Thermochimica Acta, 208: 1 – 41, (1992).
14. [14] Colthup, N.B., Daly, H.L., Wiberly, S.E., “Introduction to infrared and raman spectroscopy”, Academic Press, California, 291-320 (1990).
15. [15] Robinet, L., Corbeil, M-C., “The Characterization of Metal Soaps”, Studies in Conservation, 48: 23 – 40 (2003).
16. [16] Folarin, O.M., Enikanoselu, O.N., “Evaluation of the effect of temperature on the stability of metal soaps of Trichosanthes cucumerina seed oil”, Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management, 14(3): 69–73 (2010). [17] Okieimen, F.E., Egbuchunam, T.O., Balköse, D., “Thermal Stabilization of PVC with metal soaps of Rubber Seed Oil: Thermogravimetric Studies”, Nigerian Journal of Applied Science, 24: 144–151 (2006). [18] Folarin, O.M., Eromosele, I.C., Eromosele, C.O., “Relative thermal stability of Ximenia Americana and Balanites aegyptiaca seed oils”, Science Research Essays, 6(9): 1922 – 1927 (2011).
17. [19] Balköse, D., Egbuchunam, T.O., Okieimen, F.E., “Thermal behaviour of metal soaps from biodegradable rubber seed oil”, Journal of Thermal & Analytical Calorimetry, 101: 795 – 799 (2010).
18. [20] Jankovic, B., “Kinetic Analysis of Isothermal Decomposition Process of Sodium Bicarbonate Using the Weibull Probability Function—Estimation of Density Distribution Functions of the Apparent Activation Energies”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 40: 712 – 726 (2009).