SEBEPLİ EYLEM TEORİSİ BAĞLAMINDA ÜCRETLİ POŞET KULLANIM NİYETİ ÜZERİNDE ETKİLİ FAKTÖRLERİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 17, 94 - 107, 09.07.2020

Mehmet Hanefi Topal , Hamdi Furkan Günay , Candan Yılmaz , Aykut Aydın

Abstract

Son yıllarda artan çevre sorunları karşısında kamusal önlemlerin sürdürülebilir çevre için etkili olup olmadığı tartışması akademik ve politik bir gündem haline gelmiştir. Ciddi çevresel tahribata neden olan plastik poşetlerin kullanımının mali çözüm araçları ile azaltılması bu ilginin bir yansımasıdır. Yakın zamanda ülkemizde de plastik poşet kullanımının azaltabilmesi için ücretli poşet (ücret ve vergi) uygulaması hayata geçirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı çevresel kaygılar, algılanan tüketici etkinliği ve çevre bilinci ile genişletilmiş sebepli eylem teorisi bağlamında ücretli plastik poşet kullanım niyeti üzerinde etkili olan faktörlerin belirlenmesidir. Araştırmanın örneklemini Gümüşhane ilinde ikamet etmekte olan 434 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Anket yöntemiyle toplanan veriler çok değişkenli istatistiksel analizler ve yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları şu sonuçları göstermektedir. Uygulama tüketicilerin ücretli poşet kullanımını azaltmıştır. Tüketicilerin çevresel kaygıları, algılanan tüketici etkinliği, çevre bilinci, ücretli plastik poşetlere yönelik tutumu ve sübjektif normları plastik poşet kullanmama niyeti üzerinde pozitif yönde etkilidir. Araştırma sonuçları tüketicilerin plastik poşet kullanımını azalttığını ortaya koymakla beraber bunun sürdürülebilirliği noktasında bazı soru işaretlerinin olduğuna da göstermektedir.

Keywords

Sebepli Eylem Teorisi, Ücretli Plastik Poşet, Plastik Poşet Kullanım Niyeti, Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli

INVESTIGATING OF THE EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON THE PAID BAG USAGE INTENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

Abstract

The debate on whether public measures are effective for a sustainable environment in the face of increasing environmental problems in recent years has become an academic and political agenda. Reducing the use of plastic bags that cause serious environmental damage by means of financial solution is a reflection of this interest. Recently, in order to reduce the use of plastic bags in also our country, paid bag (fee and tax) application has been implemented. The aim of this study is to determine the factors that affect the intention to use paid plastic bags in the context of theory of reasoned action extended by environmental concerns, perceived consumer effectiveness and environmental consciousness. The sample of the study consists of 434 people residing in Gümüşhane province. The data collected by the survey method were analysed using multivariate statistical analysis and structural equation modelling. The research findings show following results. The measures reduced consumers' use of paid bags. Consumers' environmental concerns, perceived consumer effectiveness, environmental consciousness, attitude towards paid plastic bags and their subjective norms have a positive effect on their intention to not use plastic bags. Research results reveal that consumers reduce the use of plastic bags, but it also shows that there are some question marks regarding its sustainability.

Keywords

The Theory of Reasoned Action, Paid Plastic Bag, Plastic Bag Usage Intention, Structural Equation Modelling

References

• AHMAD, A. & THYAGARAJ, K. S. (2015). “Consumer’s Intention to Purchase Green Brands: the Roles of Environmental Concern, Environmental Knowledge and Self Expressive Benefits”, Current World Environment, 10(3), 879-889.
• AKSOY, H. (2019) “Türk Tüketicilerin Lüks Ürün Satın Alma Davranışları Üzerinde Dinin Etkisinin Analiz Edilmesi”, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 18(2), 581-596.
• ALBARRACIN, D., JOHNSON, B. T., FISHBEIN, M. & MUELLERLEILE, P. A. (2001). “Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior as Models of Condom Use: A Meta-Analysis”, Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 142–161.
• ALI, A., KHAN, A. A. & AHMED, I. (2011). “Determinants of Pakistani Consumers’ Green Purchase Behavior: Some Insights from a Developing Country”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(3), 217-226.
• AJZEN, I. (1991). “The Theory of Planned Behavior”, Organızational Behavior ad Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
• AJZEN, I. & FİSHBEIN, M. (2005). “The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior”, In Albarracín, D., Johnson, B.T. and Zanna, M.P. (Ed.). The Handbook of Attitudes. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 173-221.
• AJZEN, I. (2009). A Theory of Planned Behavior. https://people.umass.edu/aizen/tpb.html, (14.11.19).
• ANADOLU AJANSI (2019). Poşet Satın Almayan Vatandaştan Çevreye 150 Bin Tonluk Katkı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/poset-satin-almayan-vatandastan-cevreye-150-bin-tonluk-katki-/ 1674151. (15.12.2019)
• AREVALO, M. & BROWN, L. D. (2019). “Using A Reasoned Action Approach to Identify Determinants of Organized Exercise Among Hispanics: A Mixed-Methods Study”, BMC Public Health, 19, 1181, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7527-1.
• BAGOZZI, R. P., WONG, N., ABE, S., & BERGAMI, M. (2000). “Cultural and Situational Contingencies and The Theory of Reasoned Action: Application to Fast Food Restaurant Consumption”, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 9(2), 97–106.
• BANG, H., ELLINGER, A. E. & HADJIMARCOU, J. (2000). “Consumer Concern, Knowledge, Belief, and Attitude Toward Renewable Energy: An Application of The Reasoned Action Theory”, Psychology & Marketing, 17(6), 449-468.
• BASHIR, S., KHWAJA, M. G., TURI J. A. VE TOHEED, H. (2019). “Extension of Planned Behavioral Theory to Consumer Behaviors In Green Hotel”, Heliyon, 5(12). 1-8.
• BAUMGARTNER, J., & HOMBURG, C. (1996). “Applications of Structural Equation Modeling in Marketing and Consumer Research: A Review”, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161.
• BIDIN, Z. IDRIS, K. M. & SHAMSUDIN, F. M. (2009). “Predicting Compliance Intention on Zakah on Employment Income in Malaysia: An Application of Reasoned Action Theory”, Jurnal Pengurusan, 28, 85-102.
• BIDIN, Z., SHAMSUDIN, F. M. & OTHMAN, Z. (2014). “Using Theory of Reasoned Action to Explain Taxpayer Intention to Comply With Goods and Services Tax”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(1), 131-139.
• BİLEN, U. (2019). “Plastik Poşet Zararlarını Önleme ve Tüketici Bilinci Oluşturma Üzerine Bir Çalışma”, European Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(1), 65-69.
• CABRERA, M. J., CAFFERA, M. & CID, A. (2019). Is The Willingness To Pay For Plastic Bags Low? Evidence From A Private Pricing Initiative, Segundo Workshop Sobre Economía Del Medio Ambiente Y La Energía, Buenos Aires, 7 Octubre 2019.
• CHAUDHARY, R. & BİSAI, S. (2018). “Factors Influencing Green Purchase Behavior of Millennials in India”, Management of Environmental Quality, 29(5), 798-812.
• CHAN, R. Y. K. & LAU, L. B. Y. (2002). “Explaining Green Purchasing Behavior”, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 14(2-3), 9-40.
• CHANG, M. K. (1998). “Predicting Unethical Behavior: A Comparison of The Theory of Reasoned Action and The Theory of Planned Behavior”, Journal of Business Ethics, 17, (16), 1825-1834.
• CHO, Y., THYROFF, A., RAPERT, M. I., PARK, S. & LEE, H. J. (2013). “To Be or Not To Be Green: Exploring Individualism and Collectivism as Antecedents of Environmental Behavior”, Journal of Business Research, 66(8), 1052-1059.
• CONVERY, F., MCDONELL, S., & FERREIRA S. (2007). “The Most Popular Tax in Europe? Lessons from The Irish Plastic Bags Levy”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 38(1), 1-11.
• ÇELİKKAYA, A. (2020). “En Son Çevre Vergisi Reformları Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Mali Çözüm Dergisi, 30(158), 13-27.
• DAGHER, G. K. & ITANI, O. (2014). “Factors Influencing Green Purchasing Behaviour: Empirical Evidence from The Lebanese Consumers”, Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 13, 188–195.
• DIKGANG, J. & VISSER, M. (2012). “Behavioural Response to Plastic Bag Legislation In Botswana”, South African Journal of Economics, 80(1), 123-133.
• DISTEFANO, C. (2002). “The Impact of Categorization with Confirmatory Factor Analysis”, Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 327–346.
• DOLL, W. J., XIA, W. & TORKZADEH, G. (1994). “A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of The End-User Computing Satisfaction Instrument”, MIS Quarterly, 18(4), 453-461.
• DURSUN, İ. (2019). “Türkiye’de Plastik Poşetlerin Ücretlendirilmesi Uygulamasına Yönelik Tüketici Tepkilerinin Belirlenmesi”, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 427-446.
• DURSUN, İ. (2020). “Plastik Poşetlerin Ücretlendirilmesi Uygulamasına Gösterilen Tutumsal ve Davranışsal Desteğin Açıklanmasına Yönelik Model Önerisi”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 129-148.
• ELLEN, P., WIENER, J., & COBB-WALGREN, C. (1991). “The Role of Perceived Consumer Effectiveness in Motivating Environmentally Conscious Behaviors”, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 10(2), 102-117.
• EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2014). New Proposals To Reduce Plastic Bag Use, https:// ec.europa.eu/environment/efe/themes/waste/new-proposals-reduce-plasticbag-use_en. (10.08.2016).
• FISHBEIN, M., & AJZEN, I. (1975). Belief Attitudes Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research, Califonia: Addison-Wesely http://people.umass.edu/aizen/f&a1975.html, (08.11.2019).
• FISHBEIN, M. & MIDDLESTADT, S. E. (1987). “Using The Theory of Reasoned Action to Develop Educational Interventions: Applications to Illicit Drug Use”, Health Education Research Theory and Practice, 2(4), 361-371.
• FORZA, C. & FILIPPINI, R. (1998). “TQM Impact on Quality Conformance and Customer Satisfaction: A Causal Model”, International Journal of Production Economics, 55, 1-20.
• FRANKFORT-NACHMIAS, C. & LEON-GUERRERO, A. (2006). Social Statistics For A Diverse Society (4th Edition). SAGE Publications
• GODIN, G. & KOK, G. (1996). “The Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review of Its Applications to Health-Related Behaviors”, American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 87-98.
• GÜRBÜZ, H. & YILMAZ, V. (2018). “Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Naylon Poşet Kullanımına İlişkin Tutum ve Davranışlarının Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesiyle Araştırılması”, Sosyoekonomi, 26(38), 135-149.
• GÜZEL, S., & ÖZKAN, E. (2018). “Plastik Poşet Vergisi Uygulaması: Türkiye İçin Bir Değerlendirme”, Vergi Dünyası, 38(455), 43-57.
• HAN, H., HSU, L. T. & LEE, J. S. (2009). “Empirical Investigation of The Roles of Attitudes Towards Green Behaviors, Overall Image, Gender, wnd Age in Hotel Customers’ Eco-Friendly Decision-Making Process”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(4), 519-528.
• HE, H. (2012). “Effects of Environmental Policy on Consumption: Lessons from The Chinese Plastic Bag Regulation”, Environment and Development Economics, 17(4), 407-431.
• HOMONOFF, A. T. (2018). “Can Small Incentives Have Large Effects? The Impact of Taxes Versus Bonuses On Disposable Bag Use”, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 10(4), 1-35.
• HOOGLAND, J. J., & BOOMSMA, A. (1998). “Robustness Studies in Covariance Structure Modeling: An Overview and Meta-Analysis”, Sociological Methods & Research, 26, 329–367.
• HU, L. & BENTLER, P. M. (1999). “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives”, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
• IBRAHIM, I., BIDIN, Z., SAAD, N. & MANSOR, M. (2018). Predicting the Intention to Use Monthly Tax Deduction as Final Tax Among Malaysian Salaried Taxpayers, 5th International Conference on Accounting Studies (ICAS 2018), 16-17 October 2018, Penang, Malaysia.
• JAKOVCEVIC, A., STEG, L., MAZZEO, N., CABALLERO, R., FRANCO, P., PUTRINO, N. & FAVARA, J. (2014). “Charges For Plastic Bags: Motivational and Behavioral Effects”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 372-380.
• KALAFATIS, S. P., POLLARD, M., EAST, R., & TSOGAS, M. H. (1999). “Green Marketing and Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior: A Cross-Market Examination”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(5), 441–460.
• KANG, J., LIU, C. & KIM, S. (2013). “Environmentally Sustainable Textile and Apparel Consumption: The Role of Consumer Knowledge, Perceived Consumer Effectiveness and Perceived Personal Relevance”, International Journal of Consumer Studies, 37(4), 442-452.
• KILIÇER, E. (2018), “Plastik Poşet Vergisi ve Örnek Ülke Uygulamaları”, Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, 357, 55-67.
• KIM, Y. & CHOI, S. M. (2005). “Antecedents of Green Purchase Behavior: An Examination of Collectivism, Environmental Concern, and PCE”, Advances in Consumer Research, 32, 592-599.
• KIM, Y. & HAN, H. (2010). “Intention to Pay Conventional-Hotel Prices at A Green Hotel – A Modification of The Theory of Planned Behavior”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(8), 997-1014.
• KIRMANI, M. D. & KHAN, M. N. (2016). “Environmental Concern to Attitude Towards Green Products: Evidences from India”, Serbian Journal of Management, 11(2), 159–179.
• LADA, S., TANAKINJAL, G. H. & AMIN, H. (2009). “Predicting Intention to Choose Halal Products Using Theory of Reasoned Action”, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 20(1), 66-76.
• LAROCHE, M., BERGERON, J., & BARBARO-FORLEO, G. (2001). “Targeting Consumers Who are Willing to Pay More For Environmentally Friendly Products”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(6). 503–520.
• LERSKIATIPHANICH, S. (2018). The Effect of Tax and Subsidy on Plastic Uses In Thailand, Senior Research. Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Economics, The Bachelor of Arts Program in Economics.
• LI, G., LI, W., JIN, Z. & WANG, Z. (2019). “Influence of Environmental Concern and Knowledge on Households’ Willingness to Purchase Energy-Efficient Appliances: A Case Study in Shanxi, China”, Sustainability, 11(4), 1-18.
• LIU, J., LI, G., LI, H. & WANG, Z. (2017). “Planned Behavior Theory-Based Study on The Influencing Factors in Construction Waste Reducing Willingness—With Construction Workers As An Example”, Ekoloji, 26(102): 13-28.
• LITCHFIELD, R. & WHITE, K. M (2006). “Young Adults' Willingness and Intentions to Use Amphetamines: An Application of The Theory of Reasoned Action”, E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(1), 1-8.
• MALONEY, J., LEE, M., JACKSON, V. & KIMBERLY, A. M. (2014). “Consumer Willingness to Purchase Organic Products: Application of The Theory of Planned Behavior”, Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 5(4). 308-321.
• MAMUN, A. A., MOHJUDDIN, M., AHMAD, G. B., THURASAMY, R. & FAZAL, S. A. (2018). “Recycling Intention and Behavior Among Low-Income Households”, Sustainability, 10(7), 1-22.
• MARTINHO G., NATACHA B. & ANA P. (2017). “The Portuguese Plastic Carrier Bag Tax: The Effects on Consumers’ Behavior”, Waste Management, 61, 3-12.
• MCBRIDE, M., CARTER, L. & PHILLIPS, B. (2020). “Integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior and Behavioral Attitudes to Explore Texting Among Young Drivers in The US”, International Journal of Information Management, 50, 365–374.
• MEYDAN, C. H. & ŞEŞEN, H. (2015). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi: AMOS Uygulamaları (2.Bs.). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• MOSTAFA, M. M., (2007). “A Hierarchical Analysis of The Green Consciousness of The Egyptian Consumer”, Psychology & Marketing, 24(5), 445-473.
• MUTHU S. S., LI, Y., HU, J. Y. & MOK, P. Y. (2011). “Carbon Footprint of Shopping (Grocery) Bags in China, Hong Kong and India”, Atmospheric Enviroment, 45(2), 469-475.
• NGUYEN, H. V., NGUYEN, C. H. & HOANG, T. T. B. (2019). “Green Consumption: Closing the Intention‐Behavior Gap”, Sustainable Development, 27, 118– 129.
• NOR, K. M., SHANAB, E. A. A. & PEARSON, J. M. (2008). “Internet Banking Acceptance in Malaysia Based on The Theory of Reasoned Action”, Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, 5(1), 03-14.
• NUNNALLY, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd Ed.). New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
• OLIVER, L. R. & BEARDEN, W. O. (1985). “Crossover Effects in The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Moderating Influence Attempt”, Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 324-340.
• ÖZÇELİK, G. E. (2019). Naylonlaşan Dünyada Poşet Krizi: Dünya-Türkiye Uygulaması, Konya, Araştırma Raporu Ekonomik Araştırmalar ve Proje Müdürlüğü.
• ÖZTÜRK, M. A. (2011). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of The Educators’ Attitudes Toward Educational Research Scale”, Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(2), 737-748.
• ÖZTÜRK, A. & TEMİZKAN, V. (2018). “Tüketicilerin Anneler Gününde Hediye Satın Alma Davranışlarının Sebepli Davranış Teorisi Bağlamında İncelenmesi”, EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 22(76), 37-56.
• PAÇO, A., & RAPOSO, M. (2009). “Green Segmentation: An Application to The Portuguese Consumer Market”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 27(3), 364–379.
• PARK, S. H., OH, K. W. & NA, Y. K. (2013). “The Effects of Environment-Conscious Consumer Attitudes Towards Eco-Friendly Product and Artificial Leather Fashion Product Purchase Intentions”, Fashion & Textile Researches Journal, 15(1), 57-64.
• POORTINGA, W., WHITMARSH, L., & SUFFOLK, C. (2012). “The Introduction of A Single-Use Carrier Bag Charge in Wales: Attitude Change and Behavioural Spillover Effects”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 240-247.
• ROBERTS, J. A. (1996). “Green Consumers in The 1990s: Profile and Implications for Advertising”, Journal of Business Research, 36, 217–231.
• ROUSSEAU, G. G. & VENTER, D. (2001). “A Multi-Cultural Investigation into Consumer Environmental Concern”, Journal of Industrial Psychology, 27(1), 1-7.
• SAIDAN, M., ANSOUR, L. M. & SAIDAN, H. (2017). “Management of Plastic Bags Waste: An Assessment of Scenarıos in Jordan”, Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 52(1), 148-154.
• SANDALCI, U. (2019). Plastik Poşet Vergisine İlişkin Halkın Düşünceleri: Alan Araştırması, Uluslararası Erciyes Bilimsel Araştırmalar Kongresi, 26-28 Nisan, Erciyes, Türkiye.
• SANDALCI, İ. & SANDALCI U. (2019). “Çevre Sorunlarıyla Mücadele Aracı Olarak Plastik Poşet Vergisi”, Ö. Saygın (Ed.), Teoriden Pratiğe Güncel Vergi Konuları (ss. 23-43), Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi.
• SCHUMACKER, R. E. & LOMAX, R. G. (2004) A Beginner’s Guide To Structural Equation Modeling, https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=tff4agaaqbaj&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q= 250%20-%20500&f=false, (17.12.19).
• SHEERAN, P. (2002). “Intention - Behavior Relations: A Conceptual and Empirical Review”, European Review of Social Psychology, 12(1), 1-36.
• SHEPPARD, B. H., HARTWICK, J. & WARSHAW, P. R. (1988). “The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Meta-Analysis of Past Research with Recommendations for Modifications and Future Research”, Journal of Consumer Research, 15(3), 325-343.
• SHIMP, A. T. VE KAVAS, A. (1984). “The Theory of Reasoned Action Applied to Coupon Usage”, Journal of Consumer Research, 11, 795-809.
• SMART, M. (2012). The Application of The Theory of Planned Behaviour and Structural Equation Modelling in Tax Compliance Behaviour: A New Zealand Study, Unpublished Dissertation University of Canterbury: New Zealand.
• SMITH, S. & PALADINO, A. (2010). “Eating Clean and Green? Investigating Consumer Motivations Towards the Purchase of Organic Food”, Australasian Marketing Journal, 18, 93-104.
• SUTTON, S. (1998). “Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well are We Doing?”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(15), 1317-1338.
• STRAUGHAN, R. D. & ROBERTS, J. A. (1999). “Environmental Segmentation Alternatives: A Look at Green Consumer Behavior in The New Millennium”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(6), 558–575.
• ŞAHİN, M. (2020). “Sürdürülebilir Çevre Dinamikleri İçin Yeni Bir Enstrüman: Plastik Poşet Vergisi”, Vergi Raporu, 246, 107-121.
• TARKIAINEN, A. & SUNDQVIST, S. (2005). “Subjective Norms, Attitudes and Intentions of Finnish Consumers in Buying Organic Food”, British Food Journal, 107(11), 808–822.
• TAŞÇIOĞLU, M. (2020). T”üketicilerin Plastik Market Poşetleriyle İlgili Algılarını Etkileyen Faktörlerin Senaryo Bazlı Deney Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(1), 122-137.
• TAYLOR, S. & TODD, P. A. (1995). “Understanding Information Technology Usage: A Test of Competing Models”, Information Systems Research, 6(2), 144-176.
• THOMAS, O. G., SAUTKINA, E., POORTINGA, W., WOLSTENHOLME, E. & WHITMARSH, L. (2019). “The English Plastic Bag Charge Changed Behavior and Increased Support for Other Charges to Reduce Plastic Waste”, Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-12.
• TORLAK, Ö. & ÖZKARA, B. Y. (2017). “Sebepli Eylem Teorisi Bağlamında, Kişilik Özelliklerinin İnternet Üzerinden Satın Alma Davranışı Üzerindeki Rolü”, Pazarlama Teorisi ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 3(1), 77-94.
• VLOSKY, R. P., OZANNE, L. K., & FONTENOT, R. J. (1999). “A Conceptual Model of US Consumer Willingness To-Pay For Environmentally Certified Wood Products”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(2), 122–136.
• WAGNER, T. P. & NATHAN B. (2016). “The Generation and Cost of Litter Resulting from The Curbside Collection of Recycling”, Water Management, 50, 3-9.
• WEINER, J. L. & DOESCHER, T. A. (1991), “A Framework for Promoting Cooperation”, Journal of Marketing, 55, 38-47.
• YAHYA, W. K., HASHIM, N. H., MOHAMAD, S. A. & RAMLY, Z. (2013). The Relationship Between Perceived Consumer Effectiveness, Environmental Concern and Ecologically Conscious Consumer Behavior, 3rd Annual International Conference on Business Strategy and Organizational Behaviour, 22-23 April 2013, Singapore.
• YAŞA, Y. A., & COP, R. (2019). “Yeşil Pazarlama Anlayışında Tüketicilerin Plastik Poşet Kullanımına Yönelik Bakış Açıları: Belçika Örneği”, Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 5(1), ss. 34-45.
• YİĞİT, B., KARABACAK E., & SALİHOĞLU G. (2017), “Türkiye’de Plastik Poşet Kullanımının Azaltılması”, ÇMO Çevre Bilim ve Teknoloji Teknik Dergisi, 2 (2), 76-95.