Power Electronics Topologies in Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: From Conventional Structures to Advanced Solutions

Abstract

With the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), the need for efficient, safe, and fast-charging infrastructures has significantly increased. This trend has necessitated a reevaluation of power electronics-based converter topologies in terms of performance, cost, compactness, and energy management. In this study, the power converter topologies used in electric vehicle charging stations are systematically analyzed. First, AC- and DC-based charging systems are classified according to their structure, functionality, and application levels. Then, each topology is compared based on key technical criteria such as the direction of energy flow (unidirectional/bidirectional), isolation type, efficiency, control complexity, and power range. The study examines various converter configurations including passive diode bridge, active power factor correction (PFC), Vienna rectifier, LLC resonant, Phase-Shifted Full Bridge (PSFB), Dual Active Bridge (DAB), Neutral Point Clamped (NPC), Active NPC (ANPC), and Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), in light of the latest developments in the literature. Furthermore, bidirectional energy transfer systems such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Home (V2H), and Vehicle-to-Load (V2L) are discussed within the context of smart grid integration and energy management. As a result, high-efficiency resonant and modular multilevel topologies (e.g., DAB, LLC, ANPC, MMC) are identified as the most suitable solutions for next-generation ultra-fast charging systems.

Keywords

• Electric Vehicle Charging
• Power Electronics
• Converter Topologies
• V2G
• Rresonant Converter
• Modular Systems

Elektrikli Araç Şarj İstasyonlarında Güç Elektroniği Topolojileri: Klasik Yapılardan Gelişmiş Çözümlere

Öz

Elektrikli araçların (EV) yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte, yüksek verimli, güvenli ve hızlı şarj altyapılarına olan ihtiyaç artmaktadır. Bu durum, güç elektroniği tabanlı dönüştürücü topolojilerinin performans, maliyet, kompaktlık ve enerji yönetimi açısından yeniden değerlendirilmesini gerektirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, elektrikli araç şarj istasyonlarında kullanılan güç dönüştürücü topolojileri sistematik olarak analiz edilmiştir. İlk olarak, AC ve DC tabanlı şarj sistemleri yapı, işlev ve uygulama seviyelerine göre sınıflandırılmış; ardından, her topolojinin enerji akışı yönü (tek/çift yönlü), izolasyon durumu, verimlilik, kontrol zorlukları ve uygulama gücü gibi teknik kriterler baz alınarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, pasif diyot köprü, aktif PFC, Vienna doğrultucu, LLC rezonanslı, Phase-Shifted Full Bridge (PSFB), Dual Active Bridge (DAB), NPC, ANPC ve MMC gibi farklı güç dönüştürücü yapıları, literatürdeki en son gelişmeler ışığında incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, çift yönlü enerji aktarımına imkan tanıyan Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) ve Vehicle-to-Load (V2L) sistemleri, akıllı şebeke entegrasyonu ve enerji yönetimi konularında ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak, yüksek verimli rezonanslı ve modüler çok seviyeli topolojilerin (örneğin DAB, LLC, ANPC, MMC) yeni nesil ultra hızlı şarj sistemleri için en uygun çözümler olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Güç Elektroniği
• Dönüştürücü Topolojileri
• V2G
• Rezonanslı Dönüştürücü
• Modüler Sistemler
• Elektrikli Araç Şarji

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