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Titanyum Alaşımlarından Ti-6Al-4V’nın İşlenmesinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar: Derleme

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 163 - 175, 30.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.29109/http-gujsc-gazi-edu-tr.333494

Abstract

Titanyum ve
alaşımları, mükemmel ısı direnci, korozyon direnci, tokluk, mukavemet, yüksek
çalışma sıcaklığı ve düşük ağırlık oranına sahip oldukları için uzay-havacılık,
otomotiv, kimya-petrokimya ve biyomedikal gibi çeşitli endüstrilerde yüksek
mühendislik alaşımları olarak kullanılmaktadırlar. Ancak bu alaşımlar düşük
işlenebilirlik derecelerine sahiptirler. Titanyum ve alaşımlarının işlenmesinde
yüzey bütünlüğü ve kesici takım aşınması gibi problemlerle karşılaşılmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, titanyum ve alaşımlarının delinmesinde, frezelenmesinde ve
tornalanmasında kesici takım malzemeleri, aşınma mekanizmaları, kesme
kuvvetleri, yüzey pürüzlülükleri gibi konular gözden geçirilmiştir. Ayrıca, bu
alaşımların işlenmesinde karşılaşılan zorluklar değerlendirilmiş olup yapılmış
literatür çalışmaları ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır.  

References

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  • [2] İçdem, C., “Saf titanyum ve Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-7Nb alaşımlarının akışkan yatak ortamında termal oksidasyonu”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007.
  • [3] Nouari, M. and Makich, H., “Experimental investigation on the effect of the material microstructure on tool wear when machining hard titanium alloys: Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-555”, International Journal of Refractory Metalsand Hard Materials, 41, 259-269, 2013.
  • [4] Park, K.H., Beal, A., Kim. D., Know, P. and Lantrip, J., “Tool wear in drilling of composite/titanium stacks using carbide and polycrystalline diamond tools”, Wear, 271, 2826-2835, 2011.
  • [5] Farias, A., Batalha, G.F., Prados, E.F. Magnabosco, R. and Delijaicov, S., “Tool wear evaluations in friction stir processing of commercial titanium Ti-6Al-4V”, Wear, 302, 1327-1333, 2013.
  • [6] Wong, F.R., Sharif, S., Kamdani, K. and Rahim, E.A., “The effect of drill point geometry and drilling technique on tool life when drilling titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V”, Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (ICME2008), 21-23 May, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 2008.
  • [7] Ramesh, S., Karunamoorthy, L. and Palanikumar, K., “Surface roughness analiysis in machining of titanium alloy”, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 23, 174-181, 2008.
  • [8] Komanduri, R. and Reed, W.R., “Evaluation of carbide grades and a new cutting geometry for machining titanium alloys”, Wear, 92, 113-123, 1983.
  • [9] Myers, J.R., Bomberger, H.B. and Froes, F.H., “Corrosion behavior and use of titanium and its alloys”, Journal of Metals, 36, 50-60, 1984.
  • [10] Froes, F.H. and Bomberger, H.B., “The beta titanium alloys”, Journal of Metals, 36, 55-62, 1985.
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  • [24] Rey, P.A., LeDref, J. and Landon, Y., “Modelling of cutting forces in orbital drilling of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V”, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 106, 75–88, 2016.
  • [25] Safari, H., Sharif, S., Izham, S. and Jafari, H., “Surface integrity characterization in high-speed dry end milling of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 78, 651–657, 2015.
  • [26] Faga, M.G., Priarone, P.C., Robiglio, M., Settineri, L. and Tebaldo, V., “Technological and Sustainability Implications of Dry, Near-Dry, and Wet Turning of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy”, Internatıonal Journal of Precision Engineering and manufacturing-Green Technology, 4, 129-139, 2017.
  • [27] Pan, Z., Shih, D.S., Tabei, A., Garmestani, H. and Liang, S.Y., “Modeling of Ti-6Al-4V machining force considering material microstructure evolution”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, doi: 10.1007/s00170-016-9964-7, 2017.
  • [28] Nguyen, D., Kang, D., Bieler, T., Park, K. and Known, P., Microstructural impact on flank wear during turning of various Ti-6Al-4V alloys”, Wear, 384–385, 72–83, 2017.
  • [29] Carou, D., Rubio, E.V., Agostina, B. and Teti, R., “Sustainable turning of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy at low feed rates: surface quality assessment”, Procedia Manufacturing, 8, 769-774, 2017.
  • [30] Ali, M.A.M., Azmi, A.I., Khalil, A.N.M. and Leong, K.W., “Experimental study on minimal nanolubrication with surfactant in the turning of titanium alloys”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, doi: 10.1007/s00170-017-0133-4, 2017
  • [31] Arulkirubakaran, D. and Senthilkumar, V., “Performance of TiN and TiAlN coated micro-grooved tools during machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy”, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 62, 47–57, 2017.
  • [32] Rancic, M., Colin, C., Sennour, M., Costes, J-P. and Poulachon, G., “Microstructural Investigations of the White and Deformed Layers Close to the Turned Surface of Ti-6Al-4V”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 48A, 389-402, 2017.
  • [33] Chen, Y., Sun, R., Gao, Y. and Leopold, J., “A nested-ANN prediction model for surface roughness considering the effects of cutting forces and tool vibrations”, Measurement, 98, 25–34, 2017.
  • [34] Gupta, M.K. and Sood, P.K., “Surface roughness measurements in NFMQL assisted turning of titanium alloys: An optimization approach”, Friction, 5, 155–170, 2017.
  • [35] Bar-Hen, M. and Etsion, I., “Experimental study of the effect of coating thickness and substrate roughness on tool wear during turning”, Tribology International, 110, 341–347, 2017.
  • [36] Çelik, Y.H., Yildiz, H. and Özek, C., “Effect of cutting parameters on workpiece and tool properties during drilling of Ti-6Al-4V”, Materials Testing, 58, 519-525, 2016.
  • [37] Li, R. and Shih, A.J., “Tool temperature in titanium drilling”, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 129, 740-749, 2007.
  • [38] Kıvak, T. and Şeker, U., “The effect of coating materials and cutting conditions on the cutting forces in the drilling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy”, International Iron& Steel Symposium, Karabük-Turkey, April 02–04, 855–860, 2012.
  • [39] Rahim, E.A. and Sasahara, H., “A study of the effect of palm oil as MQL lubricant on high speed drilling of titanium alloys”, Tribology International, 44, 309–317, 2011.
  • [40] Pujana, J., Rivero, A., Celaya, A. and López de Lacalle, L.N., “Analysis of utrasonic-assisted drilling of Ti6Al4V”, International Journal of Machine Tools &Manufacture, 49, 500–508, 2009.
  • [41] SenthilKumar, M., Parabukarthi, A. and Krishnaraj, V., “Study on tool wear and chip formation during drilling carbon fiber rainforced polymer (CFRP)/titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) stacks”, Procedia Engineering, 64, 582-592, 2013.
  • [42] Guu, Y.H., Deng, S., Ti-KunangHou, M., Hsu C.H. and Tseng, K.S., “Optimization of machining parameters for stress concentration in micro drilling of titanium alloy”, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 27, 207–213, 2012.
  • [43] Isbilir, O. and Ghassemieh, E., “Finite element analysis of drilling of titanium alloy”, ICM11, Procedia Engineering, 10, 1877–1882, 2011.
  • [44] Cantero, J.L., Tardío, M.M., Canteli, J.A., Marcos, M. and Miguélez, M.H., “Dry drilling of alloy Ti-6Al-4V”, International Journal of Machine Tools &Manufacture, 45, 1246-1255, 2005.
  • [45] Shyha, I.S., Soo, S.L., Aspinwall, D.K., Bradley, S., Perry, R., Harden, P. and Dawson, S., “Hole quality assesment following drilling of metalic-composite stacks”, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 51, 569–578, 2011.
  • [46] Feldshtein, E., “The influence of machining condition on burr shapes when drilling reach-through holes in difficult-to-cut materials”, Advanced in Manufacturing Science and Technology, 35, 75-83, 2011
  • [47] Biermann, D. and Hartmann, H., “Reduction of burr formation in drilling using cryogenic process cooling”, 45th CIRP Conference on Manufacturing System, Procedia CIRP 3, 85–90, 2012.
  • [48] Çelik, Y.H. and Karabiyik, A., “Effect of cutting parameters on machining surface and cutting tool in milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy”, Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, 23, 349-356, 2016.
  • [49] Wang, Z.G., Rahman, M. and Wong, Y.S., “Tool wear characteristics of binderless CBN tools used in high-speed milling of titanium alloys”, Wear, 258, 752-758, 2005.
  • [50] Zareena, A.R. and Veldhuis, S.C., “Tool wear mechanisms and tool life enhancement in ultra-precision machining of titanium”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 212, 560-570, 2012.
  • [51] Thepsonthi, T. and Özel, T., “Experimental and finite element simulation besed investigations on micro-milling Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy: Effect of cBN coating on tool wear”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 213, 532-542, 2013.
  • [52] López de lacalle, L.N., Pérez, J., Llorente, J.I. and Sánchez, J.A, “Advanced cutting condition for he milling of aeronautical alloys”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 100, 1-11, 2000.
  • [53] Bach, P., Trmal, G., Zeman, P., Vana, J. and Maly, J., “High performance titanium milling at low cutting speed”, Procedia CIRP, 1, 226-231, 2012.
  • [54] Ünal, E. ve Karaca, F., Ti-6Al-4V alaşımının dik işlem merkezli CNC tezgahında işlenebilirliğinin araştırılması, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırılmaları, 6, 135-139, 2007.
  • [55] Çelik, Y.H., Kilickap, E. and Güney, M., Investigation of cutting parameters affecting on tool wear and surface roughness in dry turning of Ti-6Al-4V using CVD and PVD coated tools, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 39, 2085-2093, 2017.
  • [56] Armendia, M., Osborne, P., Garay, A., Belloso, J., Turner, S. and Arrazola, P. J., “Influence of heat treatment on the machinability of titanium alloy”, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 27, 457-461, 2012.
  • [57] Muthukrishnan, N. and Davim, P., “Influence of coolant in machinability of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V)”, Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology, 1, 9-14, 2011.
  • [58] Ramesh, S., Karunamoorthy, L. and Palanikumar, K., “Fuzzy modeling and analiysis of machining parameters in machining titanium alloy”, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 23, 439-447, 2008.
  • [59] Andriya, N., “Dry machining of Ti-6Al-4V using PVD coated TiAlN tools”, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering (WCE2012), 3, 4-6 July London, U.K, 2012.
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Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 163 - 175, 30.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.29109/http-gujsc-gazi-edu-tr.333494

Abstract

References

  • [1] Çakar, Y., “Toz enjeksiyon kalıplama ile üretilmiş Ti-6Al-4V parçalarda işlem, yapı ve özellik ilişkileri”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006.
  • [2] İçdem, C., “Saf titanyum ve Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-7Nb alaşımlarının akışkan yatak ortamında termal oksidasyonu”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007.
  • [3] Nouari, M. and Makich, H., “Experimental investigation on the effect of the material microstructure on tool wear when machining hard titanium alloys: Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-555”, International Journal of Refractory Metalsand Hard Materials, 41, 259-269, 2013.
  • [4] Park, K.H., Beal, A., Kim. D., Know, P. and Lantrip, J., “Tool wear in drilling of composite/titanium stacks using carbide and polycrystalline diamond tools”, Wear, 271, 2826-2835, 2011.
  • [5] Farias, A., Batalha, G.F., Prados, E.F. Magnabosco, R. and Delijaicov, S., “Tool wear evaluations in friction stir processing of commercial titanium Ti-6Al-4V”, Wear, 302, 1327-1333, 2013.
  • [6] Wong, F.R., Sharif, S., Kamdani, K. and Rahim, E.A., “The effect of drill point geometry and drilling technique on tool life when drilling titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V”, Proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (ICME2008), 21-23 May, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 2008.
  • [7] Ramesh, S., Karunamoorthy, L. and Palanikumar, K., “Surface roughness analiysis in machining of titanium alloy”, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 23, 174-181, 2008.
  • [8] Komanduri, R. and Reed, W.R., “Evaluation of carbide grades and a new cutting geometry for machining titanium alloys”, Wear, 92, 113-123, 1983.
  • [9] Myers, J.R., Bomberger, H.B. and Froes, F.H., “Corrosion behavior and use of titanium and its alloys”, Journal of Metals, 36, 50-60, 1984.
  • [10] Froes, F.H. and Bomberger, H.B., “The beta titanium alloys”, Journal of Metals, 36, 55-62, 1985.
  • [11] Metals Handbook, “Properties and Selection, Stainles Steels, Tool Materials and Special-Putrpose Metals”, ASM, Volum 3, 9th edition, 1980.
  • [12] Minton, T., Ghani, S., Sammler, F., Bateman, R., Füstmann, P. and Roeder, M., “Temperature of internally-cooled diamond-coated tools for dry-cutting titanium”, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 75, 27-35, 2013.
  • [13] Machado, A.R. and Wallbank, J., “Machining of titanium and its alloys-a review”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B, Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 204, 53-60, 1990.
  • [14] Harvey, P.D., “Engineering properties of steel”, ASM, Metals Park, OH, ISBN: 0871701448, 1982.
  • [15] Şahin, Y., “Talas Kaldırma Prensipleri 2”, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara, 2001.
  • [16] Mathew, N.T. and Vijayaraghavan, L., “Drilling of titanium aluminide at different aspect ratio under dry andwet conditions”, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 24, 256–269, 2016.
  • [17] Chatterjee, S., Mahapatra, S.S. and Abhishek, K., “Simulation and optimization of machining parameters in drilling of titanium alloys”, Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 62, 31–48, 2016.
  • [18] Zhu, Z., Sui, S., Sun, J., Li, J. and Li, Y., “Investigation on performance characteristics in drilling of Ti6Al4V alloy”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, doi: 10.1007/s00170-017-0508-6, 2017.
  • [19] Mathew, N.T. and Vijayaraghavan, L., “High-throughput dry drilling of titanium aluminide”, Materials And Manufacturing Processes, 32, 199-208, 2017.
  • [20] Lazoğlu, I., Poulachon, G., Ramirez, C., Akmal, M., Marcon, B., Rossi, F., Outeiro, J. and Krebs, M., “Thermal analysis in Ti-6Al-4V drilling”, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2017.04.020, 2017.
  • [21] Darsin, M., Pasang, T. and Chen, Z., “Performance of TiAlN PVD Coated Carbide Drill when Drilling Titanium 6246 Alloy”, MATEC Web of Conferences, doi: 10.1051/matecconf/20171090200, 2017.
  • [22] Su, Y., Chen, D.D. and Gong, L, “3D Finite Element Analysis of Drilling of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy”, International Conference on Computer Information Systems and Industrial Applications CISIA 2015, 907-911, 2015.
  • [23] Li, H., He, G., Qi X., Wang, G., Lu C. and Gui, L., “Tool wear and hole quality investigation in dry helical milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 71, 1511–1523, 2014.
  • [24] Rey, P.A., LeDref, J. and Landon, Y., “Modelling of cutting forces in orbital drilling of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V”, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 106, 75–88, 2016.
  • [25] Safari, H., Sharif, S., Izham, S. and Jafari, H., “Surface integrity characterization in high-speed dry end milling of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 78, 651–657, 2015.
  • [26] Faga, M.G., Priarone, P.C., Robiglio, M., Settineri, L. and Tebaldo, V., “Technological and Sustainability Implications of Dry, Near-Dry, and Wet Turning of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy”, Internatıonal Journal of Precision Engineering and manufacturing-Green Technology, 4, 129-139, 2017.
  • [27] Pan, Z., Shih, D.S., Tabei, A., Garmestani, H. and Liang, S.Y., “Modeling of Ti-6Al-4V machining force considering material microstructure evolution”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, doi: 10.1007/s00170-016-9964-7, 2017.
  • [28] Nguyen, D., Kang, D., Bieler, T., Park, K. and Known, P., Microstructural impact on flank wear during turning of various Ti-6Al-4V alloys”, Wear, 384–385, 72–83, 2017.
  • [29] Carou, D., Rubio, E.V., Agostina, B. and Teti, R., “Sustainable turning of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy at low feed rates: surface quality assessment”, Procedia Manufacturing, 8, 769-774, 2017.
  • [30] Ali, M.A.M., Azmi, A.I., Khalil, A.N.M. and Leong, K.W., “Experimental study on minimal nanolubrication with surfactant in the turning of titanium alloys”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, doi: 10.1007/s00170-017-0133-4, 2017
  • [31] Arulkirubakaran, D. and Senthilkumar, V., “Performance of TiN and TiAlN coated micro-grooved tools during machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy”, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 62, 47–57, 2017.
  • [32] Rancic, M., Colin, C., Sennour, M., Costes, J-P. and Poulachon, G., “Microstructural Investigations of the White and Deformed Layers Close to the Turned Surface of Ti-6Al-4V”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 48A, 389-402, 2017.
  • [33] Chen, Y., Sun, R., Gao, Y. and Leopold, J., “A nested-ANN prediction model for surface roughness considering the effects of cutting forces and tool vibrations”, Measurement, 98, 25–34, 2017.
  • [34] Gupta, M.K. and Sood, P.K., “Surface roughness measurements in NFMQL assisted turning of titanium alloys: An optimization approach”, Friction, 5, 155–170, 2017.
  • [35] Bar-Hen, M. and Etsion, I., “Experimental study of the effect of coating thickness and substrate roughness on tool wear during turning”, Tribology International, 110, 341–347, 2017.
  • [36] Çelik, Y.H., Yildiz, H. and Özek, C., “Effect of cutting parameters on workpiece and tool properties during drilling of Ti-6Al-4V”, Materials Testing, 58, 519-525, 2016.
  • [37] Li, R. and Shih, A.J., “Tool temperature in titanium drilling”, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 129, 740-749, 2007.
  • [38] Kıvak, T. and Şeker, U., “The effect of coating materials and cutting conditions on the cutting forces in the drilling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy”, International Iron& Steel Symposium, Karabük-Turkey, April 02–04, 855–860, 2012.
  • [39] Rahim, E.A. and Sasahara, H., “A study of the effect of palm oil as MQL lubricant on high speed drilling of titanium alloys”, Tribology International, 44, 309–317, 2011.
  • [40] Pujana, J., Rivero, A., Celaya, A. and López de Lacalle, L.N., “Analysis of utrasonic-assisted drilling of Ti6Al4V”, International Journal of Machine Tools &Manufacture, 49, 500–508, 2009.
  • [41] SenthilKumar, M., Parabukarthi, A. and Krishnaraj, V., “Study on tool wear and chip formation during drilling carbon fiber rainforced polymer (CFRP)/titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) stacks”, Procedia Engineering, 64, 582-592, 2013.
  • [42] Guu, Y.H., Deng, S., Ti-KunangHou, M., Hsu C.H. and Tseng, K.S., “Optimization of machining parameters for stress concentration in micro drilling of titanium alloy”, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 27, 207–213, 2012.
  • [43] Isbilir, O. and Ghassemieh, E., “Finite element analysis of drilling of titanium alloy”, ICM11, Procedia Engineering, 10, 1877–1882, 2011.
  • [44] Cantero, J.L., Tardío, M.M., Canteli, J.A., Marcos, M. and Miguélez, M.H., “Dry drilling of alloy Ti-6Al-4V”, International Journal of Machine Tools &Manufacture, 45, 1246-1255, 2005.
  • [45] Shyha, I.S., Soo, S.L., Aspinwall, D.K., Bradley, S., Perry, R., Harden, P. and Dawson, S., “Hole quality assesment following drilling of metalic-composite stacks”, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 51, 569–578, 2011.
  • [46] Feldshtein, E., “The influence of machining condition on burr shapes when drilling reach-through holes in difficult-to-cut materials”, Advanced in Manufacturing Science and Technology, 35, 75-83, 2011
  • [47] Biermann, D. and Hartmann, H., “Reduction of burr formation in drilling using cryogenic process cooling”, 45th CIRP Conference on Manufacturing System, Procedia CIRP 3, 85–90, 2012.
  • [48] Çelik, Y.H. and Karabiyik, A., “Effect of cutting parameters on machining surface and cutting tool in milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy”, Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, 23, 349-356, 2016.
  • [49] Wang, Z.G., Rahman, M. and Wong, Y.S., “Tool wear characteristics of binderless CBN tools used in high-speed milling of titanium alloys”, Wear, 258, 752-758, 2005.
  • [50] Zareena, A.R. and Veldhuis, S.C., “Tool wear mechanisms and tool life enhancement in ultra-precision machining of titanium”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 212, 560-570, 2012.
  • [51] Thepsonthi, T. and Özel, T., “Experimental and finite element simulation besed investigations on micro-milling Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy: Effect of cBN coating on tool wear”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 213, 532-542, 2013.
  • [52] López de lacalle, L.N., Pérez, J., Llorente, J.I. and Sánchez, J.A, “Advanced cutting condition for he milling of aeronautical alloys”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 100, 1-11, 2000.
  • [53] Bach, P., Trmal, G., Zeman, P., Vana, J. and Maly, J., “High performance titanium milling at low cutting speed”, Procedia CIRP, 1, 226-231, 2012.
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There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Tasarım ve Teknoloji
Authors

Yahya Hişman Çelik

Erol Kılıçkap

Publication Date March 30, 2018
Submission Date August 8, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çelik, Y. H., & Kılıçkap, E. (2018). Titanyum Alaşımlarından Ti-6Al-4V’nın İşlenmesinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar: Derleme. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım Ve Teknoloji, 6(1), 163-175. https://doi.org/10.29109/http-gujsc-gazi-edu-tr.333494

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