Investigation of the Effects of Smoking on Blood Metabolic Enzyme Activities in Pregnant Individuals

Yıl 2024, , 274 - 280, 27.03.2024

Esra Şentürk , Gülpınar Aslan , Ela Varol , Murat Şentürk , Metin Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1183093

Öz

Pregnancy is process that causes many changes in the expectant mother, both biochemically and physiologically. One of the parameters in which biochemical change is most easily observed and interpreted is enzymatic changes.
In this study, blood samples were taken from two groups of pregnant and non-pregnant women in Ağrı. These groups were divided into two groups according to their smoking status and some metabolic enzyme levels were compared. In this context, serum carbonic anhydrase (CA), erythrocyte CA, serum catalase (CAT), erythrocyte CAT, serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and erythrocyte AChE enzyme levels were compared in pregnant and non-pregnant women.
Our study consists of 35 pregnant and 54 non-pregnant individuals living in Ağrı. Personal information forms were collected from the individuals participating in our study by filling in face-to-face interviews. 2 cc blood samples were taken from individuals who agreed to participate. Blood samples were centrifuged and serum and blood cells were separated from each other. Statistical analyzes were performed with the GraphPad Prism 9.
In this study, it was determined that the average age of the participants was 25 in pregnant individuals and 22 in non-pregnant individuals. It was determined that 83% of the pregnant women did not smoke and 96% didn’t have a chronic disease. It was determined that 6.31% of the non-pregnant individuals participating were smokers. According to the data obtained, both serum and cytoplasm results for all three enzymes of smoking women were lower. In the case of pregnancy, all values were decreased except cytoplasm AChE levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pregnant women, Carbonic anhydrase, Catalase, Acetylcholinesterase, Glutathione peroxidase

Proje Numarası

SYO.20.003

Gebe Bireylerde Sigaranın Kan Metabolik Enzim Aktiviteleri Üzerine Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Gebelik süreci hem biyokimyasal hem de fizyolojik olarak anne adayında birçok değişikliğe sebep olan bir süreçtir. Biyokimyasal değişimin en kolay gözlendiği ve yorumlandığı parametrelerden bir tanesi enzimatik değişimlerdir.
Bu çalışmada, Ağrı’da gebe ve gebe olmayan iki grup kadından kan örnekleri alındı. Bu gruplar sigara içme durumlarına göre ikişer gruba ayrılarak bazı metabolik enzim seviyeleri kıyaslanmıştır. Bu kapsamda kan serum karbonik anhidraz (CA), eritrosit CA, kan serum katalaz (CAT), eritrosit CAT, kan serum asetilkolinesteraz (AChE) ve eritrosit AChE enzim düzeylerinin gebelerde ve gebe olmayanlarda karşılaştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Çalışmamız, Ağrı il merkezinde yaşayan 35 gebe ve 54 gebe olmayan bireyden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmamıza katılan bireylerden kişisel bilgi formları yüz yüze görüşme ile doldurularak toplandı. Katılmayı kabul eden bireylerden 2 cc kan numunesi alındı. Kan örnekleri santrifüjlenerek serum ve kan hücreleri birbirinden ayrıldı. Elde edilen sonuçlar, GraphPad Prism 9 programı ile istatistiksel analizleri yapıldı.
Yaptığımız bu araştırmada katılımcıların yaş ortalamaları gebe bireylerde 25, gebe olmayanlarda ise 22 olduğu belirlendi. Gebelerin %83’ünün sigara içmediği ve %96’sının ise kronik hastalığının olmadığı tespit edildi. Çalışmaya katılan gebe olmayan bireylerin %6,31’inin ise sigara kullandığı belirlendi. Elde edilen verilere göre sigara içen bayanların üç enzim için de hem serum hem de sitoplazma sonuçları daha düşük çıkmıştır. Gebelik durumunda ise sitoplazma AChE seviyeleri hariç bütün değerler azalmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Asetilkolinesteraz, Gebeler, Karbonik Anhidraz, Katalaz

Destekleyen Kurum

AİÇÜ BAP

Proje Numarası

SYO.20.003

Teşekkür

Çalışmada sağladığı maddi detekten dolayı AİÇÜ-BAP birimine, numunelerin elde edilmesindeki yardım ve desteklerinden dolayı Dr. Umut GÖKSUGÜZEL'e teşekkür ediyoruz.

Kaynakça

• 1. Keha, E.E. ve Küfrevioğlu, Ö.İ. (2008). “Biyokimya”. İstanbul, Aktif Yayınevi.
• 2. Akıcı, A, Tamirci, M. and Gören, M.Z. (2017). “The Impacts of the Physiological Changes Occurring During Pregnancy on Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 7, 71-77.
• 3. Syme, M.R, Paxton, J.W. and Keelan, J.A. (2004). “Drug Transfer and Metabolism by the Human Placenta”. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 43, 487-514
• 4. Özbudak, H, Ünal, Z. ve Sabuncuoğlu, S. (2016). “Gebelikte Non-Steroidal Antiinflamatuvar İlaçların Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi”. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 20, 64-71.
• 5. Ion, R. and Bernal, A.L. (2015). “Smoking and Preterm Birth”. Reproductive Sciences, 22, 918-926.
• 6. Dietz, P.M, England, L.J, Shapiro-Mendoza, C.K, Tong, V.T, Farr, S.L. and Callaghan, W.M. (2010). “Infant Morbidity And Mortality Attributable To Prenatal Smoking in the U.S.”. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39, 45-52.
• 7. Pattenden, S, Antova, T, Neuberger, M, Nikiforov, B, De Sario, M, Grize, L, Heinrich, J, Hruba, F, Janssen, N, Luttmann-Gibson, H, Privalova, L, Rudnai, P, Splichalova, A, Zlotkowska, R. and Fletcher, T. (2006). “Parental Smoking and Children’s Respiratory Health: İndependent Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure”. Tobacco Control, 15, 294-301.
• 8. Hawsawi, A.M, Bryant, L.O. and Goodfellow, L.T. (2015). “Association Between Exposure to Secondhand Smoke During Pregnancy and Low Birthweight: A Narrative Review”. Respiratory Care, 60, 135-140.
• 9. Dempsey, D.A. and Benowitz, N.L. (2001). “Risks and Benefits of Nicotine to Aid Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy”. Drug Safety, 24, 277-322.
• 10. Andres, R.L. and Day, M.C. (2000). “Perinatal Complications Associated with Maternal Tobacco Use”. Seminars in Neonatology, 5, 231-241.
• 11. Benowitz, N.L. (1998). “Nicotine Safety and Toxicity”. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• 12. Sbrana, E, Suter, M.A, Abramovici, A.R, Hawkins, H.K, Moss, J.E, Patterson, L, Shope, C. and Aagaard-Tillery, K. (2011). “Maternal Tobacco Use is Associated with İncreased Markers of Oxidative Stress in The Placenta”. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 205, 246 e1-e7.
• 13. Jaddoe, V.W, Troe, E.J, Hofman, A, Mackenbach, J.P, Moll, H.A, Steegers, E.A. and Witteman, J.C. (2008). “Active and Passive Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and The Risks of Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth: The Generation R Study”. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 22, 162-171.
• 14. Greco, E.R, Engineer, A, Saiyin, T, Lu, X, Zhang, M, Jones, D.L. and Feng, Q. (2022). “Maternal Nicotine Exposure İnduces Congenital Heart Defects in the Offspring of Mice”. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 26, 3223-3234.
• 15. Wongtrakool, C, Wang, N, Hyde, D.M, Roman, J. and Spindel, E.R. (2012). “Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Alters Lung Function And Airway Geometry Through Alpha7 Nicotinic Receptors”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 46, 695-702.
• 16. Clifford, A, Lang, L. and Chen, R. (2012). “Effects of Maternal Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy on Cognitive Parameters of Children and Young Adults: A Literature Review”. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 34, 560-570.
• 17. McDougall, A.R.A, Hastie, R, Goldstein, M, Tuttle, A, Ammerdorffer, A, Gülmezoglu, A.M. and Joshua, P. (2023). “Vogel New Medicines for Spontaneous Preterm Birth Prevention and Preterm Labour Management: Landscape Analysis of The Medicine Development Pipeline”. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 23, 525.
• 18. Harrod, C.S, Reynolds, R.M, Chasan-Taber, L, Fingerlin, T.E, Glueck, D.H, Brinton, J.T. and Dabelea, D. (2014). “Quantity and Timing of Maternal Prenatal Smoking on Neonatal Body Composition: The Healthy Start Study”. Journal of Pediatry, 165, 707-712.
• 19. Scherman, A, Tolosa, J.E. and McEvoy, C. (2018). “Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy: A Continuing Challenge in the United States”. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 9, 457-474.
• 20. Alterio, V, Di Fiore, A, D’Ambrosio, K, Supuran, C. T. and De Simone, G. (2012). “Multiple Binding Modes of İnhibitors to Carbonic Anhydrases: How to Design Specific Drugs Targeting 15 Different İsoforms?” Chemical reviews, 112 (8), 4421-4468.
• 21. Tashian, R. E, Hewett-Emmett, D. and Goodman, M. (1983). “On the evolution and Genetics of Carbonic Anhydrases I, II, and III”. Isozymes, 7, 79-100.
• 22. Armstrong, D. (1998). “Free Radical and Antioxidant Protocols”. New Jersey, NJ: Humana Press.
• 23. Cengiz, F.P, Beyaztas, S, Gokce, B, Arslan, O. and Guler, O.O. (2015). “Catalase, Carbonic Anhydrase and Xanthine Oxidase Activities in Patients with Mycosis Fungoides”. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 30, 212-215.
• 24. Trang, A. and Khandhar, P.B. (2021). “Physiology, Acetylcholinesterase”. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls.
• 25. Saldanha, C. (2017). “Human Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase in Health and Disease”. Molecules, 22, 1499.
• 26. Senturk, E, Aslan, G, Senturk, M. and Yildiz, M. (2019). “Determination of Serum Glutathione Reductase Activity in Pregnant Women”. Acta Physiologica, 227, 122.
• 27. Verpoorte, J.A, Mehta, S. and Edsall, J.T. (1967). “Esterase Activities of Human Carbonic Anhydrases B and C”. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 242, 4221-4229.
• 28. Aebi, H. (1984). “Catalase in Vitro”. Methods in Enzymology, 105, 121-126.
• 29. Ellman, G.L, Courtney, K.D, Andres, V. and Featherstone, R.M. (1961). “A New and Rapid Colorimetric Determination of Acetylcholinesterase Activity”. Biochemical Pharmacology, 17, 88-95.
• 30. Aydın, S, Aydın, C. ve Türkozan, N. (1991). “Değişik Gebelik Haftalarında Amniotik Sıvı Karbonik Anhidraz Aktivitesi”. Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1991, 1 (2), 101-103.
• 31. Tas, M, Senturk, E, Ekinci, D, Demirdag, R, Comakli, V, Bayram, M, Akyuz, M, Senturk, M. and Supuran, C.T. (2019). “Comparison of Blood Carbonic Anhydrase Activity of Athletes Performing İnterval and Continuous Running Exercise at High Altitude”. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 34, 219-225.
• 32. de Peyster, A, Willis, W.O. and Liebhaber, M. (1994). “Cholinesterase Activity in Pregnant Women and Newborns”. Journal of Toxicological Clinical Toxicology, 32, 683-96.
• 33. Kolusari, A, Kurdoglu, M, Yildizhan, R, Adali, E, Edirne, T, Cebi, A, Demir, H. and Yoruk, I.H. (2008). “Catalase Activity, Serum Trace Element and Heavy Metal Concentrations, and Vitamin A, D and E Levels in Pre-eclampsia”. Journal of Internationa Medical Research, 36, 1335-1341.
• 34. Lkhagvadorj, K, Zeng, Z, Meyer, K.F, Verweij, L.P, Kooistra, W, Reinders-Luinge, M, Dijkhuizen, H.W, de Graaf, I.A.M, Plösch, T. and Hylkema, M.N. (2020). “Postnatal Smoke Exposure Further Increases the Hepatic Nicotine Metabolism in Prenatally Smoke Exposed Male Offspring and Is Linked with Aberrant Cyp2a5 Methylation”. International Journal of Molecular Science, 22, 164.