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Seismic Base Isolation of Steel Frame Structure by Hollow Rubber Bearings

Year 2011, Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 841 - 853, 16.12.2011

Abstract

 

 

Effectiveness of rubber bearing in providing seismic base isolation depends very much on the lateral stiffness of these rubber bearing. The competency is increased by lowering the bearing’s horizontal stiffness. This can be easily achieved by either reducing its diameter or increasing its height without compromising the rollout and buckling stability of the rubber bearing. This paper presents shake table testing of fixed base steel frame structure (FBS) in comparison to two identical base-isolated models with solid rubber bearings (BISRB) and hollow rubber bearings (BIHRB), respectively. It is noted the optimum diameter reduction recommended will be 40%. Generally, the seismic performance of BIHRB is superior to both FBS and BISRB, by producing lower floor accelerations and inter-story drifts.

Key Words: seismic, base isolation, rubber bearing, steel frame.

 

References

  • Kelly, J.M., “Earthquake Engineering: From Engineering Seismology to Performance Based Engineering”, Yousef, B., and Vitelmi, B. (ed), CRC Press, Florida, (2004).
  • ICC IBC-2000, “International Building Code”,
  • ASCE 7-05, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures”, American Society of Civil Engineers, (2006).
  • Mayes, R.L., Naeim, F., “The Seismic Design Handbook, 2nd ed.”, Naeim, F. (ed), Kluwer Academic Pub, Boston, (2001).
  • Naeim, F., and Kelly, J.M., “Design of Seismic Isolated Structures: From Theory to Practice”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, (1999).
  • Ersoy, S., Saadeghvaziri, M.A., Liu, G.Y., Mau, S.T., “Analytical and Experimental Seismic Studies of Transformers Isolated with Friction Pendulum System and Design Aspects”, Earthquake Spectra, 17(4): 569 – 595 (2001).
  • Kikuchi, M., Aiken, I.D., “An Analytical Hysteresis Model for Elastomeric Seismic Isolator Bearing”, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 26(2): 215 – 231(1997).
  • Fenves, G.L., Huang, W.H., Whittaker, A.S., Clark, P.W., Mahin, S.A., “Modeling and Characterization of Seismic Isolation Bearings”, Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for Bridges, New York, 1 – 15(1998).
  • Kelly, J.M., “Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Isolator”, Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, 2(1): 19 – 34(1999).
  • Chang, C.H., “Modeling of Laminated Rubber Bearings using an Analytical Stiffness Matrix”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 39(24): 6055 – 6078(2002).
  • Doudoumis, I.N., Gravalas, F., Doudoumis, N.I., “Analytical Modeling of Elastomeric Lead-Rubber Bearings with the use of Finite Element Micromodels”, Proceedings of the 5th GRACM International Congress on Computational Mechanics Limassol, Cyprus, (2005).
  • Ravari, A.K., Othman, I., Ibrahim, Z., “Variations of Horizontal Stiffness of Laminated Rubber Bearings with Different Boundary Conditions”, Proceedings of the 11th Asia Pacific Industrial Engineering and Management Systems Conference/14th Asia Pacific Regional Meeting of International Foundation for Production Research, Malaysia, (2010).
  • Derham, C.J., Kelly, J.M., Thomas, A.G., “Nonlinear Natural Rubber Bearings for Seismic Isolation”, Nuclear Engineering Design, 84(3): 417– 428 (1985).
  • Abe, M., Yoshida, J., Fujuno, Y., “Multiaxial Behavior of Lead Rubber Bearings and their Modeling, I: Experimental Study”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 130(8): 1119 – 1132 (2004).
  • Burtscher, S., Dorfman, A., Bergmeister, K., “Mechanical Aspects of High Damping Rubber”, Proceedings of the 2nd International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering, Budapest, (1998).
  • Burtscher, S.L., Dorfman, A., “Compression and Shear Test of Anistropic High Damping Rubber Bearing”, Engineering Structures, 26(13): 1979 –1991 (2004).
  • Pu, J.P., Tsai, C.S., Huang, J.F., Chen, B.J., Fang, Y.M., “Analysis and Experiment on the Effect of Seismic Protection of Buildings by High Damping Rubber Bearings”, ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference (PVP 2004), California, (2004).
  • Eibl, J., Hehn, K.H., Schwartz, D., “Performance Tests of High Damping Steel Laminated Seismic Isolation Bearing for LNG Storage Tanks”, In: Savidis (ed) Earthquake Resistant Construction & Design, Rotterdam, (1994).
  • Taranath, B.S, “Wind and Earthquake Resistant Buildings, Structural Analysis and Design”, Marcel Dekker, New York, (2005).
  • Buckle, I., Nagarajaiah, S., Ferrell, K., “Stability of Elastomeric Isolation Bearings: Experimental Study”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 128(1):3 – 11 (2002).
  • Furata, T., Furukawa, Y., Kanakubo, T., “Buckling of Rubber Bearings for Seismic Isolated Structures”, Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Istanbul, (2002).
  • Nagarajaiah, S., Buckle, I., “Stability of Elastomeric Isolators: Critical Load Tests and Computations”, MCEER Bulletin, 16(1): 1 – 4 (2002)
  • Tsai, H.C., Kelly, J.M., “Buckling Load of Seismic Isolators Affected by Flexibility of Reinforcement”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 42(1): 255 – 269 (2005).
  • Kelly, J.M., “Discussion of Tension Buckling in Multilayer Elastomeric Bearings”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 131(1): 106 – 108 (2005).
  • Kato, R., Oka, K., Takayama, M., “The Tensile Tests of Natural Rubber Bearings Focused on the Effect of the Steel Flange Plates”, Proceedings of 2003 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, USA, (2003).
  • Takhirov, S.M., and Kelly, J.M., “Numerical Study on Buckling of Elastomeric Seismic Isolation Bearings”, Proceedings of the 2006 Structures Congress, Missouri, 1 – 10 (2006).
  • Warn, G.P., Whittaker, A.S., Constantinou, M.C., “Vertical Stiffness of Elastomeric and Lead-Rubber Seismic Isolation Bearings”, Journal of Structural
  • Iiba, M., Midorikawa, M., Yamanouchi, H., Yamaguchi, S., Ohashi, Y., Takayama, M., “Shaking Table Tests on Performance of Isolators for Houses Subjected to Three Dimensional Earthquake Motions”, Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand, (2000).
  • Kang, B.S., Kang, G.J., Moon, B.Y., “Hole and Lead Plug Effect on Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Isolator for Seismic Isolation”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 140(1-3): 592 – 597 (2003).
  • P. Tiong. L.Y., Adnan, A., Mirasa, A.K., and A. Rahman. A.B., “Performance of IBS Precast Concrete Beam-Column Connections Under Earthquake Effects: A Literature Review”, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(1): 93 – 101, (2011).
  • Wu, Y.M., Samali, B., “Shake Table Testing of a Base Isolated Model”, Engineering Structures, 24(9), 1203 – 1215, (2002).
  • Ponzo, F.C., Nigro, D., Dolce, M., Cardone, D., Cacosso, A., “Comparison of Different Seismic Isolation Systems through Shaking Table Tests on a Steel Structure”, Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Structural Control, Italy, (2002).
  • Stewart, J.P., Conte, J.P., Aiken, I.D., “Observed Behavior of Seismically Isolated Buildings”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 125(9): 955 –964, (1999).
  • Aiken, I.D., “Testing of Seismic Isolators and Dampers – Considerations and Limitations”, Proceedings of the Structural Engineering World Congress, California, (1998).
  • Lee, J.H., Koo, G.H., Yoo, B., “Excitation Test Response Characteristics and Simulations of a Seismically Isolated Test Structure”, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, Czech Republic, (2003).
  • Taniwangsa, W., “Seismic Performance of a Base Isolated Demonstration Building”, Earthquake Spectra, 18(4): 777 – 793 (2002).
  • Sunaryati, J., “Behaviour of Steel Structures with Base Isolator under Low Intensity Earthquake Effect”, PhD. Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia, (2008).
  • BS 5950-1: 2000, “Structural Use of Steelwork in Building; Part 1: Code of Practice for Design Rolled and Welded Sections”, British Standards Institution, (2001).
Year 2011, Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 841 - 853, 16.12.2011

Abstract

References

  • Kelly, J.M., “Earthquake Engineering: From Engineering Seismology to Performance Based Engineering”, Yousef, B., and Vitelmi, B. (ed), CRC Press, Florida, (2004).
  • ICC IBC-2000, “International Building Code”,
  • ASCE 7-05, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures”, American Society of Civil Engineers, (2006).
  • Mayes, R.L., Naeim, F., “The Seismic Design Handbook, 2nd ed.”, Naeim, F. (ed), Kluwer Academic Pub, Boston, (2001).
  • Naeim, F., and Kelly, J.M., “Design of Seismic Isolated Structures: From Theory to Practice”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, (1999).
  • Ersoy, S., Saadeghvaziri, M.A., Liu, G.Y., Mau, S.T., “Analytical and Experimental Seismic Studies of Transformers Isolated with Friction Pendulum System and Design Aspects”, Earthquake Spectra, 17(4): 569 – 595 (2001).
  • Kikuchi, M., Aiken, I.D., “An Analytical Hysteresis Model for Elastomeric Seismic Isolator Bearing”, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 26(2): 215 – 231(1997).
  • Fenves, G.L., Huang, W.H., Whittaker, A.S., Clark, P.W., Mahin, S.A., “Modeling and Characterization of Seismic Isolation Bearings”, Proceedings of the U.S.-Italy Workshop on Seismic Protective Systems for Bridges, New York, 1 – 15(1998).
  • Kelly, J.M., “Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Isolator”, Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, 2(1): 19 – 34(1999).
  • Chang, C.H., “Modeling of Laminated Rubber Bearings using an Analytical Stiffness Matrix”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 39(24): 6055 – 6078(2002).
  • Doudoumis, I.N., Gravalas, F., Doudoumis, N.I., “Analytical Modeling of Elastomeric Lead-Rubber Bearings with the use of Finite Element Micromodels”, Proceedings of the 5th GRACM International Congress on Computational Mechanics Limassol, Cyprus, (2005).
  • Ravari, A.K., Othman, I., Ibrahim, Z., “Variations of Horizontal Stiffness of Laminated Rubber Bearings with Different Boundary Conditions”, Proceedings of the 11th Asia Pacific Industrial Engineering and Management Systems Conference/14th Asia Pacific Regional Meeting of International Foundation for Production Research, Malaysia, (2010).
  • Derham, C.J., Kelly, J.M., Thomas, A.G., “Nonlinear Natural Rubber Bearings for Seismic Isolation”, Nuclear Engineering Design, 84(3): 417– 428 (1985).
  • Abe, M., Yoshida, J., Fujuno, Y., “Multiaxial Behavior of Lead Rubber Bearings and their Modeling, I: Experimental Study”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 130(8): 1119 – 1132 (2004).
  • Burtscher, S., Dorfman, A., Bergmeister, K., “Mechanical Aspects of High Damping Rubber”, Proceedings of the 2nd International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering, Budapest, (1998).
  • Burtscher, S.L., Dorfman, A., “Compression and Shear Test of Anistropic High Damping Rubber Bearing”, Engineering Structures, 26(13): 1979 –1991 (2004).
  • Pu, J.P., Tsai, C.S., Huang, J.F., Chen, B.J., Fang, Y.M., “Analysis and Experiment on the Effect of Seismic Protection of Buildings by High Damping Rubber Bearings”, ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference (PVP 2004), California, (2004).
  • Eibl, J., Hehn, K.H., Schwartz, D., “Performance Tests of High Damping Steel Laminated Seismic Isolation Bearing for LNG Storage Tanks”, In: Savidis (ed) Earthquake Resistant Construction & Design, Rotterdam, (1994).
  • Taranath, B.S, “Wind and Earthquake Resistant Buildings, Structural Analysis and Design”, Marcel Dekker, New York, (2005).
  • Buckle, I., Nagarajaiah, S., Ferrell, K., “Stability of Elastomeric Isolation Bearings: Experimental Study”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 128(1):3 – 11 (2002).
  • Furata, T., Furukawa, Y., Kanakubo, T., “Buckling of Rubber Bearings for Seismic Isolated Structures”, Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Istanbul, (2002).
  • Nagarajaiah, S., Buckle, I., “Stability of Elastomeric Isolators: Critical Load Tests and Computations”, MCEER Bulletin, 16(1): 1 – 4 (2002)
  • Tsai, H.C., Kelly, J.M., “Buckling Load of Seismic Isolators Affected by Flexibility of Reinforcement”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 42(1): 255 – 269 (2005).
  • Kelly, J.M., “Discussion of Tension Buckling in Multilayer Elastomeric Bearings”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 131(1): 106 – 108 (2005).
  • Kato, R., Oka, K., Takayama, M., “The Tensile Tests of Natural Rubber Bearings Focused on the Effect of the Steel Flange Plates”, Proceedings of 2003 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, USA, (2003).
  • Takhirov, S.M., and Kelly, J.M., “Numerical Study on Buckling of Elastomeric Seismic Isolation Bearings”, Proceedings of the 2006 Structures Congress, Missouri, 1 – 10 (2006).
  • Warn, G.P., Whittaker, A.S., Constantinou, M.C., “Vertical Stiffness of Elastomeric and Lead-Rubber Seismic Isolation Bearings”, Journal of Structural
  • Iiba, M., Midorikawa, M., Yamanouchi, H., Yamaguchi, S., Ohashi, Y., Takayama, M., “Shaking Table Tests on Performance of Isolators for Houses Subjected to Three Dimensional Earthquake Motions”, Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand, (2000).
  • Kang, B.S., Kang, G.J., Moon, B.Y., “Hole and Lead Plug Effect on Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Isolator for Seismic Isolation”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 140(1-3): 592 – 597 (2003).
  • P. Tiong. L.Y., Adnan, A., Mirasa, A.K., and A. Rahman. A.B., “Performance of IBS Precast Concrete Beam-Column Connections Under Earthquake Effects: A Literature Review”, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(1): 93 – 101, (2011).
  • Wu, Y.M., Samali, B., “Shake Table Testing of a Base Isolated Model”, Engineering Structures, 24(9), 1203 – 1215, (2002).
  • Ponzo, F.C., Nigro, D., Dolce, M., Cardone, D., Cacosso, A., “Comparison of Different Seismic Isolation Systems through Shaking Table Tests on a Steel Structure”, Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Structural Control, Italy, (2002).
  • Stewart, J.P., Conte, J.P., Aiken, I.D., “Observed Behavior of Seismically Isolated Buildings”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 125(9): 955 –964, (1999).
  • Aiken, I.D., “Testing of Seismic Isolators and Dampers – Considerations and Limitations”, Proceedings of the Structural Engineering World Congress, California, (1998).
  • Lee, J.H., Koo, G.H., Yoo, B., “Excitation Test Response Characteristics and Simulations of a Seismically Isolated Test Structure”, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, Czech Republic, (2003).
  • Taniwangsa, W., “Seismic Performance of a Base Isolated Demonstration Building”, Earthquake Spectra, 18(4): 777 – 793 (2002).
  • Sunaryati, J., “Behaviour of Steel Structures with Base Isolator under Low Intensity Earthquake Effect”, PhD. Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia, (2008).
  • BS 5950-1: 2000, “Structural Use of Steelwork in Building; Part 1: Code of Practice for Design Rolled and Welded Sections”, British Standards Institution, (2001).
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Civil Engineering
Authors

Azlan Adnan This is me

Patrick Liq Yee Tıong

Jati Sunaryatı This is me

Kamarudin Ab Malek This is me

Mohd Zulkifli Mohd Ghazalı This is me

Publication Date December 16, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 24 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Adnan, A., Tıong, P. L. Y., Sunaryatı, J., Ab Malek, K., et al. (2011). Seismic Base Isolation of Steel Frame Structure by Hollow Rubber Bearings. Gazi University Journal of Science, 24(4), 841-853.
AMA Adnan A, Tıong PLY, Sunaryatı J, Ab Malek K, Mohd Ghazalı MZ. Seismic Base Isolation of Steel Frame Structure by Hollow Rubber Bearings. Gazi University Journal of Science. December 2011;24(4):841-853.
Chicago Adnan, Azlan, Patrick Liq Yee Tıong, Jati Sunaryatı, Kamarudin Ab Malek, and Mohd Zulkifli Mohd Ghazalı. “Seismic Base Isolation of Steel Frame Structure by Hollow Rubber Bearings”. Gazi University Journal of Science 24, no. 4 (December 2011): 841-53.
EndNote Adnan A, Tıong PLY, Sunaryatı J, Ab Malek K, Mohd Ghazalı MZ (December 1, 2011) Seismic Base Isolation of Steel Frame Structure by Hollow Rubber Bearings. Gazi University Journal of Science 24 4 841–853.
IEEE A. Adnan, P. L. Y. Tıong, J. Sunaryatı, K. Ab Malek, and M. Z. Mohd Ghazalı, “Seismic Base Isolation of Steel Frame Structure by Hollow Rubber Bearings”, Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 841–853, 2011.
ISNAD Adnan, Azlan et al. “Seismic Base Isolation of Steel Frame Structure by Hollow Rubber Bearings”. Gazi University Journal of Science 24/4 (December 2011), 841-853.
JAMA Adnan A, Tıong PLY, Sunaryatı J, Ab Malek K, Mohd Ghazalı MZ. Seismic Base Isolation of Steel Frame Structure by Hollow Rubber Bearings. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2011;24:841–853.
MLA Adnan, Azlan et al. “Seismic Base Isolation of Steel Frame Structure by Hollow Rubber Bearings”. Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 24, no. 4, 2011, pp. 841-53.
Vancouver Adnan A, Tıong PLY, Sunaryatı J, Ab Malek K, Mohd Ghazalı MZ. Seismic Base Isolation of Steel Frame Structure by Hollow Rubber Bearings. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2011;24(4):841-53.