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Yüksek Plastisiteli Killerin Stabilizasyonu ve Dokusal Değişimler: Bir Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) Çalışması

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 588 - 599, 15.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.550905

Abstract

Stabilizasyon, puzolanik katkı malzemeleri kullanılarak killerin kıvam,
dayanım ve sıkışma gibi geoteknik özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesidir. Kolay uygulanabilir
ve ekonomik olması nedeniyle günümüzde en fazla tercih edilen yöntemlerden
birisidir. Killi zeminlere belli oranlarda katkı malzemesi eklenerek uygulanan
bu yöntem ile zemin içerisinde meydana gelen puzolanik reaksiyon sonucunda
kilin geoteknik özellikleri iyileştirilebilmektedir. Bu yöntemde kullanılan
katkı malzemeleri kireç, uçucu kül, silis dumanı, çimento, reçine gibi doğal
olmayan puzolanlar ile birlikte tüf, volkanik kül, şeyl, diatomit gibi doğal
puzolanik malzemeler de kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, daha ekonomik olması nedeniyle
stabilizasyonun sadece doğal veya hem doğal hem de yapay puzolanlar
kullanılarak yapılması önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, yapay ve doğal puzolanların
kullanılması durumunda yüksek plastisiteli killerde meydana gelen dokusal
değişimler incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla yapılan laboratuvar çalışmalarında, katkı
malzemesi olarak sönmüş kireç, silis dumanı, uçucu kül ve tüf kullanılmıştır.
Farklı tür ve oranda kullanılan katkı malzemelerinin etkisiyle kilin kıvamında
ve dokusunda meydana gelen değişimler incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalardan elde
edilen sonuçlara göre, özellikle yapay ve doğal katkı malzemelerinin birlikte
kullanıldığı örneklerde likit limit (LL) değerlerinin önemli ölçüde azaldığı
belirlenmiştir. Tüm örneklerde Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) çalışmaları
yapılmıştır. SEM çalışmaları ile elde edilen görüntüler, LL değerlerinde en
fazla azalmanın meydana geldiği örneklerde puzolanik reaksiyon sonucunda önemli
ölçüde topaklanmanın oluştuğunu göstermektedir. Bu örneklerde gelişen
topaklanma sonucunda tane boyutları ve taneler arası boşluklarda artışlar
belirlenmiştir. Ancak,  LL değerindeki
azalmanın sınırlı olduğu örneklerde topaklanma yeterince gelişmemiştir ve
taneler daha plakamsı şekillidir.

References

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The Stabilization of High Plasticity Clays and Textural Changes: A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Study

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 588 - 599, 15.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.550905

Abstract

Stabilization is the
improvement of geotechnical properties of clays such as consistency, strength
and compression by using pozzolanic additives.
Today, it is one of
the most preferred methods because it is easily applicable and economical.
With this method,
which is applied by adding certain amounts of additive to clayey soils, the
geotechnical properties of clay can be improved by the pozzolanic reaction
occurring in the soil.
In this method, natural pozzolanic materials
such as tuff, volcanic ash, shale, and diatomite have been used with the
unnatural pozzolans such as lime, fly ash, silica fume, cement and resin as
additives. However, it is important to make stabilization using only natural or
both natural and unnatural pozzolans since it is more economical. In this
study, the textural changes in high plasticity clay were
investigated when using of natural and unnatural pozzolans
. For this
purpose, in the laboratory studies, slaked lime, silica fume, fly ash and tuff
were used as additives. Variations in the
consistency and texture of the clay due to the effects of different kinds and
proportions of additives were investigated.
According to the results
obtained from the study, it was determined that the liquid limit (LL) values
​​decreased significantly in the samples where the unnatural and natural
additives were used together. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies were
performed in all samples. The images obtained by SEM studies showed that in the
cases where the maximum 
decrease in LL values
​​occurred, significant agglomeration occurred as a result of pozzolanic
reaction.
As a result of the agglomeration in these
samples, increase in grain sizes and intergranular spaces were observed. However,
in the samples where the reduction in LL is limited, agglomeration was not
sufficiently developed and the grains are more plaque-shaped.
  

References

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  • Aksoy, H.S., Yılmaz, M., Akarsu, E.E., 2008. Killi Bir Zeminin Tunçbilek Uçucu Külü Kullanılarak Stabilizasyonu, Doğu Anadolu Bölgeleri Araştırmaları.
  • Alhassan, M., 2008. Permeability of lateritic soil treated with lime and rice husk ash. Assumption Univ., J. Thailand, 12(2): 115-120.
  • Al-Khanbashi, A. and Abdalla, S., 2006. Evaluation of three waterborne polymers as stabilizers for sandy soil, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 24(6), 1603–1625.
  • Al-Rawas, A.A., Hugo, A.W. and Al-Sami, H., 2005. Effect of lime, cement and artificial pozzolan on the swelling potential of an expansive soil from Oman”, Building & Environment, 40, Elsevier, 267-281.
  • Anagnostopoulos, C. and Papaliangas, T., 2012. Experimental investigation of epoxy resin and sand mixes, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(7), 841–849.
  • Anagnostopoulos, C., Kandiliotis, P., Lola M., Karavatos S., 2013. Effect of epoxy resin mixtures on the physical and mechanical properties of sand, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 7(17), 3478–3490.
  • Asgari, M. R., Dezfuli, A. Baghebanzadeh, Bayat, M., 2015. Experimental Study on Stabilization of a Low Plasticity Clayey Coil With Cement/Lime, Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8(3), 1439-1452. ASTM, 2012. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort, (ASTM D698- 12e2). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
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  • Attoh-Okine, N.O., 1995. Lime treatment of laterite soils and gravels-revisited. Constr. Build. Mater., 9(5): 283-287.
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  • Bell, F., 1996. Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Eng. Geol., 42(4): 223-237.
  • Boardman, D.I., Glendinning, S. and Rogers, C.D.F. 2001. “Development of stabilization and solidification in lime-clay mixes”, Geotechnique, 51(6), 533-543.
  • Braga Reis, M.O., 1981. Formation of expansive calcium sulphoaluminate by the action of the sulphate ion on weathered granites in a calcium hydroxide-saturated medium. Cement Concrete Res., 11(4): 541-547.
  • Bulut, Ü., 2007. Perlitin Puzolanik Aktivitesi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 162s.
  • Broms, B. and Boman P., 1977. Stabilization of Soil with Lime-soil Columns. Design Handbook, 2nd Edn., Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Chu, S.C. and Kao, H.S., 1993. A Study of Engineering Propeıties of A Clay Modified By Fly Ash and Slag, Fly Ash for Soil İmprovement, Geotechnical Special Publication, No:36, s. 89-100, Ed.:Sharp K.D., ASCE, Newyork.
  • Chong, S.Y. and Kassim, K.A., 2014. Consolidation characteristics of lime column and Geotextile Encapsulated Lime Column (GELC) stabilized pontian marine clay. Electron. J. Geotech. Eng., 19A: 129-141.
  • Collins, K., 1984. “Characterization of expansive soil microfabric.” In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Expansive Soils, Adelaide, South Australia, pp. 37- 41.
  • Cuisinier, O., Auriol, J-C., Le Borgne, T. and Deneele, D., 2011. “Microstructure and hydraulic conductivity of a compacted lime-treated soil”, Eng. Geol., 123(3), 187-193.
  • Dempsey, B.J. and Thompson, M.R., 1968. Durability Properties of Lime-soil Mixtures. Highway Research Record No. 235, National Research Council, Washington D.C.
  • El-Rawi, N.M. and Awad A.A.A., 1981. Permeability of lime stabilized soils. T. Eng. J., 107(1): 25-35.
  • Fındık, S., 2005. Karayolu esnek üstyapıları alttemel tabakasının stabilizasyonunda hafif agregaların kullanılabilirliği, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans tezi, Isparta.
  • Gilazghi, S., Huang, J., Rezaeimalek, S., Bin-Shafique, S., 2016. Stabilizing sulfate-rich high plasticity clay with moisture activated polymerization, Engineering Geology, 211, 171–178.
  • Geiman, C.M., 2005. Stabilization of soft clay subgrades in Virginia phase I laboratory study. M.A. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
  • Goodarzi, A. R., Goodarzi, Sh., Akbari, H. R., 2015. Assessing Geo-Mechanical and Micro-Structural Performance of Modified Expansive Clayey Soil by Silica Fume as Industrial Waste, Iranian Journal of Science And Technology-Transactions of Civil Engineering, 39 (C2), 333-350.
  • Harichane, K., Ghrici, M., Khebizi, W. and Missoum, H., 2011. “Effet de la combinaison de la chaux et de la pouzzolane naturelle sur la durabilité des sols argileux“, Proceedings of 29th meeting of AUGC-Tlemcen, Algeria, 29-31 mai, 2, 65-75.
  • Hilf, J., 1991. Compacted fill, in: H. Fang (Ed.), Foundation Engineering Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NewYork, ABD.
  • Harris, P., Holdt, P., Sebesta, S., 2006. Recommendations for Stabilization of High-Sulfate Soils in Texas, Federal Highway Administration, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, FHWA/TX-06/0-4240-3.
  • Hossain, K. M. A., Mol, L., 2011. Some Engineering Properties of Stabilized Clayey Soils Incorporating Natural Pozzolans and Industrial Wastes, Construction and Building Materials, 25(8), 3495-3501.
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There are 82 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yasemin Aslan Topçuoğlu 0000-0002-3135-5926

Zülfü Gürocak 0000-0002-1049-8346

Publication Date July 15, 2019
Submission Date April 8, 2019
Acceptance Date May 21, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Aslan Topçuoğlu, Y., & Gürocak, Z. (2019). Yüksek Plastisiteli Killerin Stabilizasyonu ve Dokusal Değişimler: Bir Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) Çalışması. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(3), 588-599. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.550905