DOĞUM SONU ERKEN DÖNEM HEMŞİRELİK UYGULAMALARINDA GÜNCEL YAKLAŞIMLAR

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 96 - 103, 30.06.2017

Filiz Ünal Toprak , Zekiye Turan Ayten Şentürk Erenel

Öz

Doğum sonu (DS) dönemde kadında fizyolojik, sosyal ve duygusal birçok değişiklik meydana gelmektedir. Bu dönemde verilen bakımın duruma ve ihtiyaca yönelik olmaması anne-bebek sağlığını olumsuz etkilemekte ve yaşam kalitelerinin düşmesine neden olabilmektedir. DS erken dönemde sıklıkla yaşanan sorunlar arasında; kanamalar, epizyotomi bölgesinde ağrı ve kramplar, yorgunluk, enfeksiyon, meme sorunları, annenin öz bakımında ve/veya yenidoğan bakımında yetersizlik duygusu yaşaması bulunmaktadır. 

Kadın sağlığı hemşireleri, anne ve bebek sağlığının korunması ve geliştirilmesinden sorumlu sağlık profesyonelleridir. Bu nedenle hemşirelerin güncel bilgilere sahip olması bakımın kalitesini artırmak; klinik uygulamalar ve bakım sonuçlarını iyileştirmek; bakımı standardize etmek ve hasta memnuniyetini artırmak bakımından önemlidir. Derlemede, DS erken dönem hemşirelik uygulamalarına yönelik yapılmış randomize çalışmalar, meta-analiz ve sistematik derlemeler ile güncel literatür bilgileri incelenerek konu hakkında bilgi vermek amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Doğum Sonu Dönem, Kanıta Dayalı Uygulamalar, Hemşirelik

Kaynakça

• Barrett, G., Pendry, E., Peacock, J., Victor, C., Thakar, R., Manyonda, I. (1999). “Women’s sexuality after childbirth: A pilot study”. Arch Sex Behav, 28 (2): 179-191.
• Gölbaşı, Z. (2003). “Postpartum dönemde erken taburculuk, evde bakım hizmetleri ve hemşirelik”. C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 7(2): 15-22.
• Akridge, K.M. (2004). “Postpartum ve Lactation”. Editör (Ed.). In: Youngkin, E.Q., Davis, M.S. Women’s Health. Pearson Printice Hall (614). New Jersey.
• Shaw, E., Kaczorowski, J. (2007). “Postpartum care- What’s new?”. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, (19): 561-567.
• WHO, UNICEF, & UNFPA. (2004). Maternal mortality in 2000: Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA. Geneva, Switzerland. (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/68382/1/a81531.pdf). Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017
• Sheikh, L., Najmi, N., Khalid, U., Saleem, T. (2011). “Evaluation of compliance and outcomes of a management protocol for massive postpartum hemorrhage at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan”. BMC Pregnancy Childb, 13: 11-28.
• Cengiz, H., Yasar, L., Ekin, M., Kaya, C. and Karakaş, S. (2012). “Management of intrac¬table postpartum haemorrhage in a tertiary center: A 5-year experience”. Niger Med J, 53: 85-88.
• World Health Organization (WHO). WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization (WHO); 2012. (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75411/1/9789241548502_eng.pdf). Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017
• Kominiarek, M.A., Kilpatrick, S.J. (2007). “Postpartum hemorrhage: a recurring pregnancy complication”. Semin Perinatol., 31 (3): 159-166.
• Gülmezoglu, A.M., Forna, F., Villar, J., Hofmeyr, G.J. (2007). “Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), Art. No: CD000494.
• NICE (2014). “Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies”. (https://www.nice.org.uk/researchrecommendation/what-is-the-most-effective-treatment-for-primary-postpartum-haemorrhage). Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017
• Soltani, H., Hutchon, D.R., Poulose, T.A. (2010). “Timing of prophylactic uterotonics for the third stage of labour after vaginal birth”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8): CD006173.
• Mousa, H.A., Blum, J., Abou El Senoun, G., Shakur, H., Alfirevic, Z. (2014). “Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2): CD003249.
• United States Agency for International Development. (2011). “Prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage at the community level: A guide for policy makers, health care providers, donors, community leaders, and program managers”. (http://www.mchip.net/sites/default/files/DSK%20Prevention%20and%20Treatment%20at%20the%20Community%20Level%20Second%20Edition%202011.pdf). Erişim tarihi: 04.01.2016.
• DeCherney, A.H., Nathan, L., Laufer, N., Roman, A.S. (2010). “Current Diagnosis &Treatment Obstetrics&Gynecology”. Eleventh Edition. Current Diagnosis & Treatment Series., Lange. McGraw Hill, USA.
• Toğrul, C., Başer, E., Özdal, B., Güngör, T. (2012). “Postpartum Kanamanın Yönetimi”. The Journal of Gynecology - Obstetrics and Neonatology, 9 (36): 1502- 1508.
• Cotter, A.M., Ness, A., Tolosa, J.E. (2001). “Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4. Art. No: CD001808.
• Su, L.L., Chong, Y.S., Samuel, M. (2007). “Oxytocin agonists for preventing postpartum haemorrhage”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, Art. No: CD005457.
• Kemik-Gül, Ö., Somunkıran, A., Özdemir, İ., Yücel, O., Demirci, F. (2006). “Doğum sonu kanamayı önlemede rektal misoprostol ve intravenöz oksitosinin etkinliklerinin karşılaştırılması”. J Turk Soc Obstet Gynecol, 3(3): 162-166.
• B-Lynch, C., Keith, L.G., Lalonde, A.B., Karoshi, M. (2010). Doğum sonu kanama; değerlendirme, yönetim ve cerrahi girişimler için kaynak kitabı. Editör (Ed.) Demir, C.S. (11-15). Matus Basımevi Reklam ve Yay. Tic. Ltd. Şti., Ankara.
• ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee Opinion Number 107, 2009, FDA. (accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/19268slr037.pdf - 2009-03-31). Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2016.
• FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). Cytotec (misoprostol). (http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/19268slr037.pdf). Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017
• Oladapo, O.T., Fawole, B., Blum, J., Abalos, E. (2012). “Advance misoprostol distribution for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage”. The Cochrane Library, (2): CD009336.
• Hofmeyr, G.J., Walraven, G., Gulmezoglu, A.M., Maholwana, B., Alfirevic, Z., Villar, J. (2005). “Misoprostol to treat postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review”. BJOG, 112: 547-553.
• Fararjeh, C. (2003). “Postpartum kanama tedavisinde rektal misoprostol uygulamasının etkinliğinin intramusküler oksitosin ve metilergonovinle karşılaştırılması”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Anabilim Dalı, Uzmanlık Tezi, İstanbul.
• Hofmeyr, G.J., Gülmezoglu, A.M., Novikova, N., Lawrie, T.A. (2013). “Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7), Art. No: CD008982.
• Hofmeyr, G.J., Abdel-Aleem, H., Abdel-Aleem, M.A. (2008). “Uterine Massage for Preventing Postpartum Haemorrhage”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3). Art. No.: CD006431.
• Hofmeyr, G.J., Abdel-Aleem, H., Abdel-Aleem, M.A. (2013). “Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7): CD006431.
• ICM and FIGO. (2003). International joint policy statement management of the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 25(11): 952-3.
• Lowdermilk, D.L. (2004). “Postpartum Complications”. (In) Lowdermilk DL, Perry S.E. (Eds). Maternity & Women’s Health Care. 8th Edition, Mosby, USA, 1044-48.
• Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Surgery. A National Clinical Guideline. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. (http://sign.ac.uk/guidelines/ fulltext/104/index.html). Erişim tarihi: 10.10.2016.
• Hidron, A., Edwards, J.R., Patel, J., Horan T.C., Sievert, D.M., Pollock, D.A., Fridkin, S.K. (2008). “NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcareassociated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007”. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol., 29 (11): 996-1011.
• Anderson, D.J., Podgorny, K., Berríos-Torres, S.I, Bratzler, D.W., Dellinger, E.P., Greene, L., Nyquist, C., Saiman, L., Yokoe, D.S., Maragakis, L.L. and Kaye, K.S. (2014). “Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update”. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol., 35(6): 605-27.
• Smaill, F.M., Grivell, R.M. (2014). “Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10: CD007482.
• Giuliani, B., Periti, E., Mecacci, F. (1999). “Antimicrobial prophylaxis in obstetrics and gynecological surgery”. J Chemother Dec, 11: 577-580.
• Reid, V.C., Hartmann, K.E., MCMahon, M., Fry, E.P. (2001). “Vaginal preparation with povidone iodine and postcesarean infectious morbidity: a randomized controlled trial”. Obstet Gynecol, 97 (1): 147- 152.
• Starr, R.V., Zurawski, J., Ismail, M. (2005). “Preoperative vaginal preparation with povidone-iodine and the risk of postcesarean endometritis”. Obstet Gynecol, 105: 1024-1029.
• Memon, S., Qazi, R.A., Bibi, S., Parveen, N. (2011). “Effect of preoperative vaginal cleansing with an antiseptic solution to reduce post caesarean infectious morbidity”. J Pak Med Assoc, 61(12): 1179-1183.
• Haas, D.M., Morgan, S., Contreras, K. (2013). “Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 1: CD007892.
• East, C.E., Begg, L., Henshall, N.E., Marchant, P.R., Wallace, K. (2012). “Local Cooling for Relieving Pain from Perineal Trauma Sustained During Childbirth”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4). Art. No: CD006304.
• Toker, Z., Eroğlu, K. (2005). “Epizyotomi Bakımında Kullanılan İki Farklı Yöntemin Yara İyileşme Sürecine Etkisi”. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 49-61.
• Yılmaz, S.D., Vural, G., Bodur, S. (2010). “The Effect of Serum Physiological and Rivanol on the Process of Recovery During Episiotomy Care”. Trakya Univ Tip Fak Derg, 27 (2): 172-177.
• Tuna, C.R. (2013). “Epizyotomi bakımında kullanılan iki farklı yöntemin yara iyileşmesi sürecine etkisi”. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Ebelik Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mersin.
• Verklan, M.T. (2009). “So, he’s a little premature. What’s the big deal?”. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 21 (2): 149-161.
• Tessier, R., Cristo, M., Velez, S., Giron, M., de Calume, Z.F., Ruiz-Palaez, J.G., Charpak, Y and Charpak, N. (1998). “Kangaroo mother care and the bonding hypothesis”. Pediatrics, 102 (2): 1-8.
• Chwo, M.J., Anderson, G.C., Good, M., Dowling, D.A., Shiau, S.H. and Chu, D.M. (2007). “A randomized controlled trial of early kangaroo care for preterm infants: effects on temperature, weight, behavior, and acuity”. Journal of Nursing Research, 10(2): 129-142.
• Conde-Agudelo, A., Belizán, J.M. and Diaz-Rossello, J. (2011). “Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birth weight infants”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3. Art. No: CD002771.
• Moore, E.R., Anderson, G.C., Bergman, N. and Dowswell, T. (2012). “Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (5): CD003519.
• 60 Tips for Healthy Birth: Part 6 - Keep Mother and Baby Together - It's Best for Mother, Baby, and Breastfeeding. (http://www.lamaze.org/p/bl/et/blogid=16&blogaid=1075). Erişim tarihi: 04.01.2016.
• Anne Sütüyle İlgili Temel Gerçekler. (http://www.unicef.org/turkey/ir/_mc29.html). Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2016.
• Dyson, L., McCormick, F. and Renfrew, M.J. (2005). “Interventions for Promoting the Initiation of Breastfeeding”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2). Art. No: CD001688.
• Britton, C., McCormick, F.M., Renfrew, M.J., Wade, A., King, S.E. (2007). “Support for Breastfeeding Mothers”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1). Art. No: CD001141.
• Walker, M. (2008). “Conquering common breast-feeding problems”. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs, 22 (4): 267-274.
• Bossert, R., Rayburn, W.F. (2001). “Early postpartum at a university hospital: outcome analysis”. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 46 (1): 39-43.
• Eaton, A.P. (2001). “Early postpartum discharge: recommendation from a preliminary report to congress”. Pediatrics, 107 (2): 400-404.
• World Health Organization (WHO). Pospartum care of the mother and newborn: a pratical guide. WHO/RHT/MSM, Geneva 1998; 98/3: 8-58. (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/97603/1/9789241506649_eng.pdf). Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017
• Cargill, Y., Martel, M. (2007). “Postpartum maternal and newborn discharge”. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 29 (4): 357-359.
• Brown, S., Small, R., Faber, B., Krastev, A. and Davis, P. (2002). “Early Postnatal Discharge from Hospital for Healthy Mothers and Term Infants”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3). Art. No: CD002958.
• Bowman, K.G., Ruchala, P.L. (2006). “A comparison of the postpartum learning needs of adolescent mothers and their mothers”. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 35 (2): 250-256.
• Eroğlu, K. (2012). “Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği El Kitabı”. Editör (Ed.) A.M., Coşkun (s:32). Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul.