An Evaluation of the Smart City Discussions and the Case of Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 87 - 104, 28.04.2023

Ömer Ünsal , Sedat Avcı

https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.1229850

Cited By: 1

Abstract

This study, it is aimed to evaluate the outlook in Turkey by examining the concept of a smart city and its aims. Adopting a critical approach, the study found that in the 1.0 version of smart city projects, they were disconnected from each other, sustainability was misunderstood, they were technology-centered and relied on gray literature, while in the 2.0 version they had a human-centered, sustainability, efficiency, and quality of life-oriented appearance. Turkey`s smart city evaluation has limited due to strategy and action plans, maturity assessment models and indices are not open to the public, in addition to important deficiencies in cooperation have been identified. It is quite logical that 'mind', which enables us to think of adjectives such as intelligent, sustainable, livable, resilient, age-friendly, and inclusive, includes these adjectives when added to the front of the city. In other words, a smart city is already sustainable, livable, resilient. It is recommended that the word "smart", which is associated with smart devices, should be considered as "smart" like people who act truly smart, and that cities should not be turned into technology dumps. In this way, even if technology is removed from the concept of smart cities, cities that act smart will remain, and solutions to today's and future problems of cities such as adaptation to climate change, mitigation of its effects, and struggle will be produced faster. In other words, it is thought that it would be more accurate for the cities of today and the future to focus on the goals by using the expression smart city or "mind-friendly city" for cities where the application of technology and innovative methods is not a goal but a means.

Keywords

Sürdürülebilirlik, Verimlilik, Kentsel Yaşam Kalitesi, Akıllı Şehir, Türkiye., Sustainability, Productivity, Quality of Urban Life, Smart City, Turkey.

Akıllı Şehir Tartışmaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme ve Türkiye

Abstract

Çalışmada akıllı şehir kavramının ve amaçlarının irdelenmesi ile Türkiye’deki görünümün değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Eleştirel bir yaklaşım ve nitel araştırma yöntemleri ile akıllı şehir kavramının derinlemesine incelendiği çalışmada akıllı şehir çalışmalarının versiyon 1.0 döneminde birbirinden kopuk, sürdürülebilirliğin yanlış anlaşıldığı, teknoloji merkezli ve gri literatürden beslendiği, versiyon 2.0’da ise insan merkezli, sürdürülebilirlik, verimlilik ve yaşam kalitesi amaçlarına odaklı bir görünüme sahip olduğu bulgularına ulaşılmıştır. Strateji ve eylem planları, olgunluk değerlendirme modelleri ile endekslerin halka açık olmaması Türkiye değerlendirmesini kısıtlamakla birlikte iş birliği konusunda önemli eksiklikler tespit edilmiştir. Dijital, zeki, sürdürülebilir, yaşanabilir, dirençli, yaşlı dostu, kapsayıcı gibi sıfatları düşünebilmemizi sağlayan ‘akıl’, şehrin önüne eklendiğinde de bu sıfatları kapsaması oldukça mantıklıdır. Diğer bir deyişle akıllı olan bir şehir zaten sürdürülebilir, yaşanabilir, dirençli ve kapsayıcıdır. Akıllı cihazlarla özdeşleşen “akıllı” kelimesinin gerçek anlamda akıllı davranan insanlar gibi “akıllı” olarak değerlendirilmesi ve şehirlerin teknoloji çöplüğüne dönüştürülmemesi tavsiye edilmektedir. Bu sayede akıllı şehir kavramından teknoloji çıkarılsa da geriye akıllı davranan şehirler kalabilecek, iklim değişikliğine uyum, etkilerinin hafifletilmesi ve mücadele gibi şehirlerin günümüz ve gelecekteki sorunlarına daha hızlı çözüm üretilebilecektir. Sonuç olarak teknolojinin ve yenilikçi yöntemleri uygulamanın bir amaç değil araç olduğu şehirler için akıllı şehir veya “akıl dostu şehir” ifadesinin kullanılarak amaçlara odaklanmanın günümüz ve geleceğin kentleri açısından daha doğru olacağı değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

Sürdürülebilirlik, Verimlilik, Kentsel Yaşam Kalitesi, Akıllı Şehir, Türkiye., Sustainability, Productivity, Quality of Urban Life, Smart City, Turkey.

References

• Akpınar, M. T., & Atak, M. (2020). 1990'dan 2020'ye akıllı şehir çalışmalarının bibliyometrik analizi. Uluslararası Global Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 85-100.
• Atabay, E., Çizel, B., & Ajanovic, E. (2019). Akıllı şehir araştırmalarının R programı ile bibliometrik analizi. İçinde O. Emir (Ed.), 20. Ulusal Turizm Kongresi, (Cilt 3, ss. 1130-1136). Anadolu Üniversitesi Basımevi. https://utk22.maku.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/UTK-20-3.-cilt.pdf
• Ayık, C. (2019). Sürdürülebilir kentleşme endeks modeli önerisi: İstanbul örneği (Tez No. 546248) [Doktora tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Bent, E., Crowley, M., Nutter M., & Wheeler, C. (2014). Getting smart about smart cities. USDN Research Guide. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/531e766be4b030d9a20a99e1/t/5581e084e4b06eb9aea8dcd3/1434574980711/Smart+Cities+RG.pdf.
• Bélissent, J. (2010). Getting clever about smart cities: New opportunities require new business models. Cambridge, MA: Forrester Research.
• Boulanger, S. O. (2017). From smart to green cities: A KPI-based model for the built environment regeneration [Dottorato di ricerca in Architettura University of Bologna]. AlmaDL University of Bologna Digital Library. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/id/eprint/8018
• British Standards Institution (BSI). (2014). PAS 180: 2014 smart cities – vocabulary. https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030298436.
• Calman, K. C. (1984). Quality of life in cancer patients - an hypothesis. Journal of Medical Ethics, 10(3), 124-127.
• Calvillo, C. F., Sánchez-Miralles, A., & Villar, J. (2016). Energy management and planning in smart cities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 273-287.
• Camero, A., & Alba, E. (2019). Smart city and information technology: A review. Cities, 93, 84-94.
• Capdevila, I., & Zarlenga, M. I. (2015). Smart city or smart citizens? The Barcelona case. Journal of Strategy and Management, 8(3), 266-282.
• Caragliu, A., Nijkamp, P., & Del Bo, C. (2009). Smart cities in Europe. In M. Buček, R. Capello, O. Hudec & P. Nijkamp (Eds.), 3rd Central European Conference in Regional Science – CERS, (pp. 45-59). Technical University of Košice. http://www3.ekf.tuke.sk/cers/cers2009/PDF/01_03_Nijkamp.pdf
• Cohen, B. (2012, January 11). The top 10 smart cities on the planet. Fastcoexist. https://www.fastcompany.com/90186037/the-top-10-smart-cities-on-the-planet.
• Cohen, B. (2015, August, 10). The 3 generations of smart cities. Fastcompany. https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities.
• Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Ali, S., Beer, C., Bond, L., Boumans, R., & Snapp, R. (2007). Quality of life: An approach integrating opportunities, human needs, and subjective well-being. Ecological Economics, 61(2-3), 267-276.
• Cullen, M. (2016). Cities on the path to 'smart': information technology provider interactions with urban governance through smart city projects in Dubuque, Iowa and Portland, Oregon [PhD thesis, The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)]. LSE Thesis Online. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/3392
• Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı [ÇŞİDB]. (2019). 2020-2023 Ulusal akıllı şehirler stratejisi ve eylem planı. https://www.akillisehirler.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/EylemPlani.pdf
• Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). (2013). Smart cities background paper. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf
• Drohojowska, H. (1991). San Francisco Style, Art-Deco Elements Inform a Smart City Residence + Interior-Design by Arnold, Val. Architectural Digest, 48, 114-121.
• DSÖ. (1997). Measuring quality of life. WHO. https://www.who.int/mental_health/media/68.pdf.
• Eggers, D, & Skowron, J. (2018). Forces of change: Smart cities. Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/4421_Forces-of-change-Smart-cities/DI_Forces-of-change-Smart-cities.pdf.
• El Hilali, S., & Azougagh A. (2021). A netnographic research on citizen’s perception of a future smart city. Cities, 115, 1-6.
• EP. (2014). Mapping smart cities in the EU. European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2014/507480/IPOL-ITRE_ET(2014)507480_EN.pdf
• Erdoğan O. (2020). Akıllı kent üzerine yazılan lisansüstü tezlerin içerik analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(2), 917-937.
• Fahey, T., Nolan, B., & Whelan, C. T. (2003). Monitoring quality of life in Europe. Office for Official Publication of the European Communities. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef02108en.pdf
• Felce, D., & Perry, J. (1995). Quality of life: Its definition and measurement. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 16(1), 51-74.
• Fernández Áñez, V. (2016). Stakeholders approach to smart cities: A survey on smart city definitions. In E. Alba, F. Chicano & G. Luque (Eds.), Smart Cities (pp. 157-167). Springer.
• Fernández Áñez, V. (2019). Smart cities: Implementation vs. discourses [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Politécnica De Madrid]. Archivo Digital UPM. https://oa.upm.es/54320/
• Friedrich, J., Palmié, M., & Gassmann, O. (2021). Does smart equal sustainable? Selective coupling and sustainability performance in 251 smart city initiatives understood as hybrid organizations. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2021(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2021.162
• Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., & Meijers, E. (2007). Smart cities - Ranking of European medium-sized cities. Vienna UT, Centre of Regional Science. https://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf
• Göçoğlu, V. (2022). Türkiye’de akıllı kent alan yazınının genel projeksiyonu: Dergipark kapsamındaki çalışmalar üzerine bir araştırma. Ombudsman Akademik, 8(16), 69-105.
• Gürsoy, O. (2019). Akıllı kent yaklaşımı ve Türkiye’deki büyükşehirler için uygulama imkanları. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. http://www.openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/11655/6037
• Hall, R. E., Bowerman, J., Braverman, J., Taylor, J., Todosow, H., & Von Wimmersperg, U. (2000). The vision of a smart city. Second International Life Extension Technology Workshop. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/773961
• Hanley, N., Shogren, J. F., & White, B. (2001). Introduction to environmental economics. Oxford University Press.
• Hernández-Muñoz, J. M., Vercher, J. B., Muñoz, L., Galache, J. A., Presser, M., Gómez, L. A., & Pettersson, J. (2011). Smart cities at the forefront of the future internet. In A. G. J. Domingue (Ed.), The future internet future internet assembly 2011: Achievements and technological promises (pp. 447–462). Springer.
• Hollands, R. G. (2020). Will the real smart city please stand up?: Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial? In K. S. Willis & A. Aurigi (Eds.), The Routledge companion to smart cities (pp. 179-199). Routledge.
• Huovila, A. P. (2019). Comparative analysis of standardized indicators for smart sustainable cities: What indicators and standards to use and when? Cities, 89, 141-153.
• ISO. (2014). Smart cities-Preliminary report. International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/developing_standards/docs/en/smart_cities_report-jtc1.pdf
• ITU. (2014). Smart sustainable cities: An analysis of definitions by ITU-T focus group on smart sustainable cities. International Telecommunication Union. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/ssc/Pages/default.aspx
• Japan Productivity Center (JPC). (n.d.). Productivity. https://jpc.jpc-net.jp/eng
• Karayılmazlar, A. S., & Bardak, T. (2020). Sosyal medya madenciliğine dayalı olarak akıllı kentler hakkındaki farkındalığın değerlendirilmesi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3), 819-825.
• Klimovský, D., Saparniene, D., & Pinteric, U. (2016). Human limitations to introduction of smart cities: Comparative analysis from two CEE cities. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 12(47), 80-96.
• Komninos, N. (2008). Intelligent cities and globalization of innovation networks. Routledge.
• Kondepudi, S., Ramanarayanan, V., Jain, A., Singh, G. N., Nitin Agarwal, N. K., Kumar, R., & Gemma, P. (2014). Smart sustainable cities analysis of definitions. ITU focus group for smart sustainable cities. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/ssc/Documents/Approved_Deliverables/TR-Definitions.docx
• Lara, A. P., Da Costa, E. M., Furlani, T. Z., & Yiğitcanlar, T. (2016). Smartness that matters: Towards a comprehensive and human-centred characterisation of smart cities. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 2(8), 1-13.
• Lazaroiu, G. C., & Roscia, M. (2012). Definition methodology for the smart cities model. Energy, 47(1), 326-332.
• Lee, J. H., Hancock, G. H., & Hu, M. C. (2014). Toward an effective framework for building smart cities: Lessons from Seoul and San Francisco. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, 80-99.
• Lees, L., & Davidson, M. (2005). New-build gentrification and London’s riverside renaissance. Environment and Planning A, 37, 1165-1190.
• Lim, Y., Edelenbos, J., & Gianoli, A. (2019). Identifying the results of smart city development: Findings from systematic literature review. Cities, 95, 1-13.
• Madakam, S., Ramaswamy, R., & Date, H. (2019). Quality of life @ Palava smart city: A case study. Global Business Review, 20(3), 708-742.
• Mora, L., Bolici, R., & Deakin, M. (2017). The first two decades of smart-city research: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Urban Technology, 24(1), 3-27.
• Milli Produktivite Merkezi (MPM). (2007). Verimlilik terimleri sözlüğü. Milli Produktivite Sözlüğü. 20 Şubat 2023’de https://web.archive.org/web/20070507050850/http://www.mpm.org.tr/sozluk/default.asp?dict=v adresinden alındı.
• Müezzinoğlu, T. (2005). Yaşam kalitesi. Galenos Yayınevi. https://cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_8598/25-29.pdf
• Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In S. A. Chun, L. Luna-Reyes & V. Atluri (Eds.), The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (pp. 282–291). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602
• Navvaro, J. L., Ruiz, V. R., & Peña, D. N. (2017). The effect of ICT use and capability on knowledge-based cities. Cities, 60, 272-280.
• New Urban Agenda (NUA). (2021). Republic of Turkey national report Oct 2020 - Sep 2024. Implementing The New Urban Agenda. Urban Agenda Platform. https://www.urbanagendaplatform.org/member-states/republic-turkey/republic-turkey-national-report-oct-2020-sep-2024
• Nohutçu, A., & Akpınar, A. (2022). Türkiye’de yerel yönetimler akıllı şehirler için ne kadar hazır?: Politika belgeleri üzerinden bir inceleme. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 48, 1-21.
• Nomura A. (2017). Towards smart town planning through user driven innovation: Examples of smart city 2.0 initiatives overseas. JRI Rev, 8(47), 101-139.
• Odendaal, N. (2003). Information and communication technology and local governance: Understanding the difference between cities in developed and emerging economies. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 27(6), 585-607.
• Partridge, H. L. (2004). Developing a human perspective to the digital divide in the smart city. In Australian Library and Information Association Biennial Conference, (pp. 1-7). ALIA Publishing.
• Paskaleva, K. A. (2009). Enabling the smart city: The progress of city e-governance in Europe. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, 1(4), 405-422.
• Rees, W., & Wackernagel, M. (1996). Urban ecological footprints: Why cities cannot be sustainable? And why they are a key to sustainability. Environmental Impact Review, 16, 223-248.
• Rossi, U. (2016). The variegated economics and the potential politics of the smart city. Territory, Politics, Governance, 4(3), 337-353.
• Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (SBB). (1995). Yedinci beş yıllık kalkınma planı. T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Yedinci_Bes_Yillik_Kalkinma_Plani-1996-2000.pdf
• SBB. (2019). On birinci beş yıllık kalkınma planı (2019-2023). T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf
• Schaffers, H., Komninos, N., Pallot, M., Aguas, M., Almirall, E., Bakici, T., & Ventura, J. L. (2012, April). Smart cities as innovation ecosystems sustained by the future internet. FIREBALL For Smart Cities. https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00769635/document
• Sharifi, A. (2020). A global dataset on tools, frameworks, and indicator sets for smart city assessment. Data in Brief, 29, 1-16.
• Sönmez, B. (2014). Soylulaştırmanın yeni biçimleriyle yerinden edilmeyi yeniden düşünmek. Planlama, 24(1), 42-53.
• Stübinger, J., & Schneider, L. (2020). Understanding smart city-a data-driven literature review. Sustainability, 12, 1-23.
• Tekin Bilbil, E. (2017). The operationalizing aspects of smart cities: The case of Turkey’s smart strategies. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(3), 1032-1048.
• Trencher, G. (2019). Towards the smart city 2.0: Empirical evidence of using smartness as a tool for tackling social challenges. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 142, 117–128.
• United Nations (UN). (1987, March 20). Report of the world commission on environment and development: Our common future (Brundtland Report). United Nations. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf
• UN. (2015, June 9). Battle for sustainable development will be won or lost in cities, Deputy secretary-general tells mayor’s forum. Meetings Coverage and Press Releases https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/dsgsm874.doc.htm
• Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883-898.
• Yeh, H. (2017). The effects of successful ICT-based smart city services: From citizens' perspectives. Government Information Quarterly, 34(3), 556-565.
• Yiğitcanlar, T., Kamruzzaman, M., Buys, L., Ioppolo, G., Sabatini-Marques, J., da Costa, E. M., & Yun, J. J. (2018). Understanding “smart cities”: Intertwining development drivers with desired outcomes in a multidimensional framework. Cities, 81, 145-160.
• Yiğitcanlar, T., Kamruzzaman, M., Foth, M., Sabatini-Marques, J., da Costa, E., & Ioppolo, G. (2019). Can cities become smart without being sustainable? A systematic review of the literature. Sustainable Cities and Society, 45, 348-365.
• Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., & Zorzi, M. (2009). Internet of things for smart cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(1), 22-32.