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Stratejik Kültür ve Güncel Kuramsal Tartışmalar

Year 2016, Volume: 12 Issue: 24, 147 - 182, 29.12.2016

Abstract

Uluslararası İlişkiler ve onun bir alt dalı
sayılabilecek olan Güvenlik Stratejileri alanında, uluslararası aktörlerin
eylemlerinin sebeplerini ve sonuçlarını anlayabilmek için pek çok teori
geliştirilmiş; ulusların karşılaştıkları uluslararası sorunlara müdahale
biçimleri de araştırmacıların ilgi alanlarından birisi olmuştur. Aslında
“müdahale biçimleri” tabirinden, karar alıcıların verili bir soruna yaklaşımları
anlaşılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla “müdahale” bir karar alma davranışının sonucunda
biçimlenir. Herhangi bir sosyal bilim araştırmasının bu alandaki çabası ise
olgudan düşünceye doğru iz sürmek ve bu sayede siyasi elitin yaklaşım biçimini,
tam manasıyla “karar alma biçimini” karakterize etmek şeklinde özetlenebilir.
Sonuçların ise “stratejik kültür”, “güç kullanımı tarzı”, “savaş tarzı”,
“güvenlik kültürü”, “dış politika yaklaşımı” gibi şekillerde adlandırıldığı
görülür. Bu çalışmanın odağını ise, siyasi/stratejik/güvenlik karar alıcı
elitinin güvenlik siyasasına ve nihayet bu siyasasının gerçekleştirilmesindeki
güç kullanım tercihlerine odaklanan “stratejik kültür” kavramıyla ilgili olarak
uluslararası ve ulusal akademik literatürde yer alan tartışmalar oluşturmaktadır.

References

  • BAKSHI, G.D., The Indian Art of War: The Mahabharata Paradigm (Quest for an Indian Strategic Culture), Sharada Delhi, India, 2002.
  • BAXTER, William P., The Soviet Way of Warfare, Brassey’s, London, UK, 1986.
  • BLACK, Jeremy, Rethinking Military History, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, London, UK, 2004.
  • BOOTH, Ken, Strategy and Ethnocentrism, Holmes & Meier, New York, NY, USA, 1979.
  • BOZEMAN, Adda B., Politics and Culture in International History, Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA, 1960.
  • EVERTS, Steven; Freedman, Lawrence; Grant, Charles et.all, A European Way of War, Centre for European Reform, London, UK, 2004.
  • FRENCH, David, The British Way in Warfare, 1688-2000, Unwin Hyman, London, UK, 1990.
  • GRAY, Colin S., Modern Strateji, Çev. Handan Öz, Truva Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008;
  • GRAY, Colin S., Nuclear Strategy and National Style, Hamilton Press, Lanham, MD, USA, 1986.
  • GRAY, Colin S., Out of the Wilderness: Prime Time for Strategic Culture, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, National Institute Press, Washington DC, USA, 2006.
  • HANSON, Victor D., The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1989.
  • HARRISON, Richard W., The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904-1940, University Press of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA, 2001.
  • HOPKINS, Raymond F. and Mansbach, Richard C., Structure and Process in International Politics, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, NY, USA, 1973.
  • JOHNSON, Jeannie, Strategic Culture: Refining the Theoretical Construct, Advanced Systems and Concepts Office, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA, 2006.
  • JOHNSTON, Alastair Iain, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History, Princeton University Press, Prinseton, USA, 1998.
  • JOHNSON, Jeannie L., Strategic Culture: Toward a Standard Methodological Approach, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, National Institute Press, Washington DC, USA, 2008.
  • JOHNSTON, Alastair Iain, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History, Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA, 1998.
  • KAUTILYA, The Arthashastra, Trans. R. Shamasastry, Penguin Books, 2000.
  • KIERMAN Jr, Frank A. and Fairbank, John K., Chinese Ways in Warfare, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, New York, NY, USA, 1974.
  • KUPCHAN, Charles A., The Vulnerability of Empire, Cornell University Press Ithaca, USA, 1994.
  • LANTIS, Jeffrey S., Strategic Culture: From Clausewitz to Constructivism, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, National Institute Press, Washington DC, USA, 2006.
  • LEWIS, Adrian, The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, New York, NY, USA, 2007.
  • LIDDELL Hart, Basil H., The British Way in Warfare, Faber & Faber, London, UK, 1932.
  • LONGHURST, Kerry, Germany and the Use of Force: The Evolution of Germany Security Policy 1990-2003 (Issues in German Politics), Manchester University Press, Mancherster, UK, 2005.
  • LYNN, John A. Battle: A History of Combat and Culture from Ancient Greece to Modern America, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA, 2003.
  • MALIK Mufti, Daring and Caution in Turkish Strategic Culture: Republic at Sea, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY, USA, 2009.
  • MCMANUS, John C., The Americans at D-Day, Tom Doherty, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
  • MORGAN, Forrest E., Compellence and the Strategic Culture of Imperial Japan: Implications for Coercive Diplomacy in the Twenty-First Century, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT, USA, 2003.
  • SNYDER, Jack L., The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters of 1914, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA, 1984.
  • SNYDER, Jack L., The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA, 1977.
  • SUN-TZU, The Art of War, Trans. Lionel Giles (First in 1910), Thrifty Books, Seattle, WA, USA, 2009.
  • UCUZSATAR, Necati Ulunay, Tarih Boyunca Türk Harp Sanatı Taktik ve Stratejisi, Cilt 1, Gnkur. ATASE Yayını, Ankara, 1986.
  • UCUZSATAR, Necati Ulunay, Tarih Boyunca Türk Harp Sanatı Taktik ve Stratejisi, Cilt 2, Gnkur. ATASE Yayını, Ankara, 1990.
  • UCUZSATAR, Necati Ulunay, Türklerde Harp Sanatı Taktik ve Strateji, Derin Yayınları, İstanbul, 2007.
  • WALTZ, Kenneth N., Theory of International Relations, Addison-Wesley Reading, MA, USA, 1979.
  • WEIGLEY, Russell F., The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy, Macmillan, New York, NY, USA, 1973.
  • HOWARD, Michael, “The British Way in Warfare: A Reappraisal,” in M. Howard (ed.) The Causes of War and Other Essays, Unwin, London, UK, 1984.
  • HUDSON, Valerie M., “Culture and Foreign Policy: Developing a ResearchAgenda,” in Valerie M. HUDSON (ed.), Culture and Foreign Policy, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, CO, USA, 1997.
  • JONES, David R., “Soviet Strategic Culture,” in C.G. Jacobsen (ed.) Strategic Power: USA/USSR, St Martin’s Press, New York, NY, USA, 1990, 35-49.
  • KATZENSTEIN, Peter, “Introduction: Asian Regionalism in Comparative Perspective”, in Network Power: Japan and Asia, eds. Peter Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA, 1997.
  • SNYDER, Jack L., “The Concept of Strategic Culture: Caveat Emptor,” in C.G. Jacobsen (ed.) Strategic Power: USA/USSR, St Martin’s Press, New York, NY, USA, 1990.
  • STRACHAN, Hew, “The British Way in Warfare,” in D. Chandler (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 417-434, 1994.
  • ALTUNIŞIK, Meliha Benli, “Turkey’s Security Culture and Policy towards Iraq”, Perceptions, Spring 2007, Vol. 12, 69-88.
  • BASRUR, Rajesh M., “Nuclear Weapons and Indian Strategic Culture,” Journal of Peace Research, 2001, Vol. 38, 183-185.
  • BLACK, Jeremy, “Determinisms and Other Issues,” Journal of Military History, 2004, Vol. 68, 1217-1232.
  • BOZEMAN, Adda B., “War and the Clash of Ideas”, Orbis, Spring 1976, Vol. (20/1), 61-102.
  • DANCHEV, Alex “Liddell Hart and the Indirect Approach,” Journal of Military History, 1999, Vol. 63, 317-320.
  • DUFFIELD, John S., “Political Culture and State Behavior: Why Germany Confounds Neorealism,” International Organization, 1999, Vol. 53, 765-803.
  • FREEDMAN, Lawrence, “Alliance and the British Way in Warfare,” Review of International Studies, 1995, Vol. 21, 145-158.
  • GRAY, Colin S., “National Style in Strategy: The American Example”, International Security, 1981, Vol. 6, 21-47.
  • GRAY, Colin S., “Strategic Culture as Context; the First Generation of Theory Strikes Back”, Review of International Studies, January 1999, Vol. 25 (1), 49-69.
  • GRAY, Colin S., “What Rand Hath Wrought”, Foreign Policy, Autumn 1971, No. 4, 111-129.
  • HEUSER, Beatrice, “The Cultural Revolution in Counter-Insurgency”, Journal of Strategic Studies, February 2007, Vol. (30/1), 153-171.
  • JOHNSON Bagby, Laurie M., “The Use and Abuse of Thucydides in International Relations,” International Organization, Winter 1994, Vol. (48/1), 131-153.
  • JOHNSTON, Alastair Iain, “Strategic Cultures Revisited: Reply to Colin Gray”, Review of International Studies, 1999, Vol. 25, 519-523.
  • JOHNSTON, Alastair Iain, “Thinking about Strategic Culture”, International Security, (19/4), Spring 1995, 32-64.
  • KARAOSMANOĞLU, Ali L., “The Evolution of the National Security Culture and Military in Turkey”, Journal of International Affairs, Fall 2000, Vol. 54 (1), 199-216.
  • KARAOSMANOĞLU, Ali L., “Transformation of Turkey’s Civil-Military Relations: Culture and International Environment”, Turkish Studies, 2011, Vol. 12 (2), 253-264.
  • KLEIN, Bradley S., “Hegemony and Strategic Culture: American Power Projection and Alliance Defence Politics,” Review of International Studies, 1988, Vol. 14, 133-148.
  • LAYTON, Peter, “The New Arab Way of War”, Proceedings, March 2003, Vol. 129 (3), 62-65.
  • MACMILLAN, Alan, “Strategic Culture and National Ways in Warfare: The British Case,” Journal of the Royal United Services Institution, 195, Vol. 140, 33-38.
  • POORE, Stuart, “What is the Context? A Reply to the Gray-Johnston Debate on Strategic Culture”, Review of International Studies, 2003, Vol. 29, 279-284.
  • SHOWALTER, Dennis E., “From Deterrent to Doomsday Machine: The German Way of War, 1871–1914,” The Journal of Military History, 2000, Vol. 64, 679-710.
  • UZ ZAMAN, Rashed, “Strategic Culture: A ‘Cultural’ Understanding of War”, Comparative Strategy, 2009, Vol. 28, 68-88.
  • CALIN, Costel, “Strategic Culture: Operationalization And Determinants”, Prepared for delivery at the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, 28 February - 3 March 2007, Chicago, IL, USA.
  • JORDAAN, Eduard, “The South African Way of War: Operational Strategy and the SANDF,” paper presented at the conference South Africa at War in the 20th Century, Faculty of Military Science, University of Stellenbosch, Saldanha, South Africa, September 4-6, 2000.

Strategic Culture and Current Theoretical Debates

Year 2016, Volume: 12 Issue: 24, 147 - 182, 29.12.2016

Abstract

In the International
Relations and in its sub-section Security Strategies area, various theories
have been put forward in order to understand the reasons and results of the
actions of international actors, and states’ ways of response to the faced
international crises have attracted the interest. In fact, one can understand
from the phrase of “way of response” that the approaches of the decision makers
to a given case. Therefore, “response” shapes up as a result of decision
behavior. The effort of any social science research can be summarized as
tracing from event to thought and characterizing the approach or rather “way of
decision-making” of the political elite. The results appear as “strategic
culture”, “use of power”, “way of war”, “security culture” or “foreign policy
approach”. The main focus of this work is the debates in national and
international academic literature on “strategic culture” which concentrates to
the security policy and finally the choices of use of power of the
political/strategic/security elites.

References

  • BAKSHI, G.D., The Indian Art of War: The Mahabharata Paradigm (Quest for an Indian Strategic Culture), Sharada Delhi, India, 2002.
  • BAXTER, William P., The Soviet Way of Warfare, Brassey’s, London, UK, 1986.
  • BLACK, Jeremy, Rethinking Military History, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, London, UK, 2004.
  • BOOTH, Ken, Strategy and Ethnocentrism, Holmes & Meier, New York, NY, USA, 1979.
  • BOZEMAN, Adda B., Politics and Culture in International History, Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA, 1960.
  • EVERTS, Steven; Freedman, Lawrence; Grant, Charles et.all, A European Way of War, Centre for European Reform, London, UK, 2004.
  • FRENCH, David, The British Way in Warfare, 1688-2000, Unwin Hyman, London, UK, 1990.
  • GRAY, Colin S., Modern Strateji, Çev. Handan Öz, Truva Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008;
  • GRAY, Colin S., Nuclear Strategy and National Style, Hamilton Press, Lanham, MD, USA, 1986.
  • GRAY, Colin S., Out of the Wilderness: Prime Time for Strategic Culture, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, National Institute Press, Washington DC, USA, 2006.
  • HANSON, Victor D., The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1989.
  • HARRISON, Richard W., The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904-1940, University Press of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA, 2001.
  • HOPKINS, Raymond F. and Mansbach, Richard C., Structure and Process in International Politics, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, NY, USA, 1973.
  • JOHNSON, Jeannie, Strategic Culture: Refining the Theoretical Construct, Advanced Systems and Concepts Office, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA, 2006.
  • JOHNSTON, Alastair Iain, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History, Princeton University Press, Prinseton, USA, 1998.
  • JOHNSON, Jeannie L., Strategic Culture: Toward a Standard Methodological Approach, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, National Institute Press, Washington DC, USA, 2008.
  • JOHNSTON, Alastair Iain, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History, Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA, 1998.
  • KAUTILYA, The Arthashastra, Trans. R. Shamasastry, Penguin Books, 2000.
  • KIERMAN Jr, Frank A. and Fairbank, John K., Chinese Ways in Warfare, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, New York, NY, USA, 1974.
  • KUPCHAN, Charles A., The Vulnerability of Empire, Cornell University Press Ithaca, USA, 1994.
  • LANTIS, Jeffrey S., Strategic Culture: From Clausewitz to Constructivism, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, National Institute Press, Washington DC, USA, 2006.
  • LEWIS, Adrian, The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, New York, NY, USA, 2007.
  • LIDDELL Hart, Basil H., The British Way in Warfare, Faber & Faber, London, UK, 1932.
  • LONGHURST, Kerry, Germany and the Use of Force: The Evolution of Germany Security Policy 1990-2003 (Issues in German Politics), Manchester University Press, Mancherster, UK, 2005.
  • LYNN, John A. Battle: A History of Combat and Culture from Ancient Greece to Modern America, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA, 2003.
  • MALIK Mufti, Daring and Caution in Turkish Strategic Culture: Republic at Sea, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY, USA, 2009.
  • MCMANUS, John C., The Americans at D-Day, Tom Doherty, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
  • MORGAN, Forrest E., Compellence and the Strategic Culture of Imperial Japan: Implications for Coercive Diplomacy in the Twenty-First Century, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT, USA, 2003.
  • SNYDER, Jack L., The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters of 1914, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA, 1984.
  • SNYDER, Jack L., The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA, 1977.
  • SUN-TZU, The Art of War, Trans. Lionel Giles (First in 1910), Thrifty Books, Seattle, WA, USA, 2009.
  • UCUZSATAR, Necati Ulunay, Tarih Boyunca Türk Harp Sanatı Taktik ve Stratejisi, Cilt 1, Gnkur. ATASE Yayını, Ankara, 1986.
  • UCUZSATAR, Necati Ulunay, Tarih Boyunca Türk Harp Sanatı Taktik ve Stratejisi, Cilt 2, Gnkur. ATASE Yayını, Ankara, 1990.
  • UCUZSATAR, Necati Ulunay, Türklerde Harp Sanatı Taktik ve Strateji, Derin Yayınları, İstanbul, 2007.
  • WALTZ, Kenneth N., Theory of International Relations, Addison-Wesley Reading, MA, USA, 1979.
  • WEIGLEY, Russell F., The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy, Macmillan, New York, NY, USA, 1973.
  • HOWARD, Michael, “The British Way in Warfare: A Reappraisal,” in M. Howard (ed.) The Causes of War and Other Essays, Unwin, London, UK, 1984.
  • HUDSON, Valerie M., “Culture and Foreign Policy: Developing a ResearchAgenda,” in Valerie M. HUDSON (ed.), Culture and Foreign Policy, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, CO, USA, 1997.
  • JONES, David R., “Soviet Strategic Culture,” in C.G. Jacobsen (ed.) Strategic Power: USA/USSR, St Martin’s Press, New York, NY, USA, 1990, 35-49.
  • KATZENSTEIN, Peter, “Introduction: Asian Regionalism in Comparative Perspective”, in Network Power: Japan and Asia, eds. Peter Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA, 1997.
  • SNYDER, Jack L., “The Concept of Strategic Culture: Caveat Emptor,” in C.G. Jacobsen (ed.) Strategic Power: USA/USSR, St Martin’s Press, New York, NY, USA, 1990.
  • STRACHAN, Hew, “The British Way in Warfare,” in D. Chandler (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 417-434, 1994.
  • ALTUNIŞIK, Meliha Benli, “Turkey’s Security Culture and Policy towards Iraq”, Perceptions, Spring 2007, Vol. 12, 69-88.
  • BASRUR, Rajesh M., “Nuclear Weapons and Indian Strategic Culture,” Journal of Peace Research, 2001, Vol. 38, 183-185.
  • BLACK, Jeremy, “Determinisms and Other Issues,” Journal of Military History, 2004, Vol. 68, 1217-1232.
  • BOZEMAN, Adda B., “War and the Clash of Ideas”, Orbis, Spring 1976, Vol. (20/1), 61-102.
  • DANCHEV, Alex “Liddell Hart and the Indirect Approach,” Journal of Military History, 1999, Vol. 63, 317-320.
  • DUFFIELD, John S., “Political Culture and State Behavior: Why Germany Confounds Neorealism,” International Organization, 1999, Vol. 53, 765-803.
  • FREEDMAN, Lawrence, “Alliance and the British Way in Warfare,” Review of International Studies, 1995, Vol. 21, 145-158.
  • GRAY, Colin S., “National Style in Strategy: The American Example”, International Security, 1981, Vol. 6, 21-47.
  • GRAY, Colin S., “Strategic Culture as Context; the First Generation of Theory Strikes Back”, Review of International Studies, January 1999, Vol. 25 (1), 49-69.
  • GRAY, Colin S., “What Rand Hath Wrought”, Foreign Policy, Autumn 1971, No. 4, 111-129.
  • HEUSER, Beatrice, “The Cultural Revolution in Counter-Insurgency”, Journal of Strategic Studies, February 2007, Vol. (30/1), 153-171.
  • JOHNSON Bagby, Laurie M., “The Use and Abuse of Thucydides in International Relations,” International Organization, Winter 1994, Vol. (48/1), 131-153.
  • JOHNSTON, Alastair Iain, “Strategic Cultures Revisited: Reply to Colin Gray”, Review of International Studies, 1999, Vol. 25, 519-523.
  • JOHNSTON, Alastair Iain, “Thinking about Strategic Culture”, International Security, (19/4), Spring 1995, 32-64.
  • KARAOSMANOĞLU, Ali L., “The Evolution of the National Security Culture and Military in Turkey”, Journal of International Affairs, Fall 2000, Vol. 54 (1), 199-216.
  • KARAOSMANOĞLU, Ali L., “Transformation of Turkey’s Civil-Military Relations: Culture and International Environment”, Turkish Studies, 2011, Vol. 12 (2), 253-264.
  • KLEIN, Bradley S., “Hegemony and Strategic Culture: American Power Projection and Alliance Defence Politics,” Review of International Studies, 1988, Vol. 14, 133-148.
  • LAYTON, Peter, “The New Arab Way of War”, Proceedings, March 2003, Vol. 129 (3), 62-65.
  • MACMILLAN, Alan, “Strategic Culture and National Ways in Warfare: The British Case,” Journal of the Royal United Services Institution, 195, Vol. 140, 33-38.
  • POORE, Stuart, “What is the Context? A Reply to the Gray-Johnston Debate on Strategic Culture”, Review of International Studies, 2003, Vol. 29, 279-284.
  • SHOWALTER, Dennis E., “From Deterrent to Doomsday Machine: The German Way of War, 1871–1914,” The Journal of Military History, 2000, Vol. 64, 679-710.
  • UZ ZAMAN, Rashed, “Strategic Culture: A ‘Cultural’ Understanding of War”, Comparative Strategy, 2009, Vol. 28, 68-88.
  • CALIN, Costel, “Strategic Culture: Operationalization And Determinants”, Prepared for delivery at the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, 28 February - 3 March 2007, Chicago, IL, USA.
  • JORDAAN, Eduard, “The South African Way of War: Operational Strategy and the SANDF,” paper presented at the conference South Africa at War in the 20th Century, Faculty of Military Science, University of Stellenbosch, Saldanha, South Africa, September 4-6, 2000.
There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Özgür Körpe This is me

Publication Date December 29, 2016
Submission Date December 30, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 12 Issue: 24

Cite

Chicago Körpe, Özgür. “Stratejik Kültür Ve Güncel Kuramsal Tartışmalar”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 12, no. 24 (December 2016): 147-82.