Çevre Güven(siz)liğine Gida Güvenliği Ekseninde Bakmak: Güvenlikte Domino Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 39 - 55, 01.02.2023

Nükhet Güntay

Abstract

Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesi ve çevresel sorunların olumsuz etkilerine ilişkin artan bilgi birikimi, bilimsel, politik ve askeri çevrede daha kapsamlı bir güvenlik konsepti arayışını yoğunlaştırmıştır. Güvenlik giderek artan bir şekilde, yalnızca belirli bir devletin vatandaşları olarak değil, bireylerin insan olarak güvenliği şeklinde anlaşılagelmiştir. Bu kapsamda güvenliği korumak için, çevresel sorunları çözme ve sürdürülebilir bir gelecek sağlama ihtiyacı da dahil olmak üzere tüm çevre ile bağlantılı sorunlar dikkate alınmaktadır. Çevre güven(siz)liği en çok gıda alanı üzerinde baskı oluşturmaktadır. İklimsel değişiklikler, aşırı hava olayları ve su kıtlığı gibi olumsuz etkiler gıda aracılığı ile beslenme ve gelir elde etmeyi engellemektedir. Uzunca yıllar çevresel güvenlik kavramı, analitik bir bakış açısı ortaya konmadan irdelenmiştir. Bu çalışma, çevre güvenliği kavramından yola çıkarak farklı yaklaşımları ve belgeleri gözden geçirmektedir ve gıda güvenliği ile ilişkisinde analitik bir deneme ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Güvenlik, Uluslararası Güvenlik, Çevre Güvenliği, Gıda Güvenliği.

Looking for Environmental (In)security in the Context of Food Security: Domino Effect in Security

Abstract

The increasing knowledge about the negative effects of environmental problems and the end of the Cold War have intensified the research for a more comprehensive security concept in the scientific, political and military environment. Security has increasingly been understood as the security of individuals as human beings, not merely as citizens of a particular state. In this context, all environmental related issues are taken into account, including the need to solve environmental problems and ensure a sustainable future, in order to protect safety. Environmental (in)security puts the most pressure on the food field. Negative effects such as climatic changes, extreme weather events and water scarcity prevent nutrition and income generation through food. For many years, the concept of environmental security has been examined without an analytical point of view. This study reviews different approaches and documents based on the concept of environmental security and presents an analytical essay in its relationship with the food security.

Keywords

Security, International Security, Environmental Security, Food Security.

References

• Akramov, K. (2011). International food prices, agricultural transformation, and food security in Central Asia. Development in Practice, 21(4/5), 741-754.
• Allenby, B.R. (2000). Environmental security: Concept and implementation. International Political Science Review, 21(1), 5-21.
• Arı, T., & Gökpınar, F. (2020). Climate-Migration: A security analysis within the context of green theory. Uluslararası İlişkiler / International Relations, 17(68), 41-53.
• Barrett, C. (2010). Measuring food insecurity. Science, 327(5967), 825-828.
• Benjamin, P. (2000). Green wars: Making environmental degradation a national security issue puts peace and security at risk. Policy Analysis, No. 369, 1-25.
• Briggs, C. M. (2012). Climate security, risk assessment and military planning. Oxford University Press, 88(5), 1049-1064.
• Cirera, X., & Masset, E. (2010). Income distribution trends and future food demand. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 365(1554), 2821-2834.
• Cochrane, L., Adams, M., & Kunhibava, S. (2015). The impact of speculation on global food accessibility and food security. Arab Law Quarterly, 29(1), 76-91.
• Croppenstedt, A., Goldstein, M., & Rosas, N. (2013). Gender and agriculture: Inefficiencies, segregation, and low productivity traps. The World Bank Research Observer, 28(1), 79-109.
• Davis, C. G., et.al. (2001). Globalization and poverty: Lessons from the theory and practice of food security. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 83(3), 714-721.
• Detraz, N., & Betsill, M. (2009). Climate change and environmental security: For whom the discourse shifts. International Studies Perspectives, 10(3), 303-320.
• Dimitri, C., & Rogus, S. (2014). Food choices, food security, and food policy. Journal of International Affairs, 67(2), 19-31.
• Dyer, H. (2001). Environmental security and international relations: The case for enclosure. Review of International Studies, 27(3), 441-450.
• Ehrenreich, N., & Lyon, B. (2011). The global politics of food: A critical overview. The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 43(1), 1-43.
• Essex, J. (2012). Idle hands are the devil's tools: The geopolitics and geoeconomics of hunger. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 102(1), 191-207.
• Falkner, R. (2012). Global environmentalism and the greening of international society. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 88(3), 503-522.
• FAO/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019a). 5 Steps we all must take to ensure food safety. http://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1194118/ (Erişim tarihi: 01.02.2022)
• FAO/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019b). Let’s stop soil erosion to ensure a food secure future. http://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1192794/ (Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2022)
• FAO/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021a). Five ways nuclear technology is improving agriculture and food security. http://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1390726/ (Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2022)
• FAO/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021b). The world is at a critical juncture. http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ (Erişim tarihi: 03.02.2022)
• FAO/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021c). Encouraging microbes to work for us. http://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1393101/ (Erişim tarihi: 04.01.2022)
• FAO/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021d). Stamping out avian flu in Egypt. http://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1412107/ (06.01.2022)
• Foster, G. (2001). Environmental security: The search for strategic legitimacy. Armed Forces & Society, 27(3), 373-395.
• Funke, O. (2011). The role of biopolitics in environmental security analysis. Politics and the Life Sciences, 30(1), 71-76.
• Haile, M. (2005). Weather patterns, food security and humanitarian response in Sub-Saharan Africa. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 360(1463), 2169-2182.
• Hamblin, J. (2012). The vulnerability of Nations: Food security in the aftermath of World War II. Global Environment, 5(10), 42-65.
• Hamourtziadou, L. (2020). Security challenges of the 21st century: New challenges and perspectives. Journal of Global Faultlines, 6(2), 121-123.
• Hauger, J., Daniels, M., & Saalman, L. (2014). Environmental security and governance at the water–energy nexus: Greenpeace in China and India. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 1(3), 235-262.
• Hendrix, C. S. (2016). When hunger strikes: How food security abroad matters for national security at home. Chicago Council on Global Affairs, https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/research/policy-brief/when-hunger-strikes-how-food-security-abroad-matters-national-security-home (Erişim tarihi: 01.02.2022)
• Hobert, R., & Negra, C. (2020). Climate Change and The Future of Food. United Nations Foundations, https://unfoundation.org/blog/post/climate-change-and-the-future-of-food/ (Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2022)
• Huntjenc, P., & Man, R. (2007). Water Diplomacy: Making Water Cooperation Work. The Hague Institute for Global Justice, 1-12.
• Jones, N., & Sullivan, J. (2020). Climate Change and Global Security. Journal of Strategic Security, 13(4), I-IV.
• Kalibata, A. (2020). Opinion: Time to mend our relationship with food. Thomson Reuters Foundation News, https://news.trust.org/item/20200228170821-3dow7 (Erişim tarihi: 04.01.2022)
• Lang, T., & Barling, D. (2012). Food security and food sustainability: Reformulating the debate. The Geographical Journal, 178(4), 313-326.
• Margulis, M. (2013). The regime complex for food security: Implications for the global hunger challenge. Global Governance, 19(1), 53-67.
• Mason, M., & Zeitoun, M. (2013). Questioning environmental security. The Geographical Journal, 179(4), 294-297.
• McIntyre, O. (2010). The proceduralisation and growing maturity of international water law. Journal of Environmental Law, 22(3), 475-497.
• Midgley, J. (2009). Food security in a changing world. Institute for Public Policy Research, 17-31.
• Mochizuki, J., & Zhang, Z. (2011). Enviromental security and its implications for China’s foreign relations. East-West Center, 1-31.
• Nyeleni (2007). Declaration of Nyeleni. https://nyeleni.org/spip.php?article290 (Erişim tarihi: 08.01.2022)
• Penders, M., & Thomas, W. (2002). Ecoterror: Rethinking environmental security after September 11. Natural Resources & Environment, 16(3), 159-207.
• Philips, D. et.al. (2006). Trans-boundary water co-operation as a tool for conflict prevention and broader benefit sharing. Global Development Studies, 2, 1-160.
• Phillips, L. (2006). Food and globalization. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, 37-57.
• Rohrschneider, R., & Dalton, R. (2002). A global network? Transnational cooperation among environmental groups. The Journal of Politics, 64(2), 510-533.
• Rothe, D. (2017). Seeing like a satellite: Remote sensing and the ontological politics of environmental security. Security Dialogue, 48(4), 334-353.
• Rühle, M. (2020). Scoping NATO’s environmental security agenda. Policy Brief, No.6, 1-4.
• Sahu, A. (2017). The securitisation of the climate change issue: A multisectoral approach to security. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 21(4), 26-37.
• Scheimer, S. (2009). Regional cooperation efforts in the Mekong river basin: Mitigating river-related security threats and promoting regional development. South-East Asian Studies, 28-52.
• Schmeier, S. (2011). Resilience to climate change-induced challenges in the Mekong river basin. Water Papers, 1-54.
• Shepherd, B. (2012). Thinking critically about food security. Security Dialogue, 43(3), 195-212.
• Sibindi, N. (2020). Nexus between food security and trade in the run-up to the World Food Systems Summit. African Institute of International Affairs, 1-13.
• Sweet, W. (2014). Food and climate. Great Decisions, 63-72.
• Tacoli, C. et.al. (2013). Report title: Food security and food systems: Concepts and definitions. International Institute for Environment and Development, 1-3.
• Teng, P., & Morales, M. C. S. (2014). Food security robutness: A driver of enhance regional cooperation. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies: Center for Non-Traditional Security (NTS) Studies, 1-9.
• Toufanian, M. T. (2020). Climate change at the UN Security Council: Seeking peace in a warming world. United Nations Foundation, https://unfoundation.org/blog/post/climate-change-a-un-security-council-seeking-peace-warming-world/ (Erişim tarihi: 05.01.2022)
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (2018). Montreal Protokolü. https://iklim.csb.gov.tr/montreal-protokolu-i-4364 (Erişim tarihi: 05.02.2022)
• United Nations (2021a). Boost investments in nature to combat climate, biodiversity and land degradation crises. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/05/1092922 (Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2022)
• United Nations (2021b). Climate change link to displacement of most vulnerable is clear: UNHCR. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090432 (Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2022)
• United Nations (2021c). UN chief: Desertification and drought destabilizing well-being of 3.2 billion people. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1094122 (Erişim tarihi: 03.02.2022)
• Zahrnt, V. (2011). Food security and the EU’s common agricultural policy: Facts against fears. European Centre for International Political Economy, 1-23.
• Wang, H., & Bernell, D. (2013). Environmental disclosure in China: An examination of the green securities policy. The Journal of Environment & Development, 22(4), 339-369.
• Wittman, H. (2011). Food sovereignty: A new rights framework for food and nature? Environment & Society Environment & Society, 2, 87-105.
• Wu, Y. (2020). Developing a taxonomic framework of security methods for security management and information resource management. Journal of Strategic Security, 13(2), 64-77.