Comparison of The Geochemical Characteristics of Late Cretaceous Alkalen Volcanic Rocks From The Southern Border of Sakarya Zone
Year 2019,
, 1 - 15, 15.01.2019
Cüneyt Şen
,
Emre Aydınçakır
,
Ufuk Celal Yağcıoğlu
Tülay Bak
Abstract
Alkaline volcanics exposed at similar stratigraphic levels in Upper
Cretaceous at Bayburt, Amasya-Gümüşhacıköy and Ankara-Kalecik locations along
the southern boundary of the Sakarya Zone provide macroscopically two different
lithologies which are containing large pyroxene porphyries and large
analcimized leucite porphyries. These rocks formed as a result of the low-grade
partial melting of the metasomatized phlogopite-rich mantle rocks, which
resulted in the step subduction angle of the aged oceanic crust before the
collision. In the course of following their cases, in the middle / shallow
depths of the crust, in the magma chambers they underwent differentiation and
reached two different lithologies.
References
- Alp, D., 1972. Amasya Yöresinin Jeolojisi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi Monografileri (Tabii İlimler kısmı). İstanbul, 22,101.
- Altherr, R., Topuz, G., Siebel, W., Şen, C., Meyer, H. P., Satır, M. ve Lahaye, Y., 2008. Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic characteristics of Paleocene plagioleucitites from the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Lithos, 105, 149-161.
- Ataman, G., Buket, E., Çapan, U., 1976. Ankara Yöresinde Yer Alan Analsimli Magmatik Kayaçlar Hakkında Kısa Bir Not. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 2,3-5.
- Aydın, F., Karsli, O., Chen, B., 2008. Petrogenesis of the Neogene alkaline volcanics with implcations for post collisional lithospheric thinning of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey, Lithos, 104, 249-266.
- Aydınçakır, E., 2016. Subduction-related Late Cretaceous high-K volcanism in the Central Pontides orogenic belt: Constraints on geodynamic implications, Geodinamica Acta, 28(4), 379-411.
- Aydınçakır, E., Şen, C., 2013. Petrogenesis of the post-collisional volcanic rocks from the Borçka (Artvin) area: implications for the evolution of the Eocene magmatism in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), Lithos, 172-173, 98-117.
- Bektaş, O. ve Gedik, İ., 1988. Koplarda Lösitli Şoşonitik Volkanizmalı Yeni Bir Formasyon (Everekhanları Formasyonu) ve Bu Bulgunun Doğu Pontid Arkı (KD Türkiye) Evrimi ile Olan İlişkileri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni. 31, 11-20
- Boynton, W. V., 1984. Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: Meteorite studies. In P. Henderson (Ed.), Rare earth element geochemistry (pp. 63–114). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Boztuğ, D., Erçin, A.İ., Kuruçelik, M.K., Göç, D., Kömür, İ., İskenderoğlu, A., 2006. Geochemical characteristics of the composite Kaçkar batholith generated in a Neo-Tethyan convergence system, Eastem Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 286-302.
- Çapan, U., 1984. Ankara melanjı içindeki zeolitli bazalt alkali volkanizmanın karakteri ve yaşı hakkında. TJK 38. Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultayı, Bildiri Özleri Kitabı Bülteni, 121-122.
- Çoğulu, E. 1975. Gümüşhane ve Rize Bölgelerinde Petrografik ve Jeokronolojik Araştırmalar, İTÜ Kütüphanesi, 1034, İstanbul.
- Dokuz, A., 2011. A slab detachment and delamination model for the generation of Carboniferoushigh-potassium I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: The Köse composite pluton. Gondwana Research, 19, 926-944.
- Dokuz, A., Külekçi, E., Aydınçakır, E., Kandemir, R., Alçiçek, M.C., Pecha, M., Sünnetçi, K., 2017a. Cordierite-bearing strongly peraluminous Cebre Rhyolite from theeastern Sakarya Zone, NE Turkey: Constraints on the Variscan Orogeny. Lithos, 278-281, 285-302.
- Dokuz, A., Aydınçakır, E., Kandemir, R., Karslı O., Siebel, W., Derman A.S., Turan, M., 2017b. Late Jurassic Magmatism and Stratigraphy in the Eastern Sakarya Zone, Turkey: Evidence for the Slab Breakoff of Paleotethyan Oceanic Lithosphere. The Journal of Geology.125, 1-35.
- Erk, A.S. ve Seymen, İ., 1993. Mecitözü Dolayının Stratigrafijk Gelişimi. Jeoloji Sempozyumu Bildirileri, 129-141, Ankara.
- Fenerci, M., 1994, Rudists from Maden (Bayburt) area (NE Turkey): Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 3, 1-12.
- Eyüboğlu, 2010. Late Cretaceous high-K volcanism in the eastern Pontide orogenic belt: implications for the geodynamic evolution of NE Turkey. International Geology Review, 52, 142-186.
- Eyüboğlu, Y., Santosh, M., Bektaş, O. ve Ayhan, S., 2011. Arc magmatism as a window to plate kinematics and subduction polarity: Example from the eastern Pontides belt, NE Turkey. Geoscience Fronteirs, 2 (1), 49-56.
- Hamilton, W. J., 1842. Researches in Asia Minör, Pontus and Armenia, London.
- Irvine, T. N., Baragar, W. R. A., 1971. A Guide to the Chermical Classifıcation. Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, 523-546.
- Gülmez, F. ve Genç, Ş. C., 2015. Amasaya civarı Geç Kretase yaşlı ultra potasik volkanitlerde farklılaşma süreçleri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Dergisi, 151, 153-172.
- Gülmez, F., Genç, Ş. C., Preleviç, D. Tüysüz, O., Karacık, Z., Roden, M., ve Billor, Z., 2016b. Ultrapotassic Volcanism from the Waning Stage of the Neotethyan Subduction: a Key Study from the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan Suture Belt, Central Northern Turkey. Journal of Petrology, 57, 561-593.
- Kandemir, R. 2004. Gümüşhane yakın yörelerindeki Erken-Orta Jura Yaşlı Şenköy Formasyonu’nun Çökel
Özellikleri ve Birikim Koşulları. PhD thesis, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (In Turkish with English abstract)
- Kandemir, R., ve Yılmaz, C. 2009. Lithostratigraphy, facies, and deposition environment of the lower Jurassic Ammonitico Rosso type sediments (ARTS) in the Gümüşhane area, NE Turkey: implications for the opening of the northern branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Journal of Asian Earth Science. 34,586–598.
- Karslı, O., Dokuz, A., Kandemir, R., 2016. Subduction-related Late Carboniferous to Early Permian Magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, the Camlik and Casurluk plutons: insights from geochemistry, whole-rock Sr–Nd and in situ zircon Lu–Hf isotopes, and U–Pb geochronology. Lithos 266–267 98–114.
- Karslı, O., Dokuz, A. ve Kandemir, R., 2017. Zircon Lu-Hf isotope systematics and U–Pb geochronology, whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopes and geochemistry of the early Jurassic Gokcedere pluton, Sakarya Zone-NE Turkey: a magmatic response to roll-back of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 172 (5), 1-27.
- Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Siebel W., Şen, C., 2011. Geochemical and Sr-Nd Isotopic Characteristics of Post-Collision CalcAlkaline Volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 137-159.
- Kaygusuz, A., ve Aydınçakır, E., 2011. U-Pb zircon SHRIMP ages, geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of Cretaceous plutons in the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): The Dağbaşı pluton, Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie, 188 (3), 211-233.
- Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Wolfgang, S., Sipahi, F., İlbeyli, N., 2012. Geochronological evidence and tectonic significance of Carboniferous magmatism in the southwest Trabzon area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. International Geology Rewieve, 54 (15), 1776-1800.
- Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Sipahi, F., Temizel, İ., 2016. U–Pb zircon chronology and petrogenesis of Carboniferous plutons in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Constraints for Paleozoic magmatism and geodynamic evolution, Gondwana Research, 39, 327-346.
- Le Maitre, R. W., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B., Le Bas, M. J., Bonin, B., Bateman, P., Bellieni, G., Dudek, A., Efremova, S., Keller, J,. Lamere, J, Sabine, P. A., Schmid, R.,. Sorensen, H, ve Woolley A. R., Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms, Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
- Müller, D., Rock, N.M.S. ve Groves, D.I., 1992. Geochemical Discrimination Between Shoshonitic and Potassic Volcanic Rocks in Different Tectonic Settings: a Pilot Study. Mineralogy and Petrology, 46, 259-289.
- Okay, A. I., ve Şahintürk, O.. 1997. Geology of the eastern pontides. In A.G. Robinson (Ed.), Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region (Vol. 68, pp. 291–311). American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir.
- Okay, A.İ., Şahintürk, Ö., ve Akar, H., 1997. Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Pulur (Bayburt) region in the Eastern Pontides. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration. 119, 1–24.
- Okay, A. ve Tüysüz O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. Geological Society, London, Special Publications.156, 475-515.
- Özer, S.,ve Fenerci, M., 1993, Bayburt yöresinde (Doğu Karadeniz) bulunan iki yeni Caprinidae türü. MTA Dergisi, 115, 29-34
- Üşenmez, Ş., 1973. Çandır (Kalecik) Civarının Jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Dergisi, 83, 30-46.
- Topuz, G., Altherrr, R., Siebel, W., Schwarz, H. W., Zack, H., Hasöbek, A., Barth, M., Satır M. ve Şen C., 2010. Carboniferous high-potassium I-type granitoid magmatism in the EasternPontides: The Gümüşhane pluton (NE Turkey). Lithos, 116, 92-110.
- Seymen, İ., 1975, Kelkit Vadisi Kesiminde Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonunun Tektonik Özelliği. Doktora Tezi, İTÜ Maden Fakültesi. İstanbul.
- Sun, S. ve McDonough, W. F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes, Geological Soceity of London, Special Publications, 42, 313-345.
- Şen, C. 2007. Jurassic Volcanism in the Eastern Pontides:Is it Rift Related or Subduction Related? Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 16, 523-539.6
- Şengör, A. M. C ve Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan Evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic Approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
- Temizel, İ., Arslan, M., Ruffet, G., and Peucat, J.J., 2012, Petrochemistry, geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of the Tertiary collisional and post-collisional volcanic rocks from the Ulubey (Ordu) area, eastern Pontide, NE Turkey: Implications for extension-related origin and mantle source characteristics: Lithos, 128, 126‒147.
- Tüysüz, O., 1996, Geology of Amasya and surroundings, in Proceedings, 11th International Petroleum Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, Ankara, Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 32–48 (in Turkish with English abstract).
- Wallace, P., ve Carmichael, I.S.F., 1989. Minette lavaş and associated leucitites from the western front of the Mexican Volcanic Belt: Petrology, chemistry and origin. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 103, 470-492.
- Winchester, J. A. ve Floyd, P. A., 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20, 325–343.
- Yılmaz, Y. 1973. Petrology and structure of the Gümüşhane granite and the surrounding rocks, N.E. Anatolia: Ph. D. Thesis, University College London, England, 284 p.
- Yılmaz, C. ve Kandemir, R., 2003. Şenköy Formasyonu: Yeni bir formasyon adlaması. 3. Stratigrafi Çalıştayı. Bildiri Özleri Kitabı, 14.
- Yılmaz, C., 2002. Gümüşhane-Bayburt yöresindeki mesozoyik havzalarının tektono-sedimantolojik kayıtları ve kontrol etkenleri, Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni. 45 (1), 141-165.
- Yılmaz, C., Şen, C., Özgür, S., 2003, Sedimentological, palaeontological and volcanic records of the earliest volcanic activity in the Eastern Pontide Cretaceous volcanic arc (NE Turkey). Geol. Carp., 54, 377-384.
- Yücel, C., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Abdioğlu Yazar, E., Ruffet, G., 2017. Evolution of K-rich magmas derived froma net veined lithospheric mantle in an ongoing extensional setting: geochronology and geochemistry of Eocene and Miocene volcanic rocks from Eastern Pontides (Turkey). Gondwana Research, 45, 65–86.
Sakarya Zonunun Güney Kesiminde Yüzeylenen Geç Kretase Alkalen Volkanitlerinin Jeokimyasal Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması
Year 2019,
, 1 - 15, 15.01.2019
Cüneyt Şen
,
Emre Aydınçakır
,
Ufuk Celal Yağcıoğlu
Tülay Bak
Abstract
Sakarya Zonunun güney kesiminde Bayburt, Amasya-Gümüşhacıköy ve
Ankara-Kalecik lokasyonlarında Üst Kretase’nin son dönemlerinde benzer
stratigrafik seviyelerde yüzeylenen alkalen volkanitler makroskobik olarak iri
analsimleşmiş lösit porfirleri ve iri piroksen porfirleri içeren iki farklı
litoloji sunarlar. Bu kayaçlar çarpışma öncesi yaşlı okyanus kabuğunun yitim
açısının dikleşmesi sonucu, metasomatizmaya uğramış flogopitce zengin manto
kayaçlarının düşük dereceli kısmi ergimesi sonucu oluşan kaynak magmalardan
itibaren oluşmuşlardır. Oluşumlarını izleyen süreçte alkalen magma, kabuk
içerisindeki orta/sığ derinliklerdeki magma odalarında diferansiyasyona
uğrayarak, iki farklı litolojide yeryüzüne ulaşmışdır.
References
- Alp, D., 1972. Amasya Yöresinin Jeolojisi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi Monografileri (Tabii İlimler kısmı). İstanbul, 22,101.
- Altherr, R., Topuz, G., Siebel, W., Şen, C., Meyer, H. P., Satır, M. ve Lahaye, Y., 2008. Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic characteristics of Paleocene plagioleucitites from the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Lithos, 105, 149-161.
- Ataman, G., Buket, E., Çapan, U., 1976. Ankara Yöresinde Yer Alan Analsimli Magmatik Kayaçlar Hakkında Kısa Bir Not. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 2,3-5.
- Aydın, F., Karsli, O., Chen, B., 2008. Petrogenesis of the Neogene alkaline volcanics with implcations for post collisional lithospheric thinning of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey, Lithos, 104, 249-266.
- Aydınçakır, E., 2016. Subduction-related Late Cretaceous high-K volcanism in the Central Pontides orogenic belt: Constraints on geodynamic implications, Geodinamica Acta, 28(4), 379-411.
- Aydınçakır, E., Şen, C., 2013. Petrogenesis of the post-collisional volcanic rocks from the Borçka (Artvin) area: implications for the evolution of the Eocene magmatism in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), Lithos, 172-173, 98-117.
- Bektaş, O. ve Gedik, İ., 1988. Koplarda Lösitli Şoşonitik Volkanizmalı Yeni Bir Formasyon (Everekhanları Formasyonu) ve Bu Bulgunun Doğu Pontid Arkı (KD Türkiye) Evrimi ile Olan İlişkileri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni. 31, 11-20
- Boynton, W. V., 1984. Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: Meteorite studies. In P. Henderson (Ed.), Rare earth element geochemistry (pp. 63–114). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Boztuğ, D., Erçin, A.İ., Kuruçelik, M.K., Göç, D., Kömür, İ., İskenderoğlu, A., 2006. Geochemical characteristics of the composite Kaçkar batholith generated in a Neo-Tethyan convergence system, Eastem Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 286-302.
- Çapan, U., 1984. Ankara melanjı içindeki zeolitli bazalt alkali volkanizmanın karakteri ve yaşı hakkında. TJK 38. Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultayı, Bildiri Özleri Kitabı Bülteni, 121-122.
- Çoğulu, E. 1975. Gümüşhane ve Rize Bölgelerinde Petrografik ve Jeokronolojik Araştırmalar, İTÜ Kütüphanesi, 1034, İstanbul.
- Dokuz, A., 2011. A slab detachment and delamination model for the generation of Carboniferoushigh-potassium I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: The Köse composite pluton. Gondwana Research, 19, 926-944.
- Dokuz, A., Külekçi, E., Aydınçakır, E., Kandemir, R., Alçiçek, M.C., Pecha, M., Sünnetçi, K., 2017a. Cordierite-bearing strongly peraluminous Cebre Rhyolite from theeastern Sakarya Zone, NE Turkey: Constraints on the Variscan Orogeny. Lithos, 278-281, 285-302.
- Dokuz, A., Aydınçakır, E., Kandemir, R., Karslı O., Siebel, W., Derman A.S., Turan, M., 2017b. Late Jurassic Magmatism and Stratigraphy in the Eastern Sakarya Zone, Turkey: Evidence for the Slab Breakoff of Paleotethyan Oceanic Lithosphere. The Journal of Geology.125, 1-35.
- Erk, A.S. ve Seymen, İ., 1993. Mecitözü Dolayının Stratigrafijk Gelişimi. Jeoloji Sempozyumu Bildirileri, 129-141, Ankara.
- Fenerci, M., 1994, Rudists from Maden (Bayburt) area (NE Turkey): Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 3, 1-12.
- Eyüboğlu, 2010. Late Cretaceous high-K volcanism in the eastern Pontide orogenic belt: implications for the geodynamic evolution of NE Turkey. International Geology Review, 52, 142-186.
- Eyüboğlu, Y., Santosh, M., Bektaş, O. ve Ayhan, S., 2011. Arc magmatism as a window to plate kinematics and subduction polarity: Example from the eastern Pontides belt, NE Turkey. Geoscience Fronteirs, 2 (1), 49-56.
- Hamilton, W. J., 1842. Researches in Asia Minör, Pontus and Armenia, London.
- Irvine, T. N., Baragar, W. R. A., 1971. A Guide to the Chermical Classifıcation. Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, 523-546.
- Gülmez, F. ve Genç, Ş. C., 2015. Amasaya civarı Geç Kretase yaşlı ultra potasik volkanitlerde farklılaşma süreçleri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Dergisi, 151, 153-172.
- Gülmez, F., Genç, Ş. C., Preleviç, D. Tüysüz, O., Karacık, Z., Roden, M., ve Billor, Z., 2016b. Ultrapotassic Volcanism from the Waning Stage of the Neotethyan Subduction: a Key Study from the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan Suture Belt, Central Northern Turkey. Journal of Petrology, 57, 561-593.
- Kandemir, R. 2004. Gümüşhane yakın yörelerindeki Erken-Orta Jura Yaşlı Şenköy Formasyonu’nun Çökel
Özellikleri ve Birikim Koşulları. PhD thesis, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (In Turkish with English abstract)
- Kandemir, R., ve Yılmaz, C. 2009. Lithostratigraphy, facies, and deposition environment of the lower Jurassic Ammonitico Rosso type sediments (ARTS) in the Gümüşhane area, NE Turkey: implications for the opening of the northern branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Journal of Asian Earth Science. 34,586–598.
- Karslı, O., Dokuz, A., Kandemir, R., 2016. Subduction-related Late Carboniferous to Early Permian Magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, the Camlik and Casurluk plutons: insights from geochemistry, whole-rock Sr–Nd and in situ zircon Lu–Hf isotopes, and U–Pb geochronology. Lithos 266–267 98–114.
- Karslı, O., Dokuz, A. ve Kandemir, R., 2017. Zircon Lu-Hf isotope systematics and U–Pb geochronology, whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopes and geochemistry of the early Jurassic Gokcedere pluton, Sakarya Zone-NE Turkey: a magmatic response to roll-back of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 172 (5), 1-27.
- Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Siebel W., Şen, C., 2011. Geochemical and Sr-Nd Isotopic Characteristics of Post-Collision CalcAlkaline Volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 137-159.
- Kaygusuz, A., ve Aydınçakır, E., 2011. U-Pb zircon SHRIMP ages, geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of Cretaceous plutons in the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): The Dağbaşı pluton, Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie, 188 (3), 211-233.
- Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Wolfgang, S., Sipahi, F., İlbeyli, N., 2012. Geochronological evidence and tectonic significance of Carboniferous magmatism in the southwest Trabzon area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. International Geology Rewieve, 54 (15), 1776-1800.
- Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Sipahi, F., Temizel, İ., 2016. U–Pb zircon chronology and petrogenesis of Carboniferous plutons in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Constraints for Paleozoic magmatism and geodynamic evolution, Gondwana Research, 39, 327-346.
- Le Maitre, R. W., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B., Le Bas, M. J., Bonin, B., Bateman, P., Bellieni, G., Dudek, A., Efremova, S., Keller, J,. Lamere, J, Sabine, P. A., Schmid, R.,. Sorensen, H, ve Woolley A. R., Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms, Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
- Müller, D., Rock, N.M.S. ve Groves, D.I., 1992. Geochemical Discrimination Between Shoshonitic and Potassic Volcanic Rocks in Different Tectonic Settings: a Pilot Study. Mineralogy and Petrology, 46, 259-289.
- Okay, A. I., ve Şahintürk, O.. 1997. Geology of the eastern pontides. In A.G. Robinson (Ed.), Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region (Vol. 68, pp. 291–311). American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir.
- Okay, A.İ., Şahintürk, Ö., ve Akar, H., 1997. Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Pulur (Bayburt) region in the Eastern Pontides. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration. 119, 1–24.
- Okay, A. ve Tüysüz O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. Geological Society, London, Special Publications.156, 475-515.
- Özer, S.,ve Fenerci, M., 1993, Bayburt yöresinde (Doğu Karadeniz) bulunan iki yeni Caprinidae türü. MTA Dergisi, 115, 29-34
- Üşenmez, Ş., 1973. Çandır (Kalecik) Civarının Jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Dergisi, 83, 30-46.
- Topuz, G., Altherrr, R., Siebel, W., Schwarz, H. W., Zack, H., Hasöbek, A., Barth, M., Satır M. ve Şen C., 2010. Carboniferous high-potassium I-type granitoid magmatism in the EasternPontides: The Gümüşhane pluton (NE Turkey). Lithos, 116, 92-110.
- Seymen, İ., 1975, Kelkit Vadisi Kesiminde Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonunun Tektonik Özelliği. Doktora Tezi, İTÜ Maden Fakültesi. İstanbul.
- Sun, S. ve McDonough, W. F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes, Geological Soceity of London, Special Publications, 42, 313-345.
- Şen, C. 2007. Jurassic Volcanism in the Eastern Pontides:Is it Rift Related or Subduction Related? Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 16, 523-539.6
- Şengör, A. M. C ve Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan Evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic Approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
- Temizel, İ., Arslan, M., Ruffet, G., and Peucat, J.J., 2012, Petrochemistry, geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of the Tertiary collisional and post-collisional volcanic rocks from the Ulubey (Ordu) area, eastern Pontide, NE Turkey: Implications for extension-related origin and mantle source characteristics: Lithos, 128, 126‒147.
- Tüysüz, O., 1996, Geology of Amasya and surroundings, in Proceedings, 11th International Petroleum Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, Ankara, Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 32–48 (in Turkish with English abstract).
- Wallace, P., ve Carmichael, I.S.F., 1989. Minette lavaş and associated leucitites from the western front of the Mexican Volcanic Belt: Petrology, chemistry and origin. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 103, 470-492.
- Winchester, J. A. ve Floyd, P. A., 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20, 325–343.
- Yılmaz, Y. 1973. Petrology and structure of the Gümüşhane granite and the surrounding rocks, N.E. Anatolia: Ph. D. Thesis, University College London, England, 284 p.
- Yılmaz, C. ve Kandemir, R., 2003. Şenköy Formasyonu: Yeni bir formasyon adlaması. 3. Stratigrafi Çalıştayı. Bildiri Özleri Kitabı, 14.
- Yılmaz, C., 2002. Gümüşhane-Bayburt yöresindeki mesozoyik havzalarının tektono-sedimantolojik kayıtları ve kontrol etkenleri, Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni. 45 (1), 141-165.
- Yılmaz, C., Şen, C., Özgür, S., 2003, Sedimentological, palaeontological and volcanic records of the earliest volcanic activity in the Eastern Pontide Cretaceous volcanic arc (NE Turkey). Geol. Carp., 54, 377-384.
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