Evaluation of the toxic effect of Ziram on Daphnia magna straus using antioxidant enzyme activity and expression of antioxidant system related genes

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 11 - 18, 15.01.2021

Feyza İçoğlu Aksakal

https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.725005

Abstract

Ziram, a broad spectrum fungicide, is a dimethyl-dithiocarbamate universally used for pest control in many agricultural crops. Although ziram is being found in freshwater ecosystems, limited information is found about the toxicity of ziram on aquatic life. Therefore, in the present study, the acute toxicity of ziram on Daphnia magna, a freshwater invertebrate, was evaluated. For this purpose, neonates were exposed to four different concentrations of ziram for 48 hours. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activities and the changes in the expression of genes related to antioxidant enzymes were measured. The results showed that exposure to ziram significantly increased MDA levels, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the expression of genes related to antioxidant system in D. magna. In conclusion, it was determined that short term exposure to ziram lead to acute toxicity by causing oxidative stress in D. magna.

Keywords

Acute toxicity, Daphnia magna, Enzyme activity, Gene expression, Ziram

Ziram’ın Daphnia magna Straus üzerine toksik etkisinin, antioksidan enzim aktivitesi ve antioksidan sistemle ilişkili genlerin ekspresyonu kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Ziram çok sayıda tarım ürününde haşere kontrolü için evrensel olarak kullanılan geniş spektrumlu bir dimetil-ditiyokarbamat fungusittir. Bu fungusite tatlı su ekosistemlerinde rastlanılmasına rağmen, yapılan literatür taramalarında ziramın sucul yaşam üzerine toksisitesi hakkında fazla çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, ziramın bir su omurgasızı olan Daphnia magna üzerine akut toksisitesi değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, D. magna neonatlarına 48 saat süresince 4 farklı konsantrasyonda ziram uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada, malondialdehit miktarı (MDA), süperoksid dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT), glutatyon S-transferaz (GST) enzim aktiviteleri ve bu enzimler ile ilişkili genlerin ifadelerindeki değişimler ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar zirama maruziyetin D. magna’da malondialdehit miktarını, antioksidan enzim aktivitelerini ve antioksidan sistemle ilişkili genlerin ifadelerini artırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak zirama kısa süreli maruz kalmanın D. magna’da oksidatif strese yol açarak akut toksisiteye neden olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Akut toksisite, Daphnia magna, Enzim aktivitesi, Gen ekspresyonu, Ziram

References

• Aebi, H. (1974). Catalase, methods of enzymatic analysis. Elsevier, pp. 673-684. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-091302-2.50032-3
• Bang, S. H., Ahn, J. Y., Hong, N. H., Sekhon, S. S., Kim, Y. H. ve Min, J. (2015). Acute and chronic toxicity assessment and the gene expression of Dhb, Vtg, Arnt, CYP4, and CYP314 in Daphnia magna exposed to pharmaceuticals. Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, 11, 153-160. doi: 10.1007/s13273-015-0013-7
• Barata, C., Varo, I., Navarro, J. C., Arun, S. ve Porte, C. (2005). Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna exposed to redox cycling compounds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology, 140, 175-186. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.01.013
• Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248-254. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
• Calabrese, E. J. (2005). Paradigm lost, paradigm found: The re-emergence of hormesis as a fundamental dose response model in the toxicological sciences. Environmental Pollution, 138, 378-411. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.10.001
• Cao, F., Souders II, C. L., Li, P., Adamovsky, O., Pang, S., Qiu, L. ve Martyniuk, C. J. (2019). Developmental toxicity of the fungicide ziram in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere, 214, 303-313. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.105
• Choi, J. ve Oris, J. T. (2000). Evidence of oxidative stress in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) liver microsomes simultaneously exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation and anthracene. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 19, 1795-1799. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620190713
• Chou, A. P., Maidment, N., Klintenberg, R., Casida, J. E., Li, S., Fitzmaurice, A. G., Fernagut, P. O., Mortazavi, F., Chesselet, M. F. ve Bronstein, J.M. (2008). Ziram causes dopaminergic cell damage by inhibiting E1 ligase of the proteasome. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283, 34696-34703. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M802210200
• Crapo, J. D., McCord, J. M. ve Fridovich, I. (1978). Preparation and assay of superioxide dismutases, Methods in enzymology. Elsevier, pp. 382-393. doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(78)53044-9
• Cui, F., Chai, T., Qian, L. ve Wang, C. (2017). Effects of three diamides (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole and flubendiamide) on life history, embryonic development and oxidative stress biomarkers of Daphnia magna. Chemosphere, 169, 107-116. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.073
• İcoğlu Aksakal, F. (2019). Acute and chronic effects of thifluzamide on Daphnia magna. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 43, 554-559. doi:10.3906/zoo-1909-8
• Kim, H., Kim, J. S. ve Lee, Y. M. (2017). Changes in activity and transcription of antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein 90 in the water flea, Daphnia magna-exposed to mercury. Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 9, 300-308. doi: 10.1007/s13530-017-0335-z
• Lemaire, P., Förlin, L. ve Livingstone, D. R. (1996). Responses of hepatic biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes to CYP1A-inducers (3-methylcholanthrene, β-naphthoflavone) in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), dab (Limanda limanda) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquatic Toxicology, 36, 141-160. doi: 10.1016/S0166-445X(96)00819-3
• Lulla, A., Barnhill, L., Bitan, G., Ivanova, M. I., Nguyen, B., O’Donnell, K., Stahl, M. C., Yamashiro, C., Klärner, F. G. ve Schrader, T. (2016). Neurotoxicity of the parkinson disease-associated pesticide ziram is synuclein-dependent in zebrafish embryos. Environmental Health Perspective, 124, 1766-1775. doi: 10.1289/EHP141
• Martin, C. A., Myers, K. M., Chen, A., Martin, N. T., Barajas, A., Schweizer, F. E. ve Krantz, D. E. (2016). Ziram, a pesticide associated with increased risk for parkinson's disease, differentially affects the presynaptic function of aminergic and glutamatergic nerve terminals at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Experimental Neurology, 275, 232-241. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.017
• Matei, A. M. ve Trombetta, L. D. (2016). Exposure of rat hippocampal astrocytes to ziram increases oxidative stress. Toxicology and Industrial health, 32, 579-588. doi: 10.1177/0748233713504809
• Qi, S., Wang, D. H., Zhu, L., Teng, M., Wang, C., Xue, X. ve Wu, L. (2018). Neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, guadipyr, and cycloxaprid induce acute oxidative stress in Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 148, 352-358. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.042
• Shafi, M., Kamil, S. A., Mir, M. S., Darzi, M. M., Bhat, A. S., Shah, S. ve Dar, K. H. (2016). Haematological study on the fungicide ziram induced acute, subacute and subchronic toxicity in broiler chickens. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 15, 635-639.
• Song, Y., Chen, M. ve Zhou, J. (2017). Effects of three pesticides on superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activities and reproduction of Daphnia magna. Archives of Environmental Protection, 43, 80-86. doi: 10.1515/aep-2017-0010
• Thangavel, P., Ramaswamy, M., Sumathiral, K. ve Amutha, K. (2005). Individual and combined effects of dimecron–ziram on the levels of serum prolactin and selected minerals of an edible freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 81, 24-31. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2004.08.002
• URL-1, Qiagen- https://www.qiagen.com/tr/geneglobe. html. 2020
• URL-2, https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/cleared_reviews/csr_PC-034805_1-May-09_a.pdf US-EPA. (2004). Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) facts for ziram. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-738-F-04-008.
• US-EPA. (2015). Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) facts for ziram. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PC Code, 034805.
• Zhang, Q.F., Li, Y. W., Liu, Z. H. ve Chen, Q. L. (2016). Exposure to mercuric chloride induces developmental damage, oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in zebrafish embryos-larvae. Aquatic Toxicology, 181, 76-85. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.10.029