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Avustralya’nın Asya-Pasifik’te Tehdit Algısı: Sarı Tehlike (1850-1914)

Year 2021, , 865 - 898, 01.12.2021

Orhan Özcan

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1029874
Cited By: 2

Abstract

Büyük Britanya tarafından Anglo-Sakson-Kelt göçmenlerin Avustralya Kıtası’na 1788’de iskân edilmesiyle Avustralya kolonisi meydana gelmiştir. Avustralya’da 1850’lerde altın madeninin bulunması ada/kıtanın ekonomik, toplumsal ve politik dinamiklerini geri döndürülemez biçimde değiştirmiştir. Avustralya’da Altına Hücum dönemi olarak isimlendirilen süreçte, Çinli göçmenlerin Avustralya’ya iş bulmak amacıyla akın etmesi ve Japonya’nın bu süreçte ekonomik ve askerî olarak modernleşmesini tamamlaması, Avustralya’nın Asya-Pasifik’te dış politikasını belirlemiştir. Asya-Pasifik’te Japonya’nın bir güç olarak ortaya çıkması ve Asyalı toplumlar tarafından Avustralya’nın istila edileceği temel argümanı çevresinde biçimlenen tehdit algısı, Avustralya’da Sarı Tehlike olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma da Avustralya’nın 1850’den 1914’e kadar Asya-Pasifik, özelde Asya üzerine dış politikası incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Avustralya Asya-Pasifik Sarı Tehlike Çinli Göçmen Japonya

References

  • ANDREWS, Eric Montgomery; Anzac Illusion: Anglo-Australian Relations During World War I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.
  • BARBERIS, Peter, MCHUGH John, TYLDESLEY Mike; Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups, and Movements of the Twentieth Century, Pinter, London and New York, 2000.
  • COLEMAN, William. O. (Edited); Only in Australia: The History, Politics and Economics of Australian Exceptionalism, Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • CORCORAN, Robert, DICKENSON Jackie; A Dictionary of Australian Politics, Allen&Unwin, NSW, 2010.
  • DOCHERTY, James C.; Historical Dictionary of Australia, The Scarecow Press, Maryland US, Toronto CA, Plymouth UK, Third Edition, 2007.
  • DUPONT, Alan; Australia’s Threat Perceptions: A Search For Security, Canbera Papers on Strategy and Defence; No.82, ANU Press, 1991.
  • DURAN, Burhanettin, İNAT, Kemal, CANER, Mustafa (Editörler); Türk Dış Politikası Yıllığı 2017, Seta, 2017.
  • FIRTH, Stewart; Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Policy, Allen&Unwin, NSW, 2005.
  • FREDRICKSON, George M.; Racism: A Short History, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2002.
  • GAMMAGE, Bill; The Broken Years: Australian Soldiers in the Great War, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1974.
  • GREVE, Jennifer, LEWIS, Kimberly, vd. (Edit.); Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Asia and Oceania, Vol.4, Twelth Edition, Thomsan Gale, 2007.
  • HERB, Guntram H., KAPLAN, vd. (Editors); Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview 1880 to 1945, Vol 2, ABC-Clio, California, 2008.
  • HOBSBAWM, Eric J.; Sermaye Çağı 1848-1875, Dost Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2003.
  • MACINNIS, Peter; The Big Book of Australian History, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 2013.
  • MACINTYRE, Stuart; A Concise History of Australia, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • MADDEN, A.F. (Edited); Australia and Britain: Studies in a Changing Relationship, W.H.Morris-Jones, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, 2005.
  • MCCRONE, David, MCPHERSON, Gayle (Edited); Nationals Day Constructing and Mobilizing National Identity, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009.
  • MEANEY, Neville; The Search for Security in the Pacific 1901-1914: A History of Australian Defence and Foreign Policy 1901-1923, Vol I, Sydney University Press, 2009.
  • MERRIMAN, John, WINTER, Jay (Editors); Europe 1789-1914 Encyclopaedia of the Age of Industry and Empire, Vol. I Thomson Gale, New York-USA, 2006.
  • MORDIKE, John Leonard; We Should Do This Thing Quietly: Japan and The Great Deception In Australia Defence Policy 1911-1914, National Library of Australia Cataloguing in-Publication, 2002.
  • MOUNTFORD, Benjamin; Britain, China and Colonial Australia, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016.
  • PALMER, James; The Bloody White Baron, Basic Books, New York, 2009.
  • RHODES, R.A.W. (Edited); The Australian Study of Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009.
  • RUPERT, G.G.; The Yellow Peril Or The Orient Vs The Occident, Third Edition, Union Publishing Co., Briton Okla, U.S.A., 1911.
  • TCHEN, John Kuo Wei; New York Before Chinatown, Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture 1776-1882, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore&London, 1999.
  • WALKER, David (Edited); Australia’s Asia: From Yellow Peril to Asia Century, Agnieszka Sobocinska, UWA Publishing, 2012.
  • WEST, Barbara A., MURPHEY Frances T.; A Brief History of Australia, Facts on File, New York, 2010.
  • AKSAKAL, Hasan, “Japon ve Türk Modernleşmelerinin Karşılaştırmalı Tarihi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme Gerçekten “Japon Mucizesi” vs. “Türk Usûlü” mü?”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı:27, 2012.
  • BEŞİKÇİ, Mehmet,“1894-1895 Çin-Japon Savaşı: Japon Emperyalizminin Yükselişi ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu”, Toplumsal Tarih, No:161 (Mayıs 2007).
  • CABLE, K.J., “Boyce, Francis Bertie (1844-1931), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7, (MUP), 1979. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/boyce-francis-bertie-5319 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2017).
  • CECIL, John, “Anzac Allies: The Japanese Battleship Which Sailed by Our Side”, 16 August 2014, http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2014/08/15/4068010.html (Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2018).
  • CROWLEY, F.K., “Cook, Sir Joseph (1860-1947)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8, (MUP), 1981, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cook-sir-joseph-5763 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2020).
  • COLLINS, Andrew, “The Battle of Cocos: HMAS Sydney Notches Australia’s First Victory”, 14 March 2014, http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2014/03/13/39627 14.htm?site=greatsouthern (Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2018).
  • FAI, Leung Wing, “Perceptions of the East – Yellow Peril: An Archive of Anti-Asian Fear”, 16 Ağustos 2014.
  • FITZHARDINGE, L.F., “Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862-1952)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, (MUP), 1983, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ hughes-william-morris-billy-6761 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2020).
  • LOCKHART, Greg, “The Secret Centenary”, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-06-17/lockhart-the-secret-centenary/2761502 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2020).
  • LOCKHART, Greg, “Race Fear, Dangerous Denial”, https://www.griffithreview.com/ articles/race-fear-dangerous-denial (Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2020).
  • MEANEY, Neville, “The End of White Australia and Australia’s Changing Perceptions of Asia,1945-1990”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 49:2, 171-189, DOI:10.1080/10357719508445155.
  • NAIRN, Bede, “Watson, John Christian (1867-1941)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 12, (MUP), 1990, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/watson-john-christian-chris-9003 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2020).
  • NORRIS, R.,“Deakin, Alfred (1856-1919)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8, (MUP), 1981, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/deakin-alfred-5927 (Erişim Tarihi: 09.01.2020).
  • RUTLEDGE, Martha, , “Barton, Sir Edmund (Toby) (1849-1920)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7, (MUP), http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barton-sir-edmund-toby-711979, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2020).
  • UMUNÇ, Himmet, “Anzaklar ve Çanakkale: Anzak Günlüklerindeki Gerçekler”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 33/Sayı 1/Haziran 2016. YANG, Tim, “The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril”, http://www.dartmouth.edu/hist32/History/TheMalleableYetUndyingNatureoftheYellowPeril (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2017).
  • BATES, Sonja, “Anzac Legend: Its Origins, Meaning, Power, Impact on Shaping Australia’s Identity”, Master’s of Peace and Conflict Studies Dissertation, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2013.
  • KİRİŞÇİ, Ayşe Candan, “Nation-Building and Gallipoli: Represantations in Turkish”, Australian and New Zealand Literatures, Dissertation Doctor of Philosopy in English Literature, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, 2011.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Barrier Miner, 24 July, 1911.
  • “Bir Askeri Nakliye Gemisinde”, Bendigonian, 15 December 1914.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Border Chronicle, 26 November 1917.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Braidwood Dispatch and Mining Journal, 19 November 1910.
  • “Savaşın Maliyeti”, Evening News, 24 July 1895.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Great Southern Leader, 27 January 1911.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Midlands Advertiser, 6 January 1911.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, North West Post, 24 December 1910.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Northam Advertiser, 17 Aralık 1910.
  • “Çinliler Adelaide’de”, Portland Guardian and Normanby General Advertiser, 18 June 1856.
  • “Avustralya Sefer Kuvvetleri”, “Queanbeyan Askeri’nden İlginç Bir Mektup”, Queanbeyan Age, 25 December 1914.
  • “Asya Orduları”, Worker Newspaper, 29 July 1911.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Wyalong Advocate and Mining, Agricultural and Pastoral Gazette, 12 December 1910.
  • A History of the Department of Immigration, Managing Migration to Australia, https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2020).
  • Australian Government, How Governments Work, https://info.australia.gov.au/about-government/how-government-works (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2020).
  • Britannica, Anglo-Saxon Definition, History, Language, Countries, Culture, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anglo-Saxon (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2021).
  • Federation Story, Australian Natives Associtiation Establish, http://www.federationstory. com/australian-natives-association-established (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2020).
  • Irish Times, Perceptions of the East – Yellow Peril: An Archive of Anti-Asian Fear, http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/perceptions-of-the-east-yellow-peril-an-archive-of-anti-asian-fear-1.1895696 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2017).
  • Macmillan Dictionary, Sinophobia Definition and Synonyms, http://www.macmillandictionary.com (Erişim Tarihi:04.02.2020).
  • Türkiye Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Asya Pasifik Ülkeleri İle İlişkiler, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ dogu-asya-ve-pasifik-ulkeleri-ile-iliskiler.tr.mfa (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2020).
  • National Museum Australia, Prime Ministers Billy Hughes, https://www.nma.gov.au/ explore/features/prime-ministers/billy-hughes (Erişim Tarihi:14.04.2020).
  • National Museum Australia, Prime Ministers Joseph Cook, https://www.nma.gov.au/ explore/features/prime-ministers/joseph-cook (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2020).
  • National Library of Australia, Imperial Federation Leauge, http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-229322803 (Erişim Tarihi:02.07.2017).
  • Oxford Learners Dictionary, Celt, https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ definition/english/celt?q=celt (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2021).

Australia’s Perception of Threat in Asia-Pacific: The Yellow Peril (1850-1914)

Year 2021, , 865 - 898, 01.12.2021

Orhan Özcan

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1029874
Cited By: 2

Abstract

With the settlement of Anglo-Saxon-Celtic immigrants in Australia in 1788 by Great Britain, the Australia Colony was formed. The discovery of gold mine in Australia in 1850s had irreversibly changed the economic, social and political dynamics of the island/continent. During the process named as the Gold Rush, the influx of Chinese immigrants to Australia to find job and Japan’s completion of economic and military modernization determined Australia’s foreign policy in Asia-Pacific. The threat perception shaped around the basic argument that Japan would emerge as a power in Asia-Pacific and that Australia would be invaded by Asian societies, which had been named as the Yellow Peril. In this study, Australia’s foreign policy from 1850 to 1914 on Asia-Pacific, in particular Asia, is examined.

Keywords

Australia Asia-Pacific Yellow Peril Chinese Immigrate Japan

References

  • ANDREWS, Eric Montgomery; Anzac Illusion: Anglo-Australian Relations During World War I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.
  • BARBERIS, Peter, MCHUGH John, TYLDESLEY Mike; Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups, and Movements of the Twentieth Century, Pinter, London and New York, 2000.
  • COLEMAN, William. O. (Edited); Only in Australia: The History, Politics and Economics of Australian Exceptionalism, Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • CORCORAN, Robert, DICKENSON Jackie; A Dictionary of Australian Politics, Allen&Unwin, NSW, 2010.
  • DOCHERTY, James C.; Historical Dictionary of Australia, The Scarecow Press, Maryland US, Toronto CA, Plymouth UK, Third Edition, 2007.
  • DUPONT, Alan; Australia’s Threat Perceptions: A Search For Security, Canbera Papers on Strategy and Defence; No.82, ANU Press, 1991.
  • DURAN, Burhanettin, İNAT, Kemal, CANER, Mustafa (Editörler); Türk Dış Politikası Yıllığı 2017, Seta, 2017.
  • FIRTH, Stewart; Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Policy, Allen&Unwin, NSW, 2005.
  • FREDRICKSON, George M.; Racism: A Short History, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2002.
  • GAMMAGE, Bill; The Broken Years: Australian Soldiers in the Great War, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1974.
  • GREVE, Jennifer, LEWIS, Kimberly, vd. (Edit.); Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Asia and Oceania, Vol.4, Twelth Edition, Thomsan Gale, 2007.
  • HERB, Guntram H., KAPLAN, vd. (Editors); Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview 1880 to 1945, Vol 2, ABC-Clio, California, 2008.
  • HOBSBAWM, Eric J.; Sermaye Çağı 1848-1875, Dost Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2003.
  • MACINNIS, Peter; The Big Book of Australian History, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 2013.
  • MACINTYRE, Stuart; A Concise History of Australia, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • MADDEN, A.F. (Edited); Australia and Britain: Studies in a Changing Relationship, W.H.Morris-Jones, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, 2005.
  • MCCRONE, David, MCPHERSON, Gayle (Edited); Nationals Day Constructing and Mobilizing National Identity, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009.
  • MEANEY, Neville; The Search for Security in the Pacific 1901-1914: A History of Australian Defence and Foreign Policy 1901-1923, Vol I, Sydney University Press, 2009.
  • MERRIMAN, John, WINTER, Jay (Editors); Europe 1789-1914 Encyclopaedia of the Age of Industry and Empire, Vol. I Thomson Gale, New York-USA, 2006.
  • MORDIKE, John Leonard; We Should Do This Thing Quietly: Japan and The Great Deception In Australia Defence Policy 1911-1914, National Library of Australia Cataloguing in-Publication, 2002.
  • MOUNTFORD, Benjamin; Britain, China and Colonial Australia, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016.
  • PALMER, James; The Bloody White Baron, Basic Books, New York, 2009.
  • RHODES, R.A.W. (Edited); The Australian Study of Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009.
  • RUPERT, G.G.; The Yellow Peril Or The Orient Vs The Occident, Third Edition, Union Publishing Co., Briton Okla, U.S.A., 1911.
  • TCHEN, John Kuo Wei; New York Before Chinatown, Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture 1776-1882, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore&London, 1999.
  • WALKER, David (Edited); Australia’s Asia: From Yellow Peril to Asia Century, Agnieszka Sobocinska, UWA Publishing, 2012.
  • WEST, Barbara A., MURPHEY Frances T.; A Brief History of Australia, Facts on File, New York, 2010.
  • AKSAKAL, Hasan, “Japon ve Türk Modernleşmelerinin Karşılaştırmalı Tarihi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme Gerçekten “Japon Mucizesi” vs. “Türk Usûlü” mü?”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı:27, 2012.
  • BEŞİKÇİ, Mehmet,“1894-1895 Çin-Japon Savaşı: Japon Emperyalizminin Yükselişi ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu”, Toplumsal Tarih, No:161 (Mayıs 2007).
  • CABLE, K.J., “Boyce, Francis Bertie (1844-1931), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7, (MUP), 1979. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/boyce-francis-bertie-5319 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2017).
  • CECIL, John, “Anzac Allies: The Japanese Battleship Which Sailed by Our Side”, 16 August 2014, http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2014/08/15/4068010.html (Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2018).
  • CROWLEY, F.K., “Cook, Sir Joseph (1860-1947)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8, (MUP), 1981, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cook-sir-joseph-5763 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2020).
  • COLLINS, Andrew, “The Battle of Cocos: HMAS Sydney Notches Australia’s First Victory”, 14 March 2014, http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2014/03/13/39627 14.htm?site=greatsouthern (Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2018).
  • FAI, Leung Wing, “Perceptions of the East – Yellow Peril: An Archive of Anti-Asian Fear”, 16 Ağustos 2014.
  • FITZHARDINGE, L.F., “Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862-1952)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, (MUP), 1983, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ hughes-william-morris-billy-6761 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2020).
  • LOCKHART, Greg, “The Secret Centenary”, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-06-17/lockhart-the-secret-centenary/2761502 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2020).
  • LOCKHART, Greg, “Race Fear, Dangerous Denial”, https://www.griffithreview.com/ articles/race-fear-dangerous-denial (Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2020).
  • MEANEY, Neville, “The End of White Australia and Australia’s Changing Perceptions of Asia,1945-1990”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 49:2, 171-189, DOI:10.1080/10357719508445155.
  • NAIRN, Bede, “Watson, John Christian (1867-1941)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 12, (MUP), 1990, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/watson-john-christian-chris-9003 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2020).
  • NORRIS, R.,“Deakin, Alfred (1856-1919)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8, (MUP), 1981, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/deakin-alfred-5927 (Erişim Tarihi: 09.01.2020).
  • RUTLEDGE, Martha, , “Barton, Sir Edmund (Toby) (1849-1920)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7, (MUP), http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barton-sir-edmund-toby-711979, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2020).
  • UMUNÇ, Himmet, “Anzaklar ve Çanakkale: Anzak Günlüklerindeki Gerçekler”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 33/Sayı 1/Haziran 2016. YANG, Tim, “The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril”, http://www.dartmouth.edu/hist32/History/TheMalleableYetUndyingNatureoftheYellowPeril (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2017).
  • BATES, Sonja, “Anzac Legend: Its Origins, Meaning, Power, Impact on Shaping Australia’s Identity”, Master’s of Peace and Conflict Studies Dissertation, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2013.
  • KİRİŞÇİ, Ayşe Candan, “Nation-Building and Gallipoli: Represantations in Turkish”, Australian and New Zealand Literatures, Dissertation Doctor of Philosopy in English Literature, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, 2011.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Barrier Miner, 24 July, 1911.
  • “Bir Askeri Nakliye Gemisinde”, Bendigonian, 15 December 1914.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Border Chronicle, 26 November 1917.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Braidwood Dispatch and Mining Journal, 19 November 1910.
  • “Savaşın Maliyeti”, Evening News, 24 July 1895.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Great Southern Leader, 27 January 1911.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Midlands Advertiser, 6 January 1911.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, North West Post, 24 December 1910.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Northam Advertiser, 17 Aralık 1910.
  • “Çinliler Adelaide’de”, Portland Guardian and Normanby General Advertiser, 18 June 1856.
  • “Avustralya Sefer Kuvvetleri”, “Queanbeyan Askeri’nden İlginç Bir Mektup”, Queanbeyan Age, 25 December 1914.
  • “Asya Orduları”, Worker Newspaper, 29 July 1911.
  • “Sarı Tehlike”, Wyalong Advocate and Mining, Agricultural and Pastoral Gazette, 12 December 1910.
  • A History of the Department of Immigration, Managing Migration to Australia, https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2020).
  • Australian Government, How Governments Work, https://info.australia.gov.au/about-government/how-government-works (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2020).
  • Britannica, Anglo-Saxon Definition, History, Language, Countries, Culture, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anglo-Saxon (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2021).
  • Federation Story, Australian Natives Associtiation Establish, http://www.federationstory. com/australian-natives-association-established (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2020).
  • Irish Times, Perceptions of the East – Yellow Peril: An Archive of Anti-Asian Fear, http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/perceptions-of-the-east-yellow-peril-an-archive-of-anti-asian-fear-1.1895696 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2017).
  • Macmillan Dictionary, Sinophobia Definition and Synonyms, http://www.macmillandictionary.com (Erişim Tarihi:04.02.2020).
  • Türkiye Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Asya Pasifik Ülkeleri İle İlişkiler, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ dogu-asya-ve-pasifik-ulkeleri-ile-iliskiler.tr.mfa (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2020).
  • National Museum Australia, Prime Ministers Billy Hughes, https://www.nma.gov.au/ explore/features/prime-ministers/billy-hughes (Erişim Tarihi:14.04.2020).
  • National Museum Australia, Prime Ministers Joseph Cook, https://www.nma.gov.au/ explore/features/prime-ministers/joseph-cook (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2020).
  • National Library of Australia, Imperial Federation Leauge, http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-229322803 (Erişim Tarihi:02.07.2017).
  • Oxford Learners Dictionary, Celt, https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ definition/english/celt?q=celt (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2021).
There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Orhan Özcan This is me 0000-0002-0398-7184

Publication Date December 1, 2021
Submission Date February 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

Chicago Özcan, Orhan. “Avustralya’nın Asya-Pasifik’te Tehdit Algısı: Sarı Tehlike (1850-1914)”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 17, no. 40 (December 2021): 865-98. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1029874.

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