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Year 2023, Volume: 36 Issue: 4, 1496 - 1504, 01.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.995742

Abstract

References

  • [1] Manzi, P., Gambelli, L., Marconi, S., Vivanti, V., Pizzoferrato, L., "Nutrients in edible mushrooms: an inter-species comparative study", Food Chemisty, 65(4): 477–482, (1999).
  • [2] De Pinho, P. G., Ribeiro, B., Gonçalves, R. F., Baptista, P., Valentão, P., Seabra, R. M., Andrade, P. B., "Correlation between the pattern volatiles and the overall aroma of wild edible mushrooms", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(5): 1704–1712, (2008).
  • [3] Kozarski, M., Klaus, A., Vunduk, J., Zizak, Z., Niksic, M., Jakovljevic, D., Vrvic, M. M., Van Griensven, L. J. L. D., "Nutraceutical properties of the methanolic extract of edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius (Fries): Primary mechanisms", Food and Function, 6(6): 1875–1886, (2015).
  • [4] Kozarski, M., Klaus, A., Jakovljevic, D., Todorovic, N., Vunduk, J., Petrović, P., Niksic, M., Vrvic, M., van Griensven, L., "Antioxidants of edible mushrooms", Molecules, 20(10): 19489–19525, (2015).
  • [5] Chang, S. T., Wasser, S. P., "The role of culinary-medicinal mushrooms on human welfare with a pyramid model for human health", International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 14(2): 95–134, (2012).
  • [6] Mattila, P., Könkö, K., Eurola, M., Pihlava, J. M., Astola, J., Vahteristo, L., Hietaniemi, V., Kumpulainen, J., Valtonen, M., Piironen, V., "Contents of vitamins, mineral elements, and some phenolic compounds in cultivated mushrooms", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(5): 2343–2348, (2001).
  • [7] Fung, S. Y., Tan, C. S., "The bioactivity of tiger milk mushroom: Malaysia’s prized medicinal mushroom", In: Medicinal plants and fungi: Recent advances in research and development, Singapore: Springer, 111–133, (2017).
  • [8] Tan, C. S., Ng, S. T., Vikineswary, S., Lo, F. P., Tee, C. S., "Genetic markers for ıdentification of a Malaysian medicinal mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus (cendawan susu rimau)", Acta Horticulturae, 859: 161–167, (2010).
  • [9] Cooke, M. C., "Enumeration of Polyporus", Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 13(1–4): 131–159, (1879).
  • [10] Tan, C. S., Ng, S. T., Tan, J., "Two new species of Lignosus (Polyporaceae) from Malaysia - L. tigris and L. cameronensis", Mycotaxon, 123: 193–204, (2013).
  • [11] Tan, C., Ng, S. T., Yap, H. Y. Y., Lee, S. S., ML, L., Fung, S. Y., Tan, N. H., Sim, S., "Breathing new life to a Malaysia lost national treasure -the tiger-milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis)", Mushroom Science XVIII: Proceedings of the 18th Congress of the International Society for Mushroom Science, China, 66–71, (2012).
  • [12] Chang, Y. S., Lee, S. S., "Utilisation of macrofungi species in Malaysia", Fungal Diversity, 15:15–22, (2004).
  • [13] Lee, S. S., Chang, Y. S., Noraswati, M. N. R., "Utilization of macrofungi by some indigenous communities for food and medicine in Peninsular Malaysia", Forest Ecology and Management, 257(10): 2062–2065, (2009).
  • [14] Muhamad, S., Muhammad, N., Ismail, N., Mohamud, R., Safuan, S., Nurul, A., "Intranasal administration of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (tiger milk mushroom) extract attenuates airway inflammation in murine model of allergic asthma", Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 17(5): 3876, (2019).
  • [15] Lee, M. K., Li, X., Yap, A. C. S., Cheung, P. C. K., Tan, C. S., Ng, S. T., Roberts, R., Ting, K. N., Fung, S. Y., "Airway relaxation effects of water-soluble sclerotial extract from Lignosus rhinocerotis", Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9(461): (2018).
  • [16] Lee, M. K., Lim, K. H., Millns, P., Mohankumar, S. K., Ng, S. T., Tan, C. S., Then, S. M., Mbaki, Y., Ting, K. N., "Bronchodilator effects of Lignosus rhinocerotis extract on rat isolated airways is linked to the blockage of calcium entry", Phytomedicine, 42: 172–179, (2018).
  • [17] Lee, S. S., Tan, N. H., Fung, S. Y., Sim, S. M., Tan, C. S., Ng, S. T., "Anti-inflammatory effect of the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden, the tiger milk mushroom", BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14(1): 1–8, (2014).
  • [18] Nallathamby, N., Serm, L. G., Raman, J., Abd Malek, S. N., Vidyadaran, S., Naidu, M., Kuppusamy, U. R., Sabaratnam, V., "Identification and in vitro evaluation of lipids from sclerotia of Lignosus rhinocerotis for antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory activities", Natural Product Communications, 11(10): 1485–1490, (2016).
  • [19] Mohanarji, S., Dharmalingam, S., Kalusalingam, A., "Screening of Lignosus rhinocerus extracts as antimicrobial agents against selected human pathogens", Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 18(11): 1–4, (2012).
  • [20] Yap, Y. H., Tan, N., Fung, S., Aziz, A. A., Tan, C., Ng, S., "Nutrient composition, antioxidant properties, and anti-proliferative activity of Lignosus rhinocerus Cooke sclerotium", Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(12): 2945–2952, (2013).
  • [21] Suziana Zaila, C. F., Farida Zuraina, M. Y., Norfazlina, M. N., Lek Mun, L., Nurshahirah, N., Florinsiah, L., Rajab, N. F., "Antiproliferative effect of Lignosus rhinocerotis, the tiger milk mushroom on HCT 116 human colorectal cancer cells", The Open Conference Proceedings Journal, 4:65–70, (2013).
  • [22] Lau, B. F., Abdullah, N., Aminudin, N., Lee, H. B., Yap, K. C., Sabaratnam, V., "The potential of mycelium and culture broth of Lignosus rhinocerotis as substitutes for the naturally occurring sclerotium with regard to antioxidant capacity, cytotoxic effect, and low-molecular-weight chemical constituents", PLoS One, 9(7): e102509, (2014).
  • [23] Sillapachaiyaporn, C., Chuchawankul, S., "HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase inhibition by tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) sclerotium extracts: In vitro and in silico studies", Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 10(4): 396–404, (2020).
  • [24] Yap, H., Tan, N.H., Ng, S.T., Tan, C.S., Fung, S.Y., "Inhibition of protein glycation by tiger milk mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden and search for potential anti-diabetic activity-related metabolic pathways by genomic and transcriptomic data mining", Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9(103), (2018).
  • [25] Nyam, K. L., Chow, C. F., Tan, C. S., Ng, S. T., "Antidiabetic properties of the tiger’s milk medicinal mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Agaricomycetes), in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats", International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 19(7): 607–617, (2017).
  • [26] Guo, C., Wong, K. H., Cheung, P. C. K., "Hot water extract of the sclerotium of Polyporus rhinocerus Cooke enhances the immune functions of murine macrophages", International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 13(3): 237–244, (2011).
  • [27] Liu, C., Choi, M. W., Xue, X., Cheung, P. C. K., "Immunomodulatory effect of structurally-characterized mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides isolated from Polyporus rhinocerus on bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs)", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67(43): 2137–12143, (2019).
  • [28] Seow, S. L. S., Eik, L. F., Naidu, M., David, P., Wong, K. H., Sabaratnam, V., "Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden mimics the neuritogenic activity of nerve growth factor via MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in PC-12 cells", Scientific Report, 5(1):1–13, (2015).
  • [29] Samberkar, S., Gandhi, S., Naidu, M., Wong, K. H., Raman, J., Sabaratnam, V., "Lion’s mane, Hericium erinaceus and tiger milk, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Higher basidiomycetes) medicinal mushrooms stimulate neurite outgrowth in dissociated cells of brain, spinal cord, and retina: An in vitro study", International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 17(11): 1047–1054, (2015).
  • [30] Ling-Sing Seow, S., Naidu, M., David, P., Wong, K. H., Sabaratnam, V., "Potentiation of neuritogenic activity of medicinal mushrooms in rat pheochromocytoma cells", BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1): 157, (2013).
  • [31] Abdullah, N., Haimi, M. Z. D., Lau, B. F., Annuar, M. S. M., "Domestication of a wild medicinal sclerotial mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden", Industrial Crops and Products, 47: 256–261, (2013).
  • [32] Lau, B. F., Aminudin, N., Abdullah, N., "Comparative SELDI-TOF-MS profiling of low-molecular-mass proteins from Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden grown under stirred and static conditions of liquid fermentation", Journal of Microbiological Methods, 87(1): 56–63, (2011).
  • [33] Lau, B. F., Abdullah, N., Aminudin, N., "Chemical composition of the tiger’s milk mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden, from different developmental stages", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(20): 4890–4897, (2013).
  • [34] http://nasagrofarm.blogspot.com/. Accessed date: 11.06.2020.
  • [35] Pan, R., Bai, X., Chen, J., Zhang, H., Wang, H., "Exploring structural diversity of microbe secondary metabolites using OSMAC strategy: A literature review", Frontiers in Microbiology, 10(294): (2019).
  • [36] Zulkifli, K. S., Abdullah, N., Abdullah, A., Aziman, N., Syida, W. S., Kamarudin, W., "Phytochemical screening and activities of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant of some fruit peels", The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 16(3): 309–317, (2012).
  • [37] Hudzicki, J., "Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol", American Society for Microbiology, 2: 1–13, (2012).
  • [38] Yap, H. Y. Y., Chooi, Y. H., Firdaus-Raih, M., Fung, S. Y., Ng, S. T., Tan, C. S., Tan, N. H., "The genome of the tiger milk mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis, provides insights into the genetic basis of its medicinal properties", BMC Genomics, 15(1): 1–12, (2014).
  • [39] Yap, H. Y. Y., Chooi, Y. H., Fung, S. Y., Ng, S. T., Tan, C. S., Tan, N. H., "Transcriptome analysis revealed highly expressed genes encoding secondary metabolite pathways and small cysteine-rich proteins in the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis", PLoS One, 10(11): e0143549, (2015).
  • [40] Sadeq, O., Mechchate, H., Es-safi, I., Bouhrim, M., Jawhari, F. Z., Ouassou, H., Kharchoufa, L., N. AlZain, M., M. Alzamel, N., Mohamed Al kamaly, O., Bouyahya, A., Benoutman, A., Imtara, H., "Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of pollen extracts from Micromeria fruticosa, Achillea fragrantissima, and Phoenix dactylifera", Plants, 10(4): 676, (2021).
  • [41] Khalid, K. A., "Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activities of Egyptian kurrat (Allium kurrat)", Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 22(5): 1394–1400, (2019).

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden Grown in Open Field and Indoor

Year 2023, Volume: 36 Issue: 4, 1496 - 1504, 01.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.995742

Abstract

Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden, known as tiger milk mushroom is a rare and valuable medicinal mushroom that is widely used throughout Southeast Asia and South China for treating several ailments. This study was conducted to screen the phytochemicals present in L. rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden sclerotium grown from two different environments, open field and indoor, and evaluate the antibacterial activity. In this study, phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate and methanolic extract of L. rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden sclerotium were done using various chemical tests to identify the compounds present in the extracts. All the extracts were then tested for antibacterial activity against three different bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the concentrations of 20 and 30 mg/mL using disc diffusion method. Based on the phytochemical screening result, extracts of L. rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden demonstrated the presence of steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. The antibacterial assays revealed that the ethyl acetate extracts from open field and indoor cultivations exhibited moderate activities against S. aureus at 30 mg/mL with the values of the inhibition zone being 13.3 ± 0.67 mm and 11.0 ± 0.58 mm, respectively.

References

  • [1] Manzi, P., Gambelli, L., Marconi, S., Vivanti, V., Pizzoferrato, L., "Nutrients in edible mushrooms: an inter-species comparative study", Food Chemisty, 65(4): 477–482, (1999).
  • [2] De Pinho, P. G., Ribeiro, B., Gonçalves, R. F., Baptista, P., Valentão, P., Seabra, R. M., Andrade, P. B., "Correlation between the pattern volatiles and the overall aroma of wild edible mushrooms", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(5): 1704–1712, (2008).
  • [3] Kozarski, M., Klaus, A., Vunduk, J., Zizak, Z., Niksic, M., Jakovljevic, D., Vrvic, M. M., Van Griensven, L. J. L. D., "Nutraceutical properties of the methanolic extract of edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius (Fries): Primary mechanisms", Food and Function, 6(6): 1875–1886, (2015).
  • [4] Kozarski, M., Klaus, A., Jakovljevic, D., Todorovic, N., Vunduk, J., Petrović, P., Niksic, M., Vrvic, M., van Griensven, L., "Antioxidants of edible mushrooms", Molecules, 20(10): 19489–19525, (2015).
  • [5] Chang, S. T., Wasser, S. P., "The role of culinary-medicinal mushrooms on human welfare with a pyramid model for human health", International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 14(2): 95–134, (2012).
  • [6] Mattila, P., Könkö, K., Eurola, M., Pihlava, J. M., Astola, J., Vahteristo, L., Hietaniemi, V., Kumpulainen, J., Valtonen, M., Piironen, V., "Contents of vitamins, mineral elements, and some phenolic compounds in cultivated mushrooms", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(5): 2343–2348, (2001).
  • [7] Fung, S. Y., Tan, C. S., "The bioactivity of tiger milk mushroom: Malaysia’s prized medicinal mushroom", In: Medicinal plants and fungi: Recent advances in research and development, Singapore: Springer, 111–133, (2017).
  • [8] Tan, C. S., Ng, S. T., Vikineswary, S., Lo, F. P., Tee, C. S., "Genetic markers for ıdentification of a Malaysian medicinal mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus (cendawan susu rimau)", Acta Horticulturae, 859: 161–167, (2010).
  • [9] Cooke, M. C., "Enumeration of Polyporus", Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 13(1–4): 131–159, (1879).
  • [10] Tan, C. S., Ng, S. T., Tan, J., "Two new species of Lignosus (Polyporaceae) from Malaysia - L. tigris and L. cameronensis", Mycotaxon, 123: 193–204, (2013).
  • [11] Tan, C., Ng, S. T., Yap, H. Y. Y., Lee, S. S., ML, L., Fung, S. Y., Tan, N. H., Sim, S., "Breathing new life to a Malaysia lost national treasure -the tiger-milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis)", Mushroom Science XVIII: Proceedings of the 18th Congress of the International Society for Mushroom Science, China, 66–71, (2012).
  • [12] Chang, Y. S., Lee, S. S., "Utilisation of macrofungi species in Malaysia", Fungal Diversity, 15:15–22, (2004).
  • [13] Lee, S. S., Chang, Y. S., Noraswati, M. N. R., "Utilization of macrofungi by some indigenous communities for food and medicine in Peninsular Malaysia", Forest Ecology and Management, 257(10): 2062–2065, (2009).
  • [14] Muhamad, S., Muhammad, N., Ismail, N., Mohamud, R., Safuan, S., Nurul, A., "Intranasal administration of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (tiger milk mushroom) extract attenuates airway inflammation in murine model of allergic asthma", Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 17(5): 3876, (2019).
  • [15] Lee, M. K., Li, X., Yap, A. C. S., Cheung, P. C. K., Tan, C. S., Ng, S. T., Roberts, R., Ting, K. N., Fung, S. Y., "Airway relaxation effects of water-soluble sclerotial extract from Lignosus rhinocerotis", Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9(461): (2018).
  • [16] Lee, M. K., Lim, K. H., Millns, P., Mohankumar, S. K., Ng, S. T., Tan, C. S., Then, S. M., Mbaki, Y., Ting, K. N., "Bronchodilator effects of Lignosus rhinocerotis extract on rat isolated airways is linked to the blockage of calcium entry", Phytomedicine, 42: 172–179, (2018).
  • [17] Lee, S. S., Tan, N. H., Fung, S. Y., Sim, S. M., Tan, C. S., Ng, S. T., "Anti-inflammatory effect of the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden, the tiger milk mushroom", BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14(1): 1–8, (2014).
  • [18] Nallathamby, N., Serm, L. G., Raman, J., Abd Malek, S. N., Vidyadaran, S., Naidu, M., Kuppusamy, U. R., Sabaratnam, V., "Identification and in vitro evaluation of lipids from sclerotia of Lignosus rhinocerotis for antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory activities", Natural Product Communications, 11(10): 1485–1490, (2016).
  • [19] Mohanarji, S., Dharmalingam, S., Kalusalingam, A., "Screening of Lignosus rhinocerus extracts as antimicrobial agents against selected human pathogens", Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 18(11): 1–4, (2012).
  • [20] Yap, Y. H., Tan, N., Fung, S., Aziz, A. A., Tan, C., Ng, S., "Nutrient composition, antioxidant properties, and anti-proliferative activity of Lignosus rhinocerus Cooke sclerotium", Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(12): 2945–2952, (2013).
  • [21] Suziana Zaila, C. F., Farida Zuraina, M. Y., Norfazlina, M. N., Lek Mun, L., Nurshahirah, N., Florinsiah, L., Rajab, N. F., "Antiproliferative effect of Lignosus rhinocerotis, the tiger milk mushroom on HCT 116 human colorectal cancer cells", The Open Conference Proceedings Journal, 4:65–70, (2013).
  • [22] Lau, B. F., Abdullah, N., Aminudin, N., Lee, H. B., Yap, K. C., Sabaratnam, V., "The potential of mycelium and culture broth of Lignosus rhinocerotis as substitutes for the naturally occurring sclerotium with regard to antioxidant capacity, cytotoxic effect, and low-molecular-weight chemical constituents", PLoS One, 9(7): e102509, (2014).
  • [23] Sillapachaiyaporn, C., Chuchawankul, S., "HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase inhibition by tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) sclerotium extracts: In vitro and in silico studies", Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 10(4): 396–404, (2020).
  • [24] Yap, H., Tan, N.H., Ng, S.T., Tan, C.S., Fung, S.Y., "Inhibition of protein glycation by tiger milk mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden and search for potential anti-diabetic activity-related metabolic pathways by genomic and transcriptomic data mining", Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9(103), (2018).
  • [25] Nyam, K. L., Chow, C. F., Tan, C. S., Ng, S. T., "Antidiabetic properties of the tiger’s milk medicinal mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Agaricomycetes), in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats", International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 19(7): 607–617, (2017).
  • [26] Guo, C., Wong, K. H., Cheung, P. C. K., "Hot water extract of the sclerotium of Polyporus rhinocerus Cooke enhances the immune functions of murine macrophages", International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 13(3): 237–244, (2011).
  • [27] Liu, C., Choi, M. W., Xue, X., Cheung, P. C. K., "Immunomodulatory effect of structurally-characterized mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides isolated from Polyporus rhinocerus on bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs)", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67(43): 2137–12143, (2019).
  • [28] Seow, S. L. S., Eik, L. F., Naidu, M., David, P., Wong, K. H., Sabaratnam, V., "Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden mimics the neuritogenic activity of nerve growth factor via MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in PC-12 cells", Scientific Report, 5(1):1–13, (2015).
  • [29] Samberkar, S., Gandhi, S., Naidu, M., Wong, K. H., Raman, J., Sabaratnam, V., "Lion’s mane, Hericium erinaceus and tiger milk, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Higher basidiomycetes) medicinal mushrooms stimulate neurite outgrowth in dissociated cells of brain, spinal cord, and retina: An in vitro study", International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 17(11): 1047–1054, (2015).
  • [30] Ling-Sing Seow, S., Naidu, M., David, P., Wong, K. H., Sabaratnam, V., "Potentiation of neuritogenic activity of medicinal mushrooms in rat pheochromocytoma cells", BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1): 157, (2013).
  • [31] Abdullah, N., Haimi, M. Z. D., Lau, B. F., Annuar, M. S. M., "Domestication of a wild medicinal sclerotial mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden", Industrial Crops and Products, 47: 256–261, (2013).
  • [32] Lau, B. F., Aminudin, N., Abdullah, N., "Comparative SELDI-TOF-MS profiling of low-molecular-mass proteins from Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden grown under stirred and static conditions of liquid fermentation", Journal of Microbiological Methods, 87(1): 56–63, (2011).
  • [33] Lau, B. F., Abdullah, N., Aminudin, N., "Chemical composition of the tiger’s milk mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden, from different developmental stages", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(20): 4890–4897, (2013).
  • [34] http://nasagrofarm.blogspot.com/. Accessed date: 11.06.2020.
  • [35] Pan, R., Bai, X., Chen, J., Zhang, H., Wang, H., "Exploring structural diversity of microbe secondary metabolites using OSMAC strategy: A literature review", Frontiers in Microbiology, 10(294): (2019).
  • [36] Zulkifli, K. S., Abdullah, N., Abdullah, A., Aziman, N., Syida, W. S., Kamarudin, W., "Phytochemical screening and activities of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant of some fruit peels", The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 16(3): 309–317, (2012).
  • [37] Hudzicki, J., "Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol", American Society for Microbiology, 2: 1–13, (2012).
  • [38] Yap, H. Y. Y., Chooi, Y. H., Firdaus-Raih, M., Fung, S. Y., Ng, S. T., Tan, C. S., Tan, N. H., "The genome of the tiger milk mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis, provides insights into the genetic basis of its medicinal properties", BMC Genomics, 15(1): 1–12, (2014).
  • [39] Yap, H. Y. Y., Chooi, Y. H., Fung, S. Y., Ng, S. T., Tan, C. S., Tan, N. H., "Transcriptome analysis revealed highly expressed genes encoding secondary metabolite pathways and small cysteine-rich proteins in the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis", PLoS One, 10(11): e0143549, (2015).
  • [40] Sadeq, O., Mechchate, H., Es-safi, I., Bouhrim, M., Jawhari, F. Z., Ouassou, H., Kharchoufa, L., N. AlZain, M., M. Alzamel, N., Mohamed Al kamaly, O., Bouyahya, A., Benoutman, A., Imtara, H., "Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of pollen extracts from Micromeria fruticosa, Achillea fragrantissima, and Phoenix dactylifera", Plants, 10(4): 676, (2021).
  • [41] Khalid, K. A., "Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activities of Egyptian kurrat (Allium kurrat)", Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 22(5): 1394–1400, (2019).
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Chemistry
Authors

Nurkhalida Kamal 0000-0002-3668-8199

Hazniza Adnan This is me 0000-0003-2005-9272

Jalifah Latip This is me 0000-0002-9214-1251

Publication Date December 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 36 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Kamal, N., Adnan, H., & Latip, J. (2023). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden Grown in Open Field and Indoor. Gazi University Journal of Science, 36(4), 1496-1504. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.995742
AMA Kamal N, Adnan H, Latip J. Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden Grown in Open Field and Indoor. Gazi University Journal of Science. December 2023;36(4):1496-1504. doi:10.35378/gujs.995742
Chicago Kamal, Nurkhalida, Hazniza Adnan, and Jalifah Latip. “Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Lignosus Rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden Grown in Open Field and Indoor”. Gazi University Journal of Science 36, no. 4 (December 2023): 1496-1504. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.995742.
EndNote Kamal N, Adnan H, Latip J (December 1, 2023) Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden Grown in Open Field and Indoor. Gazi University Journal of Science 36 4 1496–1504.
IEEE N. Kamal, H. Adnan, and J. Latip, “Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden Grown in Open Field and Indoor”, Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1496–1504, 2023, doi: 10.35378/gujs.995742.
ISNAD Kamal, Nurkhalida et al. “Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Lignosus Rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden Grown in Open Field and Indoor”. Gazi University Journal of Science 36/4 (December 2023), 1496-1504. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.995742.
JAMA Kamal N, Adnan H, Latip J. Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden Grown in Open Field and Indoor. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2023;36:1496–1504.
MLA Kamal, Nurkhalida et al. “Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Lignosus Rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden Grown in Open Field and Indoor”. Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 36, no. 4, 2023, pp. 1496-04, doi:10.35378/gujs.995742.
Vancouver Kamal N, Adnan H, Latip J. Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden Grown in Open Field and Indoor. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2023;36(4):1496-504.