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Landslides and lateral spreading triggered by the 24 January 2020 Sivrice earthquake (East Anatolian Fault)

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 751 - 760, 15.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.877544

Abstract

On 24 January 2020, a devastating earthquake struck the town of Sivrice in Elazığ province at 20:55 local time (17:55 UTC), resulting in 41 death and significant loss of property. The magnitude of the earthquake was determined to be Mw 6.8 and strong shaking of main shock lasted about 20 seconds. The Sivrice earthquake triggered about 30 landslides over an area of ~55 km2. This article presents the preliminary results of comprehensive study on mapping of the distribution of landslides, lateral spreading and other ground damaged effects triggered by the Sivrice earthquake occurred on the East Anatolian Fault. Following Sivrice earthquake, based on detailed on-ground field studies: (1) The Sivrice earthquake produced fewer landslides than empirical prediction for shallow earthquakes of these magnitudes (Mw 6.8) would suggest; (2) the Sivrice earthquake triggered extensive lateral spreading in Holocene age river banks, and result in the ground tears, opening surface cracks and fissure on flat ground; (3) primary surface rupture was not produced by Sivrice earthquake.

References

  • AFAD (2020). Sivrice earthquake (24 January, 2020) report. Disaster & Emergency Management Authority, Presidential of Earthquake Department.
  • Akbaş, B., Akdeniz, N., Aksay, A., Altun, İ.E., Balcı, V., Bilginer, E., Bilgiç, T., Duru, M., Ercan, T., Gedik, İ., Günay, Y., Güven, İ.H., Hakyemez, H.Y., Konak, N., Papak, İ., Pehlivan, Ş., Sevin, M., Şenel, M., Tarhan, N., Turhan, N., Türkecan, A., Ulu, Ü., Uğuz, M.F. and Yurtsever, A. T. (2011). 1:1.250.000 scaled Geological map of Turkey. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Publication, Ankara-Turkey.
  • Allen,C.R. (1969). Active faulting in northern Turkey. Contribution No:1577, Division of Geological Sciences, California Institute Technology, 32.
  • Altınlı, İ.E. (1963). Explanatory text of the Geological map of Turkey of 1:500 000 scale; Erzurum sheet. Publ. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration Inst., Ankara.
  • Ambraseys, N. N. (1989). Temporary seismic quiescence: SE Turkey. Geophysical Journal 96, 311–331.
  • Ambraseys, N. N. and Finkel, C. (1995). The seismicity of turkey earthquake of 19 December 1977 and the seismicity of the adjacent areas 1500–1800. Eren Yayıncılık ve Kitapcılık, İstanbul. 240.
  • Ambraseys, N. N. and Jackson, J. A. (1998). Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the eastern mediterranean region. Geophysical Journal International 133, 390–406.
  • Arpat, E. and Şaroğlu, F. (1972). The East Anatolian Fault system; thoughts on its development. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration 78, 33-39.
  • Arpat, E. ve Şaroğlu, F. (1975). Türkiye’deki bazı önemli genç tektonik olaylar. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 18(1), 91-101.
  • Barka, A.A. and Kadinsky-Cade K. (1988). Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and influence on earthquake activity. Tectonics 7, 3, 663-684.
  • Bletery, Q., Cavalié, O., Nocquet, J. M. and Ragon, T. (2020). Distribution of interseismic coupling along the north and East Anatolian Faults inferred from InSAR and GPS data. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(16), e2020GL087775. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087775.
  • Dewey, J.F. and Şengör, A.M.C. (1979). Aegean and surrounding regions: complex multiplate and continuum tectonics in a convergent zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin 90, 84–92.
  • Duman, T.Y., Çan, T. and Emre, Ö. (2011). 1/1,500,000 scaled Turkish landslide inventory map. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Special Publications-27, Ankara, Turkey. ISBN: 978-605-4075-84-3
  • Duman, T.Y. and Emre, Ö. (2013). The East Anatolian Fault: geometry, segmentation and jog characteristics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. https://doi: 10.1144/SP372.14.
  • Emre, Ö., Duman, T.Y., Özalp, S., Elmacı, H., Olgun, Ş. and Şaroğlu, F. (2013). Active fault map of turkey with an explanatory text. 1:1,250,000 scale. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Special Publication Series-30, Ankara-Turkey. ISBN: 978-605-5310-56-1.
  • Hempton, M. R. (1985). Structure and morphology of the East Anatolian transform fault zone near lake Hazar, southeastern Turkey. Geological. Society of America Bulletin, 96, 233-243.
  • Herece, E. and Akay, E. (1992). The East Anatolian Fault between Karliova and Celikhan. In Proceeding Petroleum Congress, Chamber of Petroleum Engineer and Turkish Association of Petroleum Geology (pp. 361-372).
  • Herece, E. (2008). Atlas of East Anatolian Fault. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Special Publication Series, 13.
  • Jackson, J. and McKenzie, D. (1984). Active tectonics of the Alpine—Himalayan belt between western Turkey and Pakistan. Geophysical Journal International, 77(1), 185-264.
  • Keefer, D. K. (1984). Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95(4), 406-421.
  • Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) (2020). Instrumental earthquake activity, http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/zeqdb. Accessed 30 October 2020.
  • Köküm, M., and Inceöz, M. (2018). Structural analysis of the northern part of the East Anatolian Fault system. Journal of Structural Geology, 114, 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.06.016.
  • Köküm, M. (2019). Landsat TM görüntüleri üzerinden Doğu Anadolu Fay Sistemi’nin Palu (Elazığ)-Pütürge (Malatya) arasındaki bölümünün çizgisellik analizi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1), 119-127. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.419865.
  • Köküm, M. and Özçeli̇k, F. (2020). An example study on re-evaluation of historical earthquakes: 1789 Palu (Elazığ) earthquake, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 161 (161), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.603929
  • Köküm, M. and Inceöz, M. (2020). Paleostress analysis of the Yeşilyurt-Elazığ fault zone and its importance for the tectonic evolution, east Turkey. Journal of Structural Geology, 104093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104093.
  • Kürçer, A., Elmacı, H., Yıldırım., N. ve Özalp., S. (2020). 24 Ocak 2020 Sivrice (Elâzığ) depremi (mw=6,8) saha gözlemleri ve değerlendirme raporu. Maden Tetkik Arama Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi.
  • Lyberis, N., Yurur, T., Chorowicz, J., Kasapoglu, E. and Gundogdu, N. (1992). The East Anatolian Fault: An oblique collisional belt. Tectonophysics, 204(1-2), 1-15.
  • McKenzie, D. 1972. Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region. Geophysical Journal International, 30(2), 109-185.
  • Pousse Beltran, L., Nissen, E., Bergman, E. A., Cambaz, M. D., Gaudreau, É., Karasözen, E. and Tan, F. (2020). The 2020 M w 6.8 Elazığ (Turkey) earthquake reveals rupture behavior of the East Anatolian Fault. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(13), e2020GL088136. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088136
  • Sayın, E., Yön, B., Onat, O., Gör, M., Öncü, M. E., Tunç, E. T. and Calayır, Y. (2021). 24 January 2020 Sivrice-Elazığ, Turkey earthquake: geotechnical evaluation and performance of structures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 19(2), 657-684.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-01018-4.
  • Seymen, İ. and Aydın, A. (1972). The Bingöl earthquake fault and its relation to the North Anatolian Fault zone. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 79, 1-8.
  • Soysal., H, Sipahioğlu., S, Kolçak., D. and Altinok., Y. (1981). A catalogue of earthquakes for Turkey and surrounding area (BC 2100-AD 1900). Final report, Project number Tbag 341, The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK), Ankara.
  • Strom, A. (2013). Use of indirect evidence for the prehistoric earthquake-induced landslide identification. In Earthquake-induced landslides (pp. 21-30). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Şaroglu, F., Emre, O. and Kuşçu, I. (1992). The east anatolian fault zone of Turkey. Annual Tectonics 6:99–125.
  • Şengör, A. M. C., Görür, N. and Şaroğlu, F. (1985). Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study. Special Publication of Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (SEPM).
  • Tan, O., Tapirdamaz, M. C., and Yörük, A. (2008). The earthquake catalogues for Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17, 405–418.
  • Tanyaş, H., van Westen, C. J., Allstadt, K. E., Anna Nowicki Jessee, M., Görüm, T., Jibson, R. W. and Hovius, N. (2017). Presentation and analysis of a worldwide database of earthquake-induced landslide inventories. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 122. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004236.
  • Tatar, O., Sözbilir, H., Koçbulut, F., Bozkurt, E., Aksoy, E., Eski, S. and Metin, Y. (2020). Surface deformations of 24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazığ)–Doğanyol (Malatya) earthquake (Mw= 6.8) along the Pütürge segment of the East Anatolian Fault zone and its comparison with Turkey’s 100-year-surface ruptures. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 2(3), 385-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-020-00037-2.
  • US Geological Survey (USGS) (2021). Definition of geological term. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-a-landslide-and-what-causes-one?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products. Accessed 10 April 2021.
  • Westaway, R. and Arger, J. (2001). Kinematics of the Malatya–Ovacik fault zone. Geodinamica Acta, 14(1-3), 103-131.
  • Westaway, R. (2003). Kinematics of the middle east and Eastern Mediterranean updated. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 12(1).
  • Xu, J., Liuand, C. and Xiong., X. (2020). Source process of the 24 January 2020 mw 6.7 East Anatolian Fault zone, turkey, earthquake. Seismological Research Letters XX, 1–9. http// doi: 10.1785/0220200124.

24 Ocak 2020 Sivrice depreminin (Doğu Anadolu Fayı) tetiklediği heyelan ve yanal yayılmalar

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 751 - 760, 15.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.877544

Abstract

24 Ocak 2020 tarihinde yerel saat ile 20:55’ te (17:55 UTC) Elazığ ili Sivrice ilçesinde büyük bir deprem meydana gelmiş ve neticesinde 41 kişi hayatını kaybederken önemli maddi kayıplara yol açmıştır. Depremin aletsel büyüklüğü 6,8 olup, kaynak alanda 20 sn. sürmüştür. Sivrice depremi ~55 km2 bir alanda 30 civarında heyelan tetiklemiştir. Bu makale, Doğu Anadolu Fayı'nda meydana gelen Sivrice depreminin tetiklediği heyelanların dağılımını, yanal yayılmayı ve diğer yüzey deformasyonlarının haritalandırılmasına ilişkin kapsamlı bir arazi çalışmasının sonuçlarını sunmaktadır. Sivrice depreminin ardından gerçekleştirilen ayrıntılı saha çalışmalarına dayanarak: (1) Sivrice depremi, bu büyüklüklerdeki sığ depremler için (Mw 6.8) ampirik bağıntılarla hesaplanan tahminlere göre daha az heyelan üretti; (2) Sivrice depremi Holosen yaşlı nehir kıyılarında geniş yanal yayılmaları tetikledi ve zemin yırtılmalarına, yüzey çatlaklarına ve büyük yarıklara neden oldu; (3) birincil yüzey kırılması (yer değiştirme) Sivrice depremi tarafından üretilmedi.

References

  • AFAD (2020). Sivrice earthquake (24 January, 2020) report. Disaster & Emergency Management Authority, Presidential of Earthquake Department.
  • Akbaş, B., Akdeniz, N., Aksay, A., Altun, İ.E., Balcı, V., Bilginer, E., Bilgiç, T., Duru, M., Ercan, T., Gedik, İ., Günay, Y., Güven, İ.H., Hakyemez, H.Y., Konak, N., Papak, İ., Pehlivan, Ş., Sevin, M., Şenel, M., Tarhan, N., Turhan, N., Türkecan, A., Ulu, Ü., Uğuz, M.F. and Yurtsever, A. T. (2011). 1:1.250.000 scaled Geological map of Turkey. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Publication, Ankara-Turkey.
  • Allen,C.R. (1969). Active faulting in northern Turkey. Contribution No:1577, Division of Geological Sciences, California Institute Technology, 32.
  • Altınlı, İ.E. (1963). Explanatory text of the Geological map of Turkey of 1:500 000 scale; Erzurum sheet. Publ. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration Inst., Ankara.
  • Ambraseys, N. N. (1989). Temporary seismic quiescence: SE Turkey. Geophysical Journal 96, 311–331.
  • Ambraseys, N. N. and Finkel, C. (1995). The seismicity of turkey earthquake of 19 December 1977 and the seismicity of the adjacent areas 1500–1800. Eren Yayıncılık ve Kitapcılık, İstanbul. 240.
  • Ambraseys, N. N. and Jackson, J. A. (1998). Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the eastern mediterranean region. Geophysical Journal International 133, 390–406.
  • Arpat, E. and Şaroğlu, F. (1972). The East Anatolian Fault system; thoughts on its development. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration 78, 33-39.
  • Arpat, E. ve Şaroğlu, F. (1975). Türkiye’deki bazı önemli genç tektonik olaylar. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 18(1), 91-101.
  • Barka, A.A. and Kadinsky-Cade K. (1988). Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and influence on earthquake activity. Tectonics 7, 3, 663-684.
  • Bletery, Q., Cavalié, O., Nocquet, J. M. and Ragon, T. (2020). Distribution of interseismic coupling along the north and East Anatolian Faults inferred from InSAR and GPS data. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(16), e2020GL087775. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087775.
  • Dewey, J.F. and Şengör, A.M.C. (1979). Aegean and surrounding regions: complex multiplate and continuum tectonics in a convergent zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin 90, 84–92.
  • Duman, T.Y., Çan, T. and Emre, Ö. (2011). 1/1,500,000 scaled Turkish landslide inventory map. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Special Publications-27, Ankara, Turkey. ISBN: 978-605-4075-84-3
  • Duman, T.Y. and Emre, Ö. (2013). The East Anatolian Fault: geometry, segmentation and jog characteristics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. https://doi: 10.1144/SP372.14.
  • Emre, Ö., Duman, T.Y., Özalp, S., Elmacı, H., Olgun, Ş. and Şaroğlu, F. (2013). Active fault map of turkey with an explanatory text. 1:1,250,000 scale. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Special Publication Series-30, Ankara-Turkey. ISBN: 978-605-5310-56-1.
  • Hempton, M. R. (1985). Structure and morphology of the East Anatolian transform fault zone near lake Hazar, southeastern Turkey. Geological. Society of America Bulletin, 96, 233-243.
  • Herece, E. and Akay, E. (1992). The East Anatolian Fault between Karliova and Celikhan. In Proceeding Petroleum Congress, Chamber of Petroleum Engineer and Turkish Association of Petroleum Geology (pp. 361-372).
  • Herece, E. (2008). Atlas of East Anatolian Fault. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Special Publication Series, 13.
  • Jackson, J. and McKenzie, D. (1984). Active tectonics of the Alpine—Himalayan belt between western Turkey and Pakistan. Geophysical Journal International, 77(1), 185-264.
  • Keefer, D. K. (1984). Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95(4), 406-421.
  • Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) (2020). Instrumental earthquake activity, http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/zeqdb. Accessed 30 October 2020.
  • Köküm, M., and Inceöz, M. (2018). Structural analysis of the northern part of the East Anatolian Fault system. Journal of Structural Geology, 114, 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.06.016.
  • Köküm, M. (2019). Landsat TM görüntüleri üzerinden Doğu Anadolu Fay Sistemi’nin Palu (Elazığ)-Pütürge (Malatya) arasındaki bölümünün çizgisellik analizi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1), 119-127. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.419865.
  • Köküm, M. and Özçeli̇k, F. (2020). An example study on re-evaluation of historical earthquakes: 1789 Palu (Elazığ) earthquake, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 161 (161), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.603929
  • Köküm, M. and Inceöz, M. (2020). Paleostress analysis of the Yeşilyurt-Elazığ fault zone and its importance for the tectonic evolution, east Turkey. Journal of Structural Geology, 104093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104093.
  • Kürçer, A., Elmacı, H., Yıldırım., N. ve Özalp., S. (2020). 24 Ocak 2020 Sivrice (Elâzığ) depremi (mw=6,8) saha gözlemleri ve değerlendirme raporu. Maden Tetkik Arama Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi.
  • Lyberis, N., Yurur, T., Chorowicz, J., Kasapoglu, E. and Gundogdu, N. (1992). The East Anatolian Fault: An oblique collisional belt. Tectonophysics, 204(1-2), 1-15.
  • McKenzie, D. 1972. Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region. Geophysical Journal International, 30(2), 109-185.
  • Pousse Beltran, L., Nissen, E., Bergman, E. A., Cambaz, M. D., Gaudreau, É., Karasözen, E. and Tan, F. (2020). The 2020 M w 6.8 Elazığ (Turkey) earthquake reveals rupture behavior of the East Anatolian Fault. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(13), e2020GL088136. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088136
  • Sayın, E., Yön, B., Onat, O., Gör, M., Öncü, M. E., Tunç, E. T. and Calayır, Y. (2021). 24 January 2020 Sivrice-Elazığ, Turkey earthquake: geotechnical evaluation and performance of structures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 19(2), 657-684.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-01018-4.
  • Seymen, İ. and Aydın, A. (1972). The Bingöl earthquake fault and its relation to the North Anatolian Fault zone. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 79, 1-8.
  • Soysal., H, Sipahioğlu., S, Kolçak., D. and Altinok., Y. (1981). A catalogue of earthquakes for Turkey and surrounding area (BC 2100-AD 1900). Final report, Project number Tbag 341, The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK), Ankara.
  • Strom, A. (2013). Use of indirect evidence for the prehistoric earthquake-induced landslide identification. In Earthquake-induced landslides (pp. 21-30). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Şaroglu, F., Emre, O. and Kuşçu, I. (1992). The east anatolian fault zone of Turkey. Annual Tectonics 6:99–125.
  • Şengör, A. M. C., Görür, N. and Şaroğlu, F. (1985). Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study. Special Publication of Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (SEPM).
  • Tan, O., Tapirdamaz, M. C., and Yörük, A. (2008). The earthquake catalogues for Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17, 405–418.
  • Tanyaş, H., van Westen, C. J., Allstadt, K. E., Anna Nowicki Jessee, M., Görüm, T., Jibson, R. W. and Hovius, N. (2017). Presentation and analysis of a worldwide database of earthquake-induced landslide inventories. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 122. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004236.
  • Tatar, O., Sözbilir, H., Koçbulut, F., Bozkurt, E., Aksoy, E., Eski, S. and Metin, Y. (2020). Surface deformations of 24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazığ)–Doğanyol (Malatya) earthquake (Mw= 6.8) along the Pütürge segment of the East Anatolian Fault zone and its comparison with Turkey’s 100-year-surface ruptures. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 2(3), 385-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-020-00037-2.
  • US Geological Survey (USGS) (2021). Definition of geological term. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-a-landslide-and-what-causes-one?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products. Accessed 10 April 2021.
  • Westaway, R. and Arger, J. (2001). Kinematics of the Malatya–Ovacik fault zone. Geodinamica Acta, 14(1-3), 103-131.
  • Westaway, R. (2003). Kinematics of the middle east and Eastern Mediterranean updated. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 12(1).
  • Xu, J., Liuand, C. and Xiong., X. (2020). Source process of the 24 January 2020 mw 6.7 East Anatolian Fault zone, turkey, earthquake. Seismological Research Letters XX, 1–9. http// doi: 10.1785/0220200124.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Köküm 0000-0001-5149-3931

Publication Date July 15, 2021
Submission Date February 9, 2021
Acceptance Date May 2, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Köküm, M. (2021). Landslides and lateral spreading triggered by the 24 January 2020 Sivrice earthquake (East Anatolian Fault). Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 751-760. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.877544