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Makarenko’nun “Kara Delik Sendromu” Teorisi ve Terörizmin Finansmanında Sınıraşan Organize Suçlar

Year 2017, Volume: 13 Issue: 25, 27 - 64, 27.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.309398

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın konusu, Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde hem ulusal, hem de uluslararası güvenlik alanında önem kazanan terörizm ile sınıraşan organize suçlar arasındaki ilişkinin teorik, kronolojik ve örnekler yönünden incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın amacı, Makarenko’nun “Kara Delik Sendromu” kavramı ile tanımladığı, 1990’lı yıllardan farklı olarak günümüzde terör örgütlerinin aynı zamanda organize suç örgütleri haline geldiği teorisinin örnekler üzerinden analiz edilmesidir. Bu amaca ulaşmak için PKK başta olmak üzere organize suç örgütü haline gelen çeşitli terör örgütleri faaliyetleri ile ilgili örnekler sunulacaktır. Uyuşturucu kaçakçılığı, silah kaçakçılığı, sahtecilik, insan kaçakçılığı, gasp ve hırsızlık ve siber suçlar, günümüzde terör örgütlerinin en sık başvurduğu organize suçlar arasındadır. Bu durum, ülkelerin terörle mücadele stratejilerini oluştururken aynı zamanda sınıraşan organize suçla mücadele stratejileri de geliştirme ihtiyaçlarının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışmadaki veriler, konuyla ilgili kapsamlı uluslararası literatür taraması üzerinden elde edilmiş olmakla birlikte; Türkiye’ye ait ulusal güncel veriler, Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü’nün birincil verilerine dayanmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonunda günümüzde terör örgütlerinin aynı zamanda organize suç örgütleri haline dönüşmeye başladığı, taktik, operasyonel ve stratejik seviyede terörle mücadelede terörün finansmanı meselesinin çok daha önem kazandığı ileri sürülmektedir.

References

  • ADAMOLI, Sabrina, Organized Crime Around The World, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, United Nations Publications, Helsinki, 1998.
  • BIERSTEKER, Thomas, ECKERT Sue, Countering The Financing of Terrorism, Routledge, New York, 2008.
  • EHRENFELD, Rachel, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003.
  • GÜNER, Sedat, Organize Suç Örgütleri, Karapara ve Aklanması, Bilgi Yayınları, Ankara, 2003.
  • GÜVEL, Enver Alper, Organize Suç Ekonomisi ve Hukuk Uygulaması, Roma yayınları, Ankara, 2004.
  • TAŞKIN, Mustafa, Türk Hukukunda Mafya (Çıkar Amaçlı Suç Örgütleri) ve Karaparayla Mücadele, Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara, 2004.
  • URHAL, Ömer, İstihbarat ve Örgütlü Suçlar, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • ADEN, Hartmut, “Convergence of Policing Policies and Transnational Policing in Europe” European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice vol: 9/2, 2001.
  • CARRAPICO, H. Irrera, “Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism: Different Peas, Same Pod?”, Global Crime, 15:3-4, 2014.
  • ALTUNOK, Taner, “Dünyadan Siber Terör Örnekleri”,(içinde) Altunok Taner, Çakmak Haydar. (ed.) Suç, Terör ve Savaş Üçgeninde Siber Dünya, Barış Platin, Ankara, 2009.
  • DOBRIANSKY, Paula, “The Explosive Growth of Organized Crime” Global Issues, Vol. 6, No: 2, 2001.
  • FLANIGAN, Shawn Teresa, “Terrorists Next Door? A Comparison of Mexican Drug Cartels and Middle Eastern Terrorist Organizations”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 24:2, 2012.
  • GALLAGHER, Martin Joseph, “Terrorism and Organised Crime: Co-operative Endeavours in Scotland?”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 26:2, 2014.
  • HELLER, Lauren R. “ Notions of (In)Security within the EU. How European Policy-makers view the Sources and costs of Terrorism and organised Crime”, Defence and Peace Economics, 22:2, 2011.
  • HUTCHINSON, Steven and O’MALLEY, Pat, “A Crime-Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of the Links between Terrorism and Criminality", Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2011.
  • LABROUSSE, Alain, “The FARC and the Taliban’s Connection to Drugs”, Journal of Drug Issues, 35(1), 2005.
  • LEONG, Angela Veng Mei, “Definitional Analysis: The War on Terror and Organised Crime” Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol.8, No.1, 2004.
  • LI, Quan and SCHAUB, Drew, “Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2004, 48(2), 2004.
  • LLOYD, John, “The Godfathers Go Global”, Ns Millenium, Vol. 3, 1999.
  • MAKARENKO, Tamara, “The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism”, Global Crime, 6:1, 2004.
  • MYLONAKI, Emannouela, “The Manipulation of Organised Crime by Terrorists: Legal and Factual Perspectives”, International Criminal Law Review, (2), 2002.
  • ROTH, Mitchel and SEVER, Murat, “The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism Through Organized Crime, A Case Study”, Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 30:10, 2007.
  • SCHMID, Alex, “The Links Between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorist Crimes”, Transnational Organised Crime, Vol. 2, No: 4, 1996.
  • SHELLEY, Louise, “Crime Victimizes Both Society and Democracy”, Global Issues, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2001.
  • SHELLEY, Louise ve PICARELLI, John, “Methods Not Motives: Implications of the Convergence of International Organized Crime and Terrorism”, Police Practice and Research, 3:4, 2002.
  • STANISLAWSKI, Bartosz, “Transnational Bads in the Globalized World: The Case of Transnational Organized Crime”, Public Integrity, Vol.6, No.2, 2004.
  • TOROS, Harmony and MAVELLI, Luca, “Terrorism, Organised Crime and the Biopolitics of Violence”, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 6:1, 2013.
  • WANNENBURG, Gail, Links Between Organised Crime and Al-Qaeda, South African Journal of International Affairs, 10:20, 2003.
  • Federation Of American Scientist, International Crime Threat Assesment Report, ABD, http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270 chap1.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Şubat 2017).
  • ÖZALP, Güven, “Yine Türk Mafyası”, Milliyet Gazetesi. http://www.milliyet .com.tr/2000/07/01/dunya/dun01.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Şubat 2017).
  • Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü, Karapara Aklama, Terörizmin Finansmanı ve Suç Gelirleri ile Mücadelede AB ve Türkiye Yaklaşımı Eğitim Materyali, Ankara, 2008.
  • Sınıraşan Örgütlü Suçlara Karşı Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi, Resmi Gazete, Kanun No.4800, 30 Ocak 2003. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ kanunlar/k4800.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Şubat 2017).
  • Terörizmin Finansmanının Önlenmesine Dair Uluslararası Sözleşme, T.C. Resmi Gazete, Kanun No. 4738, 10 Ocak 2002, https://www.tbmm. gov.tr/kanunlar/k4738.html (Erişim tarihi: 28 Şubat 2017).
  • Terörle Mücadele Kanunu, T.C. Resmi Gazete, Kanunu No.3713, 12 Nisan 1991, http://www.uhdigm.adalet.gov.tr/suggam/ulusal_mevzuat /3713%20Ter%C3%B6rle%20M%C3%BCcadele%20Kanunu.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 28 Şubat 2017).

“Black Hole Syndrome” Theory of Makarenko and Transnational Organized Crime in Financing Terrorism

Year 2017, Volume: 13 Issue: 25, 27 - 64, 27.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.309398

Abstract

The subject of this
study is to analyze the relationship between terrorism and transnational
organized crime theoretically and chronologically and through examples that
gained importance in both national and international security arena after Cold
War. The aim of this study is to analyze the theory of Makarenko called “Black
Hole Syndrome” which suggested that terrorist organizations become also
organized crime groups, unlike 1990’s. To reach this aim, examples of various
terrorist organizations, which become also organized crime organizations such
as PKK will be presented. Drug trafficking, weapon smuggling, forgery, human
trafficking, extortion and theft and cyber crimes are the organized crimes,
which are committed often by terrorist organizations. This situation emphasizes
the importance of need to development of national strategy for struggle against
organized crime, while also forming national strategy to struggle against
terrorism. The data in this study are gathered from comprehensive international
literature review and actual national data of Turkey are based on primary data
of General Directorate of Security Affairs. It is concluded that terrorist
organizations has began to transform into organized crime organizations and the
problem of financing terrorism has become much more important regarding the
counter terrorism at tactical, operational and strategic level.

References

  • ADAMOLI, Sabrina, Organized Crime Around The World, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, United Nations Publications, Helsinki, 1998.
  • BIERSTEKER, Thomas, ECKERT Sue, Countering The Financing of Terrorism, Routledge, New York, 2008.
  • EHRENFELD, Rachel, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003.
  • GÜNER, Sedat, Organize Suç Örgütleri, Karapara ve Aklanması, Bilgi Yayınları, Ankara, 2003.
  • GÜVEL, Enver Alper, Organize Suç Ekonomisi ve Hukuk Uygulaması, Roma yayınları, Ankara, 2004.
  • TAŞKIN, Mustafa, Türk Hukukunda Mafya (Çıkar Amaçlı Suç Örgütleri) ve Karaparayla Mücadele, Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara, 2004.
  • URHAL, Ömer, İstihbarat ve Örgütlü Suçlar, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • ADEN, Hartmut, “Convergence of Policing Policies and Transnational Policing in Europe” European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice vol: 9/2, 2001.
  • CARRAPICO, H. Irrera, “Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism: Different Peas, Same Pod?”, Global Crime, 15:3-4, 2014.
  • ALTUNOK, Taner, “Dünyadan Siber Terör Örnekleri”,(içinde) Altunok Taner, Çakmak Haydar. (ed.) Suç, Terör ve Savaş Üçgeninde Siber Dünya, Barış Platin, Ankara, 2009.
  • DOBRIANSKY, Paula, “The Explosive Growth of Organized Crime” Global Issues, Vol. 6, No: 2, 2001.
  • FLANIGAN, Shawn Teresa, “Terrorists Next Door? A Comparison of Mexican Drug Cartels and Middle Eastern Terrorist Organizations”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 24:2, 2012.
  • GALLAGHER, Martin Joseph, “Terrorism and Organised Crime: Co-operative Endeavours in Scotland?”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 26:2, 2014.
  • HELLER, Lauren R. “ Notions of (In)Security within the EU. How European Policy-makers view the Sources and costs of Terrorism and organised Crime”, Defence and Peace Economics, 22:2, 2011.
  • HUTCHINSON, Steven and O’MALLEY, Pat, “A Crime-Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of the Links between Terrorism and Criminality", Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2011.
  • LABROUSSE, Alain, “The FARC and the Taliban’s Connection to Drugs”, Journal of Drug Issues, 35(1), 2005.
  • LEONG, Angela Veng Mei, “Definitional Analysis: The War on Terror and Organised Crime” Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol.8, No.1, 2004.
  • LI, Quan and SCHAUB, Drew, “Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2004, 48(2), 2004.
  • LLOYD, John, “The Godfathers Go Global”, Ns Millenium, Vol. 3, 1999.
  • MAKARENKO, Tamara, “The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism”, Global Crime, 6:1, 2004.
  • MYLONAKI, Emannouela, “The Manipulation of Organised Crime by Terrorists: Legal and Factual Perspectives”, International Criminal Law Review, (2), 2002.
  • ROTH, Mitchel and SEVER, Murat, “The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism Through Organized Crime, A Case Study”, Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 30:10, 2007.
  • SCHMID, Alex, “The Links Between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorist Crimes”, Transnational Organised Crime, Vol. 2, No: 4, 1996.
  • SHELLEY, Louise, “Crime Victimizes Both Society and Democracy”, Global Issues, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2001.
  • SHELLEY, Louise ve PICARELLI, John, “Methods Not Motives: Implications of the Convergence of International Organized Crime and Terrorism”, Police Practice and Research, 3:4, 2002.
  • STANISLAWSKI, Bartosz, “Transnational Bads in the Globalized World: The Case of Transnational Organized Crime”, Public Integrity, Vol.6, No.2, 2004.
  • TOROS, Harmony and MAVELLI, Luca, “Terrorism, Organised Crime and the Biopolitics of Violence”, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 6:1, 2013.
  • WANNENBURG, Gail, Links Between Organised Crime and Al-Qaeda, South African Journal of International Affairs, 10:20, 2003.
  • Federation Of American Scientist, International Crime Threat Assesment Report, ABD, http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/pub45270 chap1.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Şubat 2017).
  • ÖZALP, Güven, “Yine Türk Mafyası”, Milliyet Gazetesi. http://www.milliyet .com.tr/2000/07/01/dunya/dun01.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Şubat 2017).
  • Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü, Karapara Aklama, Terörizmin Finansmanı ve Suç Gelirleri ile Mücadelede AB ve Türkiye Yaklaşımı Eğitim Materyali, Ankara, 2008.
  • Sınıraşan Örgütlü Suçlara Karşı Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi, Resmi Gazete, Kanun No.4800, 30 Ocak 2003. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ kanunlar/k4800.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Şubat 2017).
  • Terörizmin Finansmanının Önlenmesine Dair Uluslararası Sözleşme, T.C. Resmi Gazete, Kanun No. 4738, 10 Ocak 2002, https://www.tbmm. gov.tr/kanunlar/k4738.html (Erişim tarihi: 28 Şubat 2017).
  • Terörle Mücadele Kanunu, T.C. Resmi Gazete, Kanunu No.3713, 12 Nisan 1991, http://www.uhdigm.adalet.gov.tr/suggam/ulusal_mevzuat /3713%20Ter%C3%B6rle%20M%C3%BCcadele%20Kanunu.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 28 Şubat 2017).
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Seda Öz Yıldız

Publication Date April 27, 2017
Submission Date April 15, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 13 Issue: 25

Cite

Chicago Öz Yıldız, Seda. “Makarenko’nun ‘Kara Delik Sendromu’ Teorisi Ve Terörizmin Finansmanında Sınıraşan Organize Suçlar”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 13, no. 25 (April 2017): 27-64. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.309398.