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ETHANOL LEVELS OF THE NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES SOLD IN MARKETS IN TÜRKİYE

Year 2017, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 121 - 128, 31.03.2017

Abstract

Although ethanol is one of the basic chemicals used in many different fields, when included in the human diet, it has been one of the major subjects of discussion in terms of medical, social and religious issues due to its intoxicating and detrimental effects. The control of presence, amounts and effects of ethanol in beverages and foods is one of the important research fields. Regulations regarding non-alcoholic beverages vary among countries. In Türkiye, the highest allowable level of ethanol content is 3.0 g / L according to Non-alcoholic Beverages Notification of Turkish Food Codex (2007/26). Non-alcoholic beverages, according to the codex, are defined as the drinks that contain ethanol less than 0.3% by volume. In this study, colas, orange sodas, 100% fruit juices, fruit nectars, sodas with fruit aromas, energy drinks, ayran and kefir of the well-known brands were used as the non-alcoholic beverage samples. The test method TS 1594 of Turkish Standards Institution, Titrimetric Method of the Determination of Ethanol Content in Fruit and Vegetable Products, was used to determine the ethanol levels with a modification. The ethanol from the samples was distilled by hydrodistillation with Clevenger type distillation apparatus, which made the method more practical. The findings showed that the highest per thousand concentration of ethanol in the samples were as follows: colas 0.14, orange sodas 0.53, other fruit flavored sodas 0.88, energy products 0.47, fruit juices 1.46, and milk products 0.25. Ethanol levels of all the samples were found below the allowed limit according to the codex.

References

  • Danaei, G. Hoom, S. V. Lopez, A. D. Murray, C. J. Ezzati, M. (2005). “Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors”. Lancet, 366(9499): 1784-93.
  • Teyssen, S. Singer, M. V. (2003). “Alcohol-related diseases of the oesophagus and stomach”. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 17(4): 557–573.
  • Eckardt, M. J. File, S. E. Gessa, G. L. Grant, K. A. Guerri, C. Hoffman, P. L. Kalant, H. Koob, G. F. Li, T. K. Tabak, B. (1998). “Effects of Moderate Alcohol Consumption on the Central Nervous System”. Alcohol Clin Exp Res., 22(5): 998-1040.
  • Gemes, K. Janszky, I. Ahnve, S. Laszlo, K. D. Laugsand, L. E. Vatten, L. J. Mukamal, K. J. (2016). “Light-to-moderate drinking and incident heart failure — the Norwegian HUNT study”. International Journal of Cardiology, 203: 553–560.
  • Wild, S. (2015). “Muslim Translators and Translations of the Qur’an into English”. Journal of Qur’anic Studies, 17(3): 158-182.
  • Michalak, L. Trocki, K. (2002). “Alcohol and Islam”. Kettil Bruun Society Annual Meeting, Paris. 523.
  • Glassner, B. Berg, B. (1985). “Jewish-Americans and alcohol: processes of avoidance and definition”. The American Experience with Alcohol, 93–108.
  • Stivers, R. (1985). “Historical meanings of Irish-American drinking”. The American Experience with Alcohol, 109–130.
  • Ablon, J. (1985). “Irish-American Catholics in a west coast metropolitan area”. The American Experience with Alcohol, 395–410.
  • Hilton, M. E. (1986). “References to alcohol in the Mormon scriptures”. Drinking Drug Pract. Surveyor, 21: 13–16.
  • Caputi, A. Ueda, M. Brown, T. (1968). “Spectrophotometric Determination of Ethanol in Wine”. Am. J. Enol. Vitic, 19: 160-165.
  • Calull, M. Marce, R. M. Borrull, F. (1992). “Determination of carboxylic acids, sugars, glycerol and ethanol in wine and grape must by ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection”. Journal of Chromatography A 590(2): 215-222.
  • Caputi, A. J. Wright, D. (1969). “Collaborative study of the determination of ethanol in wines by chemical oxidation”. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 52: 85-88.
  • Singh, N. M. Berkes, I. (1980). “Spectrophotometric determination of ethanol by an enzymatic method with 2, 2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazo- line-6-sulfonate”. Analytica Chimica Acta, 115: 401-405.
  • Jones, A. W. (1995). “Measuring ethanol in saliva with the QED enzymatic test device: comparison of results with blood and breath alcohol concentration”. J. Anal. Toxicol., 19: 169-174.
  • Mason, M. (1983). “Report of the technical subcommittee on ethanol determination via immobilized enzyme”. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem., 41: 89-90.
  • Mason, M. (1983). “Ethanol determination in wine with an immobilized enzyme electrode”. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 34: 173-175.
  • Kokovkin, V. V. Smolyakov, B. S. (1995). “Ethanol determination in aqueous solutions and wine stocks by potentiometry with ion selective electrodes”. J. Anal. Chem., 50: 569-573.
  • Antonelli, A. (1994). “Ethanol determination by packed GLC: a quick method with small sample amount and high sensitivity”. Vitic. Enol. Sci., 49: 165-167.
  • Naviglio, D. Romano, R. Attanasio, G. (2001). “Rapid determination of ethanol content in spirits and in beer by high resolution gas chromatography”. Italian Food Bever. Technol., 24: 19-21.
  • Collins, T. S. Miller, C. A. Altria, K. D. Waterhouse, A. L. (1997). “Development of a rapid method for the analysis of ethanol in wines using capillary electrophoresis”. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 48: 280-284.
  • Kupina, S. A. (1984). “A simultaneous quantitation of glycerol, acetic acid and ethanol in grape juice by high performance liquid chromatography”. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 35: 59-62.
  • Yarita, T. Nakajima, R. Otsuka, S. Ihara, T. A. Takatsu, A. Shibukawa, M. (2002). “Determination of ethanol in alcoholic beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography-flame ionization detection using pure water as mobile phase”. J Chromatogr A., 976(1-2): 387-391.
  • Sanford, C. L. Mantooth, B. A. (2001). “Determination of ethanol in alcohol samples using a modular Raman spectrometer”. J. Chem. Edu., 78: 1221.
  • Van den Berg, F. W. J. Osenbruggen, W. A. Smilde, A. K. (1997). “Process analytical chemistry in the distillation industry using near-infrared spectroscopy”. Proc. Contr. Qual., 9: 51-57.
  • Mattos, I. L. Sartini, R. P. Zagatto, E. A. G. Reis, B. F. Gine, M. F. (1998). “Spectrophotometric flow injection determination of ethanol in distilled spirits and wines involving permeation through a silicon tubular membrane”. Anal. Sci., 14: 1005-1008.
  • Wagner, K. Bilitewski, U. Schmid, R. D. (1992). “Flow injection analysis of wine - accomplishments and needs”. Microchem. J., 45: 114-120.
  • Mason, M. (1983). “Report of the technical subcommittee on ethanol determination via immobilized enzyme”. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem., 41: 89-90.
  • (https://bilinmeyenler.wordpress.com/2007/06/03/gazoz-cola-fanta-asitli-iceceklerin-hepsinde-alkol-var/). Erişim: 03.06.2007.
  • Turkish Standard – TS 1594, ISO 2448 (2001). Fruit and vegetable products – determination of ethanol content, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Çelik, T. (2013). “Halal and Healthy Food in Hadith Relations”. Int J Health Nutr., 4(3): 70.
  • Akkaya, K. M. İlim, E. Şimşek, M. (2013). “Istihlak and Istihalah in Islamic law”. Int J Health Nutr., 4(3): 72.
  • Anonymous. Official Journal Date and Number: 15. 06. 2007-26553, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Non-alcoholic Beverages Notification of Turkish Food Codex, Notification Number: 2007/26.

TÜRKİYE’ DE MARKETLERDE SATILAN ALKOLSÜZ İÇECEKLERİN ETANOL SEVİYELERİ

Year 2017, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 121 - 128, 31.03.2017

Abstract

Etanol, birçok farklı alanda kullanılan temel
kimyasallardan biri olmasına rağmen, diyetle alındığında sarhoş edici ve
zararlı etkileri yüzünden tıbbi, sosyal ve dini konular bakımından önemli
tartışma konularından biri olmuştur. Gıdalardaki ve içeceklerdeki etanolün
varlığı, miktarı ve etkilerinin kontrolü önemli araştırma alanlarındandır.
Alkolsüz içeceklerle ilgili düzenlemeler ülkeden ülkeye farklılık gösterir.
Türkiye’de Türk Gıda Kodeksi Alkolsüz İçecekler Tebliği’ne (2007/26) göre izin
verilen en yüksek etanol miktarı 3,0 g/L’dir. Kodekse göre, hacimce % 0,3’ den
daha az etanol içeren içecekler, alkolsüz içecekler olarak tanımlanır. Bu
çalışmada; kolalar, portakallı sodalar, %100 meyve suları, meyve nektarları,
meyve aromalı sodalar, enerji içecekleri, ayran ve kefirin bilinen markaları
alkolsüz içecek test numunesi olarak kullanıldı. Bu amaçla, Türk Standartları
Enstitüsü’nün TS 1594 Meyve ve Sebze Ürünleri Etanol Muhtevası Tayininin
Titrimetrik Yöntemi bir değişiklik yapılarak kullanıldı. Numunelerdeki etanol
Clevenger tipi destilasyon aparatıyla hidrodestilasyonla destillendi, ki bu
uygulama yöntemi daha uygulanabilir hale getirmiştir. Numunelerde bulunan en
yüksek binde etanol konsantrasyonları sırayla kolalarda 0,14,  portakallı kolalarda 0,53, meyve aromalı
sodalarda 0,88, enerji içeceklerinde 0,47, meyve sularında 1,46 ve süt
ürünlerinde 0,25 olarak bulundu. Bütün numunelerin etanol seviyesi kodekste
izin verilen sınırın altında bulundu.

References

  • Danaei, G. Hoom, S. V. Lopez, A. D. Murray, C. J. Ezzati, M. (2005). “Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors”. Lancet, 366(9499): 1784-93.
  • Teyssen, S. Singer, M. V. (2003). “Alcohol-related diseases of the oesophagus and stomach”. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 17(4): 557–573.
  • Eckardt, M. J. File, S. E. Gessa, G. L. Grant, K. A. Guerri, C. Hoffman, P. L. Kalant, H. Koob, G. F. Li, T. K. Tabak, B. (1998). “Effects of Moderate Alcohol Consumption on the Central Nervous System”. Alcohol Clin Exp Res., 22(5): 998-1040.
  • Gemes, K. Janszky, I. Ahnve, S. Laszlo, K. D. Laugsand, L. E. Vatten, L. J. Mukamal, K. J. (2016). “Light-to-moderate drinking and incident heart failure — the Norwegian HUNT study”. International Journal of Cardiology, 203: 553–560.
  • Wild, S. (2015). “Muslim Translators and Translations of the Qur’an into English”. Journal of Qur’anic Studies, 17(3): 158-182.
  • Michalak, L. Trocki, K. (2002). “Alcohol and Islam”. Kettil Bruun Society Annual Meeting, Paris. 523.
  • Glassner, B. Berg, B. (1985). “Jewish-Americans and alcohol: processes of avoidance and definition”. The American Experience with Alcohol, 93–108.
  • Stivers, R. (1985). “Historical meanings of Irish-American drinking”. The American Experience with Alcohol, 109–130.
  • Ablon, J. (1985). “Irish-American Catholics in a west coast metropolitan area”. The American Experience with Alcohol, 395–410.
  • Hilton, M. E. (1986). “References to alcohol in the Mormon scriptures”. Drinking Drug Pract. Surveyor, 21: 13–16.
  • Caputi, A. Ueda, M. Brown, T. (1968). “Spectrophotometric Determination of Ethanol in Wine”. Am. J. Enol. Vitic, 19: 160-165.
  • Calull, M. Marce, R. M. Borrull, F. (1992). “Determination of carboxylic acids, sugars, glycerol and ethanol in wine and grape must by ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection”. Journal of Chromatography A 590(2): 215-222.
  • Caputi, A. J. Wright, D. (1969). “Collaborative study of the determination of ethanol in wines by chemical oxidation”. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 52: 85-88.
  • Singh, N. M. Berkes, I. (1980). “Spectrophotometric determination of ethanol by an enzymatic method with 2, 2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazo- line-6-sulfonate”. Analytica Chimica Acta, 115: 401-405.
  • Jones, A. W. (1995). “Measuring ethanol in saliva with the QED enzymatic test device: comparison of results with blood and breath alcohol concentration”. J. Anal. Toxicol., 19: 169-174.
  • Mason, M. (1983). “Report of the technical subcommittee on ethanol determination via immobilized enzyme”. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem., 41: 89-90.
  • Mason, M. (1983). “Ethanol determination in wine with an immobilized enzyme electrode”. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 34: 173-175.
  • Kokovkin, V. V. Smolyakov, B. S. (1995). “Ethanol determination in aqueous solutions and wine stocks by potentiometry with ion selective electrodes”. J. Anal. Chem., 50: 569-573.
  • Antonelli, A. (1994). “Ethanol determination by packed GLC: a quick method with small sample amount and high sensitivity”. Vitic. Enol. Sci., 49: 165-167.
  • Naviglio, D. Romano, R. Attanasio, G. (2001). “Rapid determination of ethanol content in spirits and in beer by high resolution gas chromatography”. Italian Food Bever. Technol., 24: 19-21.
  • Collins, T. S. Miller, C. A. Altria, K. D. Waterhouse, A. L. (1997). “Development of a rapid method for the analysis of ethanol in wines using capillary electrophoresis”. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 48: 280-284.
  • Kupina, S. A. (1984). “A simultaneous quantitation of glycerol, acetic acid and ethanol in grape juice by high performance liquid chromatography”. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 35: 59-62.
  • Yarita, T. Nakajima, R. Otsuka, S. Ihara, T. A. Takatsu, A. Shibukawa, M. (2002). “Determination of ethanol in alcoholic beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography-flame ionization detection using pure water as mobile phase”. J Chromatogr A., 976(1-2): 387-391.
  • Sanford, C. L. Mantooth, B. A. (2001). “Determination of ethanol in alcohol samples using a modular Raman spectrometer”. J. Chem. Edu., 78: 1221.
  • Van den Berg, F. W. J. Osenbruggen, W. A. Smilde, A. K. (1997). “Process analytical chemistry in the distillation industry using near-infrared spectroscopy”. Proc. Contr. Qual., 9: 51-57.
  • Mattos, I. L. Sartini, R. P. Zagatto, E. A. G. Reis, B. F. Gine, M. F. (1998). “Spectrophotometric flow injection determination of ethanol in distilled spirits and wines involving permeation through a silicon tubular membrane”. Anal. Sci., 14: 1005-1008.
  • Wagner, K. Bilitewski, U. Schmid, R. D. (1992). “Flow injection analysis of wine - accomplishments and needs”. Microchem. J., 45: 114-120.
  • Mason, M. (1983). “Report of the technical subcommittee on ethanol determination via immobilized enzyme”. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem., 41: 89-90.
  • (https://bilinmeyenler.wordpress.com/2007/06/03/gazoz-cola-fanta-asitli-iceceklerin-hepsinde-alkol-var/). Erişim: 03.06.2007.
  • Turkish Standard – TS 1594, ISO 2448 (2001). Fruit and vegetable products – determination of ethanol content, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Çelik, T. (2013). “Halal and Healthy Food in Hadith Relations”. Int J Health Nutr., 4(3): 70.
  • Akkaya, K. M. İlim, E. Şimşek, M. (2013). “Istihlak and Istihalah in Islamic law”. Int J Health Nutr., 4(3): 72.
  • Anonymous. Official Journal Date and Number: 15. 06. 2007-26553, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Non-alcoholic Beverages Notification of Turkish Food Codex, Notification Number: 2007/26.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Semra Alkan Türkuçar This is me

Ömer Faruk Dolu This is me

Aylin Alevci This is me

Nesibe Arslan Burnaz This is me

Ayça Aktaş Karaçelık This is me

Hacer Doğan

Damla Polat This is me

Murat Küçük This is me

Publication Date March 31, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Alkan Türkuçar, S., Dolu, Ö. F., Alevci, A., Arslan Burnaz, N., et al. (2017). TÜRKİYE’ DE MARKETLERDE SATILAN ALKOLSÜZ İÇECEKLERİN ETANOL SEVİYELERİ. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 121-128.
AMA Alkan Türkuçar S, Dolu ÖF, Alevci A, Arslan Burnaz N, Aktaş Karaçelık A, Doğan H, Polat D, Küçük M. TÜRKİYE’ DE MARKETLERDE SATILAN ALKOLSÜZ İÇECEKLERİN ETANOL SEVİYELERİ. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. March 2017;6(1):121-128.
Chicago Alkan Türkuçar, Semra, Ömer Faruk Dolu, Aylin Alevci, Nesibe Arslan Burnaz, Ayça Aktaş Karaçelık, Hacer Doğan, Damla Polat, and Murat Küçük. “TÜRKİYE’ DE MARKETLERDE SATILAN ALKOLSÜZ İÇECEKLERİN ETANOL SEVİYELERİ”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 6, no. 1 (March 2017): 121-28.
EndNote Alkan Türkuçar S, Dolu ÖF, Alevci A, Arslan Burnaz N, Aktaş Karaçelık A, Doğan H, Polat D, Küçük M (March 1, 2017) TÜRKİYE’ DE MARKETLERDE SATILAN ALKOLSÜZ İÇECEKLERİN ETANOL SEVİYELERİ. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 6 1 121–128.
IEEE S. Alkan Türkuçar, “TÜRKİYE’ DE MARKETLERDE SATILAN ALKOLSÜZ İÇECEKLERİN ETANOL SEVİYELERİ”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 121–128, 2017.
ISNAD Alkan Türkuçar, Semra et al. “TÜRKİYE’ DE MARKETLERDE SATILAN ALKOLSÜZ İÇECEKLERİN ETANOL SEVİYELERİ”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 6/1 (March 2017), 121-128.
JAMA Alkan Türkuçar S, Dolu ÖF, Alevci A, Arslan Burnaz N, Aktaş Karaçelık A, Doğan H, Polat D, Küçük M. TÜRKİYE’ DE MARKETLERDE SATILAN ALKOLSÜZ İÇECEKLERİN ETANOL SEVİYELERİ. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;6:121–128.
MLA Alkan Türkuçar, Semra et al. “TÜRKİYE’ DE MARKETLERDE SATILAN ALKOLSÜZ İÇECEKLERİN ETANOL SEVİYELERİ”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 1, 2017, pp. 121-8.
Vancouver Alkan Türkuçar S, Dolu ÖF, Alevci A, Arslan Burnaz N, Aktaş Karaçelık A, Doğan H, Polat D, Küçük M. TÜRKİYE’ DE MARKETLERDE SATILAN ALKOLSÜZ İÇECEKLERİN ETANOL SEVİYELERİ. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;6(1):121-8.