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The Rise and Fall of Ambaris: Assyrian Power Struggles on Tabal

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 388 - 402, 27.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.1688466

Abstract

This study examines the strategies pursued by the Neo-Assyrian Empire during the reign of Sargon II (721–705 BCE) to establish control over Tabal, revealing the limits of imperial power and the political dynamics of the region. Assyrian King Sargon II initially pursued indirect strategies that emphasized diplomatic reconciliation, cooperation with local dynasties, and the preservation of local administrations. A notable example of this approach was Ambaris, who was descended from a local dynasty. Sargon II appointed Ambaris as king of Tabal, established a family bond by marrying him to his daughter Ahat-abisha, and strengthened this alliance by giving him the Hilakku lands as a dowry. However, according to Sargon's claim, when Ambaris formed an alliance with Phrygia and Urartu, Sargon abandoned diplomacy and went straight to direct military intervention, deposing Ambaris from the throne. This situation revealed the instability of the Assyrian vassal system, and due to its similarity to the conflicts the Hittites experienced with their vassals, as seen in the example of Madduwatta, highlighted the difficulties of indirect rule in Anatolia. The study examines Sargon's attempts to maintain his hegemony through alliances based on marriage and incentives such as land grants, as well as the measures he took when these rewards failed, such as exiling disloyal vassals and annexing their lands, and the various strategies he employed. Additionally, it highlights the geopolitical weaknesses of the Assyrian Empire in the buffer zones where it clashed with Phrygia and Urartu. Consequently, the competition over Tabal led to the death of Sargon II and triggered a crisis that intensified with the Cimmerian invasions. This study analyzes Assyrian imperial strategy and its consequences in Tabal through the rise and fall of Ambaris.

References

  • Akçay, A. (2014). Tabal Ülkesinin tarihsel süreci üzerine bir değerlendirme. TID, 29(1) 37-58. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.69160
  • Baker, H. D. (2023). The Assyrian Empire: A view from within. In K. Radner, N. Moeller, & D. T. Potts (Eds.), The Oxford history of the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press.
  • Bryce, T. (1986). Madduwatta and Hittite policy in Western Anatolia. Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte, 35(1) 1-12.
  • Bryce, T. (2009). Routledge handbook of the peoples and places of ancient Western Asia. Routledge.
  • Bryce, T. (2005). The kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press.
  • Bryce, T. (2012). The world of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms: A political and military history. Oxford University Press.
  • Bryce, T., & Birkett-Rees, J. (2016). Atlas of the Ancient Near East. Routledge. Çilingiroğlu, A. (1977). Sargon’un Sekizinci Seferi ve bazı öneriler. Anadolu Araştırmaları, 4(5) 235-269.
  • Dezsö, T. (2021). The Battle of Mount Waush, 714 BC- Like a furious arrow. Ancient Warfare, 14(6) 26-35.
  • Diakonoff, I. M. (1985). Media. In W. B. Fisher & I. Gershevitch (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Iran II. Cambridge University Press.
  • Duymuş, H. H. (2011). Asur kaynaklarına göre Demirçağı’nda Tabal krallığı. ODÜSOBİAD, 2(3) 34-46.
  • Dillon, M., & Garland, L. (2013). Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=rfPWAQAAQBAJ
  • Elayi, J. (2017). Sargon II, King of Assyria. Sbl Press.
  • Frahm, E. (2017). A companion to Assyria. Wiley.
  • Fuchs, A. (2017). Assyria and the north: Anatolia. In E. Frahm (Ed.), A companion to Assyria (pp. 249–259). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325216.ch11
  • Gallagher, W. R. (2023). Sennacherib’s campaign to judah: New studies. Brill.
  • Gökçek, L. G., & İnce, G. (2016). Asur Devleti’nin Tabal krallığı ile olan siyasi münasebetleri. F. Kılıç & T. Bülbül (Eds.), II. Uluslararası Nevşehir Tarih ve Kültür Sempozyumu (2-3-4 Mayıs 2016) (516-530). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Grayson, A. K. (2000). Assyrian and Babylonian chronicles. Eisenbrauns.
  • Grekyan, Y. (2010). The Battle of Uauš revisited. Ahramazd, 5(1) 83-108.
  • Hawkins, J. D. (2000). Corpus of hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions. W. De Gruyter.
  • Healy, M. (2023). The Ancient Assyrians: Empire and army, 883-612 BC. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Kan, M., & Dündar, E. (2005). Madduwatta and the land of Mountain Zippasla. Adalya, 8, 1-16.
  • Karauğuz, G. (2019). Hitit tarihî ve idari kil kitaplar: Yaşam hikâyesi, ferman, vasiyetname, bağış belgesi, talimatname ve kral icraatları. Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Košak, S. (1980). The Rulers of the early Hittite Empire. Tel Aviv, 7(34) 163-168. https://doi.org/10.1179/033443580788440991
  • Kravitz, K. F. (2003). A last minute revision to Sargon’s letter to the God. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 62(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1086/376363
  • Kurt, M. (2010). II. Sargon devri kaynakları ışığında Güney Anadolu ve Toros Dağları bölgesi. TAD, 29(48) 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarar_0000000469
  • Liverani, M. (2013). The Ancient Near East history, society and economy. Routledge.
  • Machiavelli, N. (2019). Machiavelli: The prince (Q. Skinner & R. Price, Eds.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Mansfield, H. C. (2001). Machiavelli’s new modes and orders: A study of the discourses on Livy. University of Chicago Press.
  • Melchert, C. (2003). The Luwians. Brill.
  • Melville, S. (2010). Kings of Tabal: Politics; competition, and conflict in a contested periphery. In S. Richardson (Ed.), Rebellions and peripheries in the Mesopotamian world (pp. 87-109). American Oriental Society.
  • Melville, S. C. (2016). The campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721-705 B.C. University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Parpola, S. (2003). Assyria’s expansion in the 8th and 7th centuries and its long-term repercussions in the West. In W. G. Dever, S. Gitin, & W. F. Albright (Eds.), Symbiosis, symbolism, and the power of the past: Canaan, ancient Israel, and their neighbors from the late bronze age through Roman Palaestina. Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Parpola, S., & Watanabe, K. (1988). Neo Assyrian treaties and loyalty oaths. Helsinki University Press.
  • Pekşen, O. (2018). Asur kral yıllıklarına göre Asur krallarının Anadolu’ya düzenledikleri askeri seferler, sefer güzergâhları ve kentler. In B. Gökçe & P. Pınarcık (Eds.), Eski Anadolu’da Ulaşım Üzerine Yazılar (pp. 307–332). Akademisyen Kitabevi.
  • Ponchia, S., & Lanfranchi, G. (2024). The Neo Assyrian empire: A handbook. De Gruyter.
  • Postgate, J. N. (1973). Assyrian texts and fragments. Iraq, 35(1), 13–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199949
  • Radner, K. (2012). Between a rock and a hard place: Muşaşir, Kumme, Ukku and Subria - The buffer states between Assyria and Urartu. In U. Hellwag, M. Roaf, P. Zimansky, & C. Gruber (Eds.), Biainili-Urartu: The proceedings of the symposium held in Munich, Tagungsbericht des Münchner Symposiums 12.-14. Oktober 2007 (243–264). Peeters.
  • Richardson, S. F. C. (2010). Rebellions and peripheries in the cuneiform world. American Oriental Society.
  • RINAP. (2024). Royal inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian period. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/corpus
  • Shibata, D. (2015). Understanding hegemonic practices of the Early Assyrian Empire. In F. Wiggermann & B. S. Düring, (Eds.), Essays dedicated to Frans Wiggermann (Consolidating empires project I= PIHANS 125). Peetars.
  • Şahin, H. A. (2019). Geç Hitit beylikleri. OANNES, 1(2) 131–153. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.15
  • Toptaş, K. (2024). Foreign royal nobles in the Neo Assyrian Empire. JUHIS, 7(1) 59-86. https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1384225
  • Ünal, A. (2003). Hititler Devri’3”nde Anadolu II. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • West, M. L. (1997). The east face of helicon: West Asiatic elements in Greek poetry and myth. Clarendon Press.
  • Yiğit, T. (2000). Tabal. DTCF Journal, 40(34) 177-189.
  • Yıldırım, N. (2022). Name of the legendary Anatolian King Mita/Midas from cuneiform records to ancient Greek sources. Belleten, 86(306) 469-498. https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1384225

Ambaris'in Yükselişi ve Düşüşü: Tabal'da Asur'un İktidar Mücadeleleri

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 388 - 402, 27.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.1688466

Abstract

Bu çalışma, II. Sargon (MÖ 721–705) döneminde Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu'nun Tabal üzerinde kontrolü sağlamaya yönelik izlediği stratejileri inceleyerek imparatorluk gücünün sınırlarını ve bölgenin siyasi dinamiklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Asur Kralı II. Sargon başlangıçta diplomatik uzlaşma, yerel hanedanlarla iş birliği ve yerel yönetimlerin önemli bir yer tuttuğu dolaylı stratejiler izlemiştir. Bunun önemli örneklerinden biri, yerel hanedan soyundan gelen Ambaris’tir. II. Sargon, Ambaris’i Tabal kralı olarak atamış, ailevi bir bağ kurarak kızı Ahat-abisha ile evlendirmiş ve çeyiz olarak Hilakku topraklarının vererek bu ittifakı pekiştirmiştir. Ancak Sargon’un iddiasına göre Ambaris, Frigya ve Urartu ile ittifak kurunca Sargon diplomasiyi bir tarafa bırakarak doğrudan askerî müdahaleye yönelmiş, Ambaris'i tahttan indirmiştir. Bu durum ise Asur'un vasal sisteminin istikrarsızlığını gözler önüne sermekle beraber Hititlerin Madduwatta örneğinde görüldüğü gibi vasallarıyla yaşadığı çatışmalarla benzerliği nedeniyle Anadolu'da dolaylı yönetimin zorluklarını vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, Sargon'un evlilik üzerine yaptığı ittifaklar, toprak bağışları gibi teşviklerle hegemonyasını sürdürmeye çalıştığını ancak bu ödüllerin başarısız olması üzerine sadakatsiz vasalları sürgüne gönderme ve topraklarını ilhak etme gibi önlemleri ve uyguladığı çeşitli stratejileri incelemektedir. Bunların yanı sıra Asur’un, Frigya ve Urartu ile çatıştığı tampon bölgelerde imparatorluğun jeopolitik zayıflıklarını da vurgulamaktadır. Sonuçta Tabal üzerindeki rekabet, II. Sargon'un ölümüne neden olmasının yanı sıra sonrasında Kimmer istilalarıyla daha da şiddetlenen bir krize yol açmıştır. Bu çalışma, Ambaris'in yükselişi ve düşüşü üzerinden Tabal üzerinde Asur imparatorluk stratejisini ve sonuçlarını analiz etmektedir.

References

  • Akçay, A. (2014). Tabal Ülkesinin tarihsel süreci üzerine bir değerlendirme. TID, 29(1) 37-58. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.69160
  • Baker, H. D. (2023). The Assyrian Empire: A view from within. In K. Radner, N. Moeller, & D. T. Potts (Eds.), The Oxford history of the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press.
  • Bryce, T. (1986). Madduwatta and Hittite policy in Western Anatolia. Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte, 35(1) 1-12.
  • Bryce, T. (2009). Routledge handbook of the peoples and places of ancient Western Asia. Routledge.
  • Bryce, T. (2005). The kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press.
  • Bryce, T. (2012). The world of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms: A political and military history. Oxford University Press.
  • Bryce, T., & Birkett-Rees, J. (2016). Atlas of the Ancient Near East. Routledge. Çilingiroğlu, A. (1977). Sargon’un Sekizinci Seferi ve bazı öneriler. Anadolu Araştırmaları, 4(5) 235-269.
  • Dezsö, T. (2021). The Battle of Mount Waush, 714 BC- Like a furious arrow. Ancient Warfare, 14(6) 26-35.
  • Diakonoff, I. M. (1985). Media. In W. B. Fisher & I. Gershevitch (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Iran II. Cambridge University Press.
  • Duymuş, H. H. (2011). Asur kaynaklarına göre Demirçağı’nda Tabal krallığı. ODÜSOBİAD, 2(3) 34-46.
  • Dillon, M., & Garland, L. (2013). Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=rfPWAQAAQBAJ
  • Elayi, J. (2017). Sargon II, King of Assyria. Sbl Press.
  • Frahm, E. (2017). A companion to Assyria. Wiley.
  • Fuchs, A. (2017). Assyria and the north: Anatolia. In E. Frahm (Ed.), A companion to Assyria (pp. 249–259). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118325216.ch11
  • Gallagher, W. R. (2023). Sennacherib’s campaign to judah: New studies. Brill.
  • Gökçek, L. G., & İnce, G. (2016). Asur Devleti’nin Tabal krallığı ile olan siyasi münasebetleri. F. Kılıç & T. Bülbül (Eds.), II. Uluslararası Nevşehir Tarih ve Kültür Sempozyumu (2-3-4 Mayıs 2016) (516-530). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Grayson, A. K. (2000). Assyrian and Babylonian chronicles. Eisenbrauns.
  • Grekyan, Y. (2010). The Battle of Uauš revisited. Ahramazd, 5(1) 83-108.
  • Hawkins, J. D. (2000). Corpus of hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions. W. De Gruyter.
  • Healy, M. (2023). The Ancient Assyrians: Empire and army, 883-612 BC. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Kan, M., & Dündar, E. (2005). Madduwatta and the land of Mountain Zippasla. Adalya, 8, 1-16.
  • Karauğuz, G. (2019). Hitit tarihî ve idari kil kitaplar: Yaşam hikâyesi, ferman, vasiyetname, bağış belgesi, talimatname ve kral icraatları. Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Košak, S. (1980). The Rulers of the early Hittite Empire. Tel Aviv, 7(34) 163-168. https://doi.org/10.1179/033443580788440991
  • Kravitz, K. F. (2003). A last minute revision to Sargon’s letter to the God. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 62(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1086/376363
  • Kurt, M. (2010). II. Sargon devri kaynakları ışığında Güney Anadolu ve Toros Dağları bölgesi. TAD, 29(48) 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarar_0000000469
  • Liverani, M. (2013). The Ancient Near East history, society and economy. Routledge.
  • Machiavelli, N. (2019). Machiavelli: The prince (Q. Skinner & R. Price, Eds.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Mansfield, H. C. (2001). Machiavelli’s new modes and orders: A study of the discourses on Livy. University of Chicago Press.
  • Melchert, C. (2003). The Luwians. Brill.
  • Melville, S. (2010). Kings of Tabal: Politics; competition, and conflict in a contested periphery. In S. Richardson (Ed.), Rebellions and peripheries in the Mesopotamian world (pp. 87-109). American Oriental Society.
  • Melville, S. C. (2016). The campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721-705 B.C. University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Parpola, S. (2003). Assyria’s expansion in the 8th and 7th centuries and its long-term repercussions in the West. In W. G. Dever, S. Gitin, & W. F. Albright (Eds.), Symbiosis, symbolism, and the power of the past: Canaan, ancient Israel, and their neighbors from the late bronze age through Roman Palaestina. Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Parpola, S., & Watanabe, K. (1988). Neo Assyrian treaties and loyalty oaths. Helsinki University Press.
  • Pekşen, O. (2018). Asur kral yıllıklarına göre Asur krallarının Anadolu’ya düzenledikleri askeri seferler, sefer güzergâhları ve kentler. In B. Gökçe & P. Pınarcık (Eds.), Eski Anadolu’da Ulaşım Üzerine Yazılar (pp. 307–332). Akademisyen Kitabevi.
  • Ponchia, S., & Lanfranchi, G. (2024). The Neo Assyrian empire: A handbook. De Gruyter.
  • Postgate, J. N. (1973). Assyrian texts and fragments. Iraq, 35(1), 13–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199949
  • Radner, K. (2012). Between a rock and a hard place: Muşaşir, Kumme, Ukku and Subria - The buffer states between Assyria and Urartu. In U. Hellwag, M. Roaf, P. Zimansky, & C. Gruber (Eds.), Biainili-Urartu: The proceedings of the symposium held in Munich, Tagungsbericht des Münchner Symposiums 12.-14. Oktober 2007 (243–264). Peeters.
  • Richardson, S. F. C. (2010). Rebellions and peripheries in the cuneiform world. American Oriental Society.
  • RINAP. (2024). Royal inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian period. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/corpus
  • Shibata, D. (2015). Understanding hegemonic practices of the Early Assyrian Empire. In F. Wiggermann & B. S. Düring, (Eds.), Essays dedicated to Frans Wiggermann (Consolidating empires project I= PIHANS 125). Peetars.
  • Şahin, H. A. (2019). Geç Hitit beylikleri. OANNES, 1(2) 131–153. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.15
  • Toptaş, K. (2024). Foreign royal nobles in the Neo Assyrian Empire. JUHIS, 7(1) 59-86. https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1384225
  • Ünal, A. (2003). Hititler Devri’3”nde Anadolu II. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • West, M. L. (1997). The east face of helicon: West Asiatic elements in Greek poetry and myth. Clarendon Press.
  • Yiğit, T. (2000). Tabal. DTCF Journal, 40(34) 177-189.
  • Yıldırım, N. (2022). Name of the legendary Anatolian King Mita/Midas from cuneiform records to ancient Greek sources. Belleten, 86(306) 469-498. https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1384225
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects History of Old Asia Minor
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Kılıç 0000-0002-7646-8596

Publication Date October 27, 2025
Submission Date May 1, 2025
Acceptance Date July 23, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kılıç, M. (2025). The Rise and Fall of Ambaris: Assyrian Power Struggles on Tabal. Mavi Atlas, 13(2), 388-402. https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.1688466

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