Öz
One of the most well-known negative consequences of aging is the inability to respond quickly and effectively to new or previously encountered antigens due to the weakening of the immune system and the resulting immune deficits. The effects of aging on the immune system are manifested by the decrease in the functions of lymphocytes at different levels in B and T cells and secondary lymphoid tissues in the thymus and bone marrow. For this reason, when the immune system is faced with any threat in elderly individuals, they cannot create an immune response as fast and effective as young people. Especially in a pandemic period in which the elderly is at risk due to coronavirus, planning the elderly studies mostly through the identification of these changes in the immune system and the identification of the underlying molecular events. Perhaps by supporting the immune system of the elderly, we can enable us to effectively fight the coronavirus pandemic and possible next viral outbreaks. With this review, we will touch upon the differences in the immune system of the elderly and medical and social work that should be done during pandemic periods.
While this study, which is done in the form of a review, evaluates the health aspect of old age, it will scrutinize measures that can be taken against immune system disorders occurring in old age with the social work relationship in detail. However, understanding the factors affecting the well-being or quality of life of older adults, which are at the center of this study, may provide a basis for future social work theories and studies.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- United Nations. (2013). World Population Ageing 2013. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. New York: United Nations Publication.
- Khan, S. S., Singer, B. D., & Vaughan, D. E. (2017). “Molecular And Physiological Manifestations and Measurement of Aging in Humans”. Againg Cell, 16 (4), 624-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12601.
- Ponnappan, S., & Ponnappan, U. (2011). “Aging and immune function: molecular mechanisms to interventions”. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 14 (8), 1551–1585. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2010.3228
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2020). “Ten Leading Causes of Death and Injury. Center for Disease Control and Prevention”: https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/LeadingCauses.html adresinden alındı.
- Gavazzi, G., & Krause, K. H. (2002). “Ageing and Infection”. Lancet Infect Dis., 2 (11), 659-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00437-1.
- Norman, D. C. (2000). “Fever in the Elderly”. Clin. Infect Dis., 31(1), 148–151. https://doi.org/10.1086/313896.
- Malaguarnera, L., Cristaldi, E., & Malaguarnera, M. (2010). “The Role of Immunity in Elderly Cancer”. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol., 74 (1), 40-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.06.002.
- Ramos-Casals, M., Brito-Zerón, P., López-Soto, A., & Font, J. (2004). “Systemic Autoimmune Diseases in Elderly Patients: Atypical Presentation and Association with Neoplasia”. Autoimmun Rev., 3 (5), 376-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2003.12.002.
- Volkert, D., Beck, A. M., Cederholm, T., Cereda, E., Cruz-Jentoft, A., Goisser, S., de Groot, L., Großhauser, F., Kiesswetter, E., Norman, K., Pourhassan, M., Reinders, I., Roberts, H. C., Rolland, Y., Schneider, S. M., Sieber, C. C., Thiem, U., Visser, M., Wijnhoven, H., & Wirth, R. (2019). “Management of Malnutrition in Older Patients—Current Approaches, Evidence and Open Questions”. J Clin Med., 8(7), 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8070974.
- Seyede, S. M., Mohsen, S., Abasali, K., Seyed Kazem, M., Mohsen, B., & Shervin, A. (2016). “Defining Polypharmacy in the Elderly: a Systematic Review Protocol”. BMJ Open, 6 (3), 1-4.
- Hoogendijk, E. O., Flores Ruano, T., Martínez-Reig, M., López-Utiel, M., Lozoya-Moreno, S., Dent, E., & Abizanda, P. (2018). “Socioeconomic Position and Malnutrition among Older Adults: Results from the FRADEA Study”. J Nutr Health Aging. 22 (9), 1086–1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1061-1.
- Maggini, S., Wintergerst, E., Beveridge, S., & Hornig, D. (2007). “Selected Vitamins and Trace Elements Support Immune Function by Strengthening Epithelial Barriers and Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses”. Br J Nutr., 98 (1), 29.
- Chandra R. K. (2004). “Impact of nutritional status and nutrient supplements on immune responses and incidence of infection in older individuals”. Ageing Res Rev., 3 (1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2003.08.004.
- Pray, L., Boon, C., Miller, E. A., & Pillsbury, L. (2010). Providing Healthy and Safe Foods As We Age: Workshop Summary. The Institute of Medicine, National Academies, Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
- Jahnen-Dechent, W., & Ketteler, M. (2012). “Magnesium basics”. Clin Kidney J, 5 (1), i3–i14. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163.
- Australian Government Department of Health. (2020). “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Information for Health Care and Residential Care Workers”. Mart 22, 2020 tarihinde Australian Government Department of Health: https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-19-information-for-health-care-and-residential-care-workers_4.pdf adresinden alındı.
Öz
Yaşlanmanın en çok bilinen olumsuz sonuçlarından biri de immün sistemdeki zayıflama ve bunun sonucunda ortaya çıkan immün defisitler nedeniyle yeni veya daha önceden karşılaştığımız antijenlere hızlı ve etkili bir cevap verilememesidir. Yaşlanmanın immün sistem üzerine etkileri timus ve kemik iliğindeki B ve T hücreleri ve sekonder lenfoid dokulardaki olgun lenfositlerin fonksiyonlarının farklı düzeylerde azalması ile kendini belli eder. Bu nedenle yaşlı bireylerde bağışıklık sistemi herhangi bir tehdit karşısında kaldığında gençler kadar hızlı ve etkili bir immün cevap oluşturamamaktadır. Özellikle yaşlıların coronavirüs nedeniyle risk altında olduğu bir pandemi döneminde yaşlı çalışmalarının daha çok immün sistemdeki bu değişimler ve altta yatan moleküler olayların tanımlanması şeklinde planlanması ve belki de yaşlıların bağışıklık sisteminin desteklenmesi ile bu ve bundan sonraki olası viral salgınlarla etkili mücadele etmemizi sağlayabilecektir.
Derleme şeklinde yapılan bu çalışma, yaşlılığın sağlık boyutunu değerlendirirken yaşlılıkta meydana gelen immün sistem rahatsızlıklarına karşı alınabilecek önlemleri sosyal hizmet ilişkisiyle ayrıntılı bir şekilde irdeleyecektir. Bununla birlikte, bu çalışmanın merkezinde yer alan yaşlı yetişkinlerin refahını ya da yaşam kalitesini etkileyen faktörleri anlamak ileriki sosyal hizmet kuram ve çalışmalarına temel oluşturabilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- United Nations. (2013). World Population Ageing 2013. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. New York: United Nations Publication.
- Khan, S. S., Singer, B. D., & Vaughan, D. E. (2017). “Molecular And Physiological Manifestations and Measurement of Aging in Humans”. Againg Cell, 16 (4), 624-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12601.
- Ponnappan, S., & Ponnappan, U. (2011). “Aging and immune function: molecular mechanisms to interventions”. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 14 (8), 1551–1585. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2010.3228
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2020). “Ten Leading Causes of Death and Injury. Center for Disease Control and Prevention”: https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/LeadingCauses.html adresinden alındı.
- Gavazzi, G., & Krause, K. H. (2002). “Ageing and Infection”. Lancet Infect Dis., 2 (11), 659-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00437-1.
- Norman, D. C. (2000). “Fever in the Elderly”. Clin. Infect Dis., 31(1), 148–151. https://doi.org/10.1086/313896.
- Malaguarnera, L., Cristaldi, E., & Malaguarnera, M. (2010). “The Role of Immunity in Elderly Cancer”. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol., 74 (1), 40-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.06.002.
- Ramos-Casals, M., Brito-Zerón, P., López-Soto, A., & Font, J. (2004). “Systemic Autoimmune Diseases in Elderly Patients: Atypical Presentation and Association with Neoplasia”. Autoimmun Rev., 3 (5), 376-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2003.12.002.
- Volkert, D., Beck, A. M., Cederholm, T., Cereda, E., Cruz-Jentoft, A., Goisser, S., de Groot, L., Großhauser, F., Kiesswetter, E., Norman, K., Pourhassan, M., Reinders, I., Roberts, H. C., Rolland, Y., Schneider, S. M., Sieber, C. C., Thiem, U., Visser, M., Wijnhoven, H., & Wirth, R. (2019). “Management of Malnutrition in Older Patients—Current Approaches, Evidence and Open Questions”. J Clin Med., 8(7), 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8070974.
- Seyede, S. M., Mohsen, S., Abasali, K., Seyed Kazem, M., Mohsen, B., & Shervin, A. (2016). “Defining Polypharmacy in the Elderly: a Systematic Review Protocol”. BMJ Open, 6 (3), 1-4.
- Hoogendijk, E. O., Flores Ruano, T., Martínez-Reig, M., López-Utiel, M., Lozoya-Moreno, S., Dent, E., & Abizanda, P. (2018). “Socioeconomic Position and Malnutrition among Older Adults: Results from the FRADEA Study”. J Nutr Health Aging. 22 (9), 1086–1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1061-1.
- Maggini, S., Wintergerst, E., Beveridge, S., & Hornig, D. (2007). “Selected Vitamins and Trace Elements Support Immune Function by Strengthening Epithelial Barriers and Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses”. Br J Nutr., 98 (1), 29.
- Chandra R. K. (2004). “Impact of nutritional status and nutrient supplements on immune responses and incidence of infection in older individuals”. Ageing Res Rev., 3 (1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2003.08.004.
- Pray, L., Boon, C., Miller, E. A., & Pillsbury, L. (2010). Providing Healthy and Safe Foods As We Age: Workshop Summary. The Institute of Medicine, National Academies, Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
- Jahnen-Dechent, W., & Ketteler, M. (2012). “Magnesium basics”. Clin Kidney J, 5 (1), i3–i14. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163.
- Australian Government Department of Health. (2020). “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Information for Health Care and Residential Care Workers”. Mart 22, 2020 tarihinde Australian Government Department of Health: https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-19-information-for-health-care-and-residential-care-workers_4.pdf adresinden alındı.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Derlemeler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 2 Ocak 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4 |
