Lignin-Based Porous Carbon Production and Investigation of Its Supercapacitive Properties

Abstract

Increasing global concerns about increasing fossil fuel consumption and related environmental problems have led scientists to find new, green and sustainable energy sources and technologies. In this study, waste lignin biomass was successfully converted into sulfur-doped porous carbon by hydrothermal carbonization followed by thermal annealing. The sulfur surface content in the prepared porous carbon was found to be 9.10%. Beyond traditional synthesis methods using KOH or ZnCl2 treatment to activate the carbon surface, a nickel nitrate salt-activated synthesis strategy has been developed. According to the findings, surface activation of porous carbons was achieved through nickel nitrate during the synthesis process. The resulting carbon electrodes have a BET surface area as high as 165 m2 g-1, as well as micro/mesoporosity and graphitic/amorphous carbon structure. The prepared self-sulfur-doped electrode materials exhibited high electrochemical activity for supercapacitor applications. It has been observed that the sulfur-doped carbon Ni-GC-1100 electrode has a capacitance of 165 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 and at high current density, its capacitance does not change much even after 5.000 cycles and exhibits high durability.

Keywords

• Supercapacitor
• sulfur doped carbon
• lignin
• hydrothermal carbonization
• cell

Lignin-bazlı Gözenekli Karbon Üretimi ve Süperkapasitif Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Artan fosil yakıt tüketimi ve buna bağlı çevre sorunlarına ilişkin artan küresel kaygılar, bilim insanlarını yeni, yeşil ve sürdürülebilir enerji kaynakları ve teknolojileri bulmaya yöneltmiştir. Bu çalışmada, atık lignin biyokütlesi, hidrotermal karbonizasyon ve ardından termal tavlama yoluyla başarıyla kükürt katkılı gözenekli karbona dönüştürüldü. Hazırlanan gözenekli karbondaki kükürt yüzey içeriği %9.10 kadar bulunmuştur. Karbon yüzeyini aktive etmek için KOH veya ZnCl2 muamelesini kullanan geleneksel sentez yöntemlerinin ötesinde, nikel nitrat tuzu ile aktifleştirilen sentez stratejisi geliştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, gözenekli karbonların yüzey aktivasyonu, sentez işlemi sırasında nikel nitrat aracılığıyla gerçekleştirildi. Elde edilen karbon elektrodlar, mikro/mezo gözeneklilik ve grafitik/amorf karbon yapısının yanı sıra 165 m2/g kadar yüksek BET yüzey alanına sahiptir. Hazırlanan kendinden kükürt katkılı elektrot malzemeleri, süper kapasitör uygulamaları için yüksek elektrokimyasal aktivite sergilemiştir. Kükürt katkılı karbon Ni-GC-1100 elektrotu, 1 A/g akım yoğunluğunda 165 F/g kapasitans ve yüksek akım yoğunluğunda, kapasitansının 5.000 döngü sonrasında bile fazla değişmediği ve yüksek dayanıklılık sergilediği görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Süpetkapasitör
• Sülfür katkılı karbon
• Lignin
• Hidrotermal karbonizasyon
• Hücre

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