EN
TR
Architectural Design for Active Shooter Preparedness: A Simulation-Based Systematic Review
Abstract
Active shooter incidents (ASIs) pose a grave threat to occupant safety in built environments. This systematic review methodically examines research on building design strategies to mitigate ASI risks and enhance occupant safety, with a particular emphasis on studies utilizing simulation modeling. Employing the PRISMA framework, we analyzed 75 relevant studies published since 2000. The review synthesizes findings across key themes, including: the impact of exit design and spatial configuration on evacuation efficiency; the effectiveness of security features such as access control, surveillance systems, and bullet-resistant materials; and the role of communication systems in facilitating information sharing and emergency response. We critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of different simulation modeling approaches, highlighting their contributions to understanding human behavior dynamics and informing evidence-based design strategies. The review also identifies knowledge gaps and future research directions for optimizing building design to enhance occupant safety and resilience during ASIs.
Keywords
References
- [1] Active Shooter Incidents In The United States In 2021. (2022).
- [2] Lankford, A. (2016). Public Mass Shooters and Firearms: A Cross-National Study of 171 Countries. Violence and Victims, 31(2), 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093
- [3] Blair, J. P., Nichols, T., Burns, D., & Curnutt, J. R. (2013). Active Shooter Events and Response. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b14996
- [4] Fox, J. A. (2024). Trends in U.S. Mass Shootings: Facts, Fears and Fatalities. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 40(1), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189987
- [5] When the Shooting Stops - The Impact of Gun Violence on Survivors in America. (2024). Everytown Research & Policy. https://everytownresearch.org/report/the-impact-of-gun-violence-on-survivors-in-america/ [6] Draper Lowe, L. (2022). Active Shooter in the Workplace: A Brief Guide for Occupational Health Nurses. Workplace Health & Safety, 70(3), 174–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799211062806 [7] Krouse, W. J., & Richardson, D. J. (2015). Mass Murder with Firearms: Incidents and Victims, 1999-2013.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Architecture (Other)
Journal Section
Review
Authors
Publication Date
March 29, 2025
Submission Date
December 13, 2024
Acceptance Date
March 27, 2025
Published in Issue
Year 2025 Volume: 13 Number: 1
APA
Topraklı, A. Y., & Satır, M. S. (2025). Architectural Design for Active Shooter Preparedness: A Simulation-Based Systematic Review. Gazi University Journal of Science Part B: Art Humanities Design and Planning, 13(1), 97-122. https://izlik.org/JA96UG96NR
AMA
1.Topraklı AY, Satır MS. Architectural Design for Active Shooter Preparedness: A Simulation-Based Systematic Review. GUJSPB. 2025;13(1):97-122. https://izlik.org/JA96UG96NR
Chicago
Topraklı, Abdurrahman Yağmur, and Muhsin Selçuk Satır. 2025. “Architectural Design for Active Shooter Preparedness: A Simulation-Based Systematic Review”. Gazi University Journal of Science Part B: Art Humanities Design and Planning 13 (1): 97-122. https://izlik.org/JA96UG96NR.
EndNote
Topraklı AY, Satır MS (March 1, 2025) Architectural Design for Active Shooter Preparedness: A Simulation-Based Systematic Review. Gazi University Journal of Science Part B: Art Humanities Design and Planning 13 1 97–122.
IEEE
[1]A. Y. Topraklı and M. S. Satır, “Architectural Design for Active Shooter Preparedness: A Simulation-Based Systematic Review”, GUJSPB, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 97–122, Mar. 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA96UG96NR
ISNAD
Topraklı, Abdurrahman Yağmur - Satır, Muhsin Selçuk. “Architectural Design for Active Shooter Preparedness: A Simulation-Based Systematic Review”. Gazi University Journal of Science Part B: Art Humanities Design and Planning 13/1 (March 1, 2025): 97-122. https://izlik.org/JA96UG96NR.
JAMA
1.Topraklı AY, Satır MS. Architectural Design for Active Shooter Preparedness: A Simulation-Based Systematic Review. GUJSPB. 2025;13:97–122.
MLA
Topraklı, Abdurrahman Yağmur, and Muhsin Selçuk Satır. “Architectural Design for Active Shooter Preparedness: A Simulation-Based Systematic Review”. Gazi University Journal of Science Part B: Art Humanities Design and Planning, vol. 13, no. 1, Mar. 2025, pp. 97-122, https://izlik.org/JA96UG96NR.
Vancouver
1.Abdurrahman Yağmur Topraklı, Muhsin Selçuk Satır. Architectural Design for Active Shooter Preparedness: A Simulation-Based Systematic Review. GUJSPB [Internet]. 2025 Mar. 1;13(1):97-122. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA96UG96NR