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Türkiye’de Terörist Saldırıların Bölgesel İktisadi Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri

Year 2019, Volume: 15 Issue: 32, 605 - 630, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.668173

Abstract

Dengeli ve sürdürülebilir bir iktisadi büyüme süreci, iktisadi açıdan olduğu kadar politik açıdan da istikrarlı bir yapı gerektirmektedir. Bu sebeple, kapsamlı bir analiz yapılabilmesi için terörizm gibi politik dinamiklerin de bölgesel büyüme üzerindeki etkileri analiz edilmelidir. Çalışmada, Türkiye’de politik istikrarsızlık boyutlarına ulaşan terör olaylarının bölgelerin büyüme performansı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, 2005-2014 dönemi ve Türkiye’nin İBBS-II Bölgelerini (26 Bölge) kapsayacak şekilde tasarlanan model, sistem GMM tahmincisine dayalı olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye’de yaşanan terör olaylarının bölgelerin büyüme performansı üzerinde negatif yönlü ve istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı etkilerinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer bir ifadeyle, Türkiye’nin sıklıkla güneydoğu bölgesinde yaklaşık 40 yıldır süregelen terörizm sorunu iktisadi büyümeyi baskılamaktadır. Modelin diğer bulguları ise, beşer sermaye birikiminden ziyade fiziki sermaye birikiminin bölgesel büyüme üzerinde pozitif yönlü ve anlamlı etkilerinin olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

References

  • ANSELİN, L. (1998). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Boston-London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • BALTAGI, Badi H., Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. 5th Edition, Wiley Publication, United Kingdom, 2013.
  • GUJARATI, Damodar and Dawn C. Porter, Temel Ekonometri, (çev: Ümit Şenesen and Gülay Günlük Şenesen), Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2012.
  • KARACUKA, Mehmet and Necmettin Celik, “Globalizing Terrorism and It’s Economic-Politic Dynamics”, Halil İbrahim Aydın, Magdalena Ziolo and Aniela Balacescu (ed.), Economic Development Global and Regional Studies, IJOPEC Publication, London, 2017b, 301-315.
  • ABADIE, Alberto and Javier Gardeazabal, “The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country” The American Economic Review, 2003, Vol. 93/1, 113-132.
  • AISEN, Ari and Francisco Jose Veiga, “How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth?”, IMF Working Paper Middle East and Central Asia Department, WP/11/12, 2011.
  • AKGUNGOR, Sedef, Nese Kumral and Necmettin Celik, “Türkiye’de Sektörel İleri – Geri Bağlantılar, Kümelenmeler ve Bölgesel Uzmanlaşma”, 17. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi ve Bölge Planlama Kongresi (BBTMK2017) Bildiri Özetleri, Burdur, 2017, 13-14.
  • ALESINA, Alberto and Roberto Perotti, “The Political Economy of Growth: A Critical Survey of the Recent Literature, The World Bank Economic Review, 1994, Vol. 8/3, 351-371.
  • ALESINA, Alberto Sule Ozler Nouriel Roubini and Phillip Swagel, “Political Instability and Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1996, Vol.1/2, 189-211.
  • ARISEN, Ari and Francisco Jose Veiga, “How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth?”, European Journal of Political Economy, 2013, Vol. 29, 151-167.
  • ARSLAN, Unal, “Siyasi İstikrarsızlık ve Ekonomik Performans: Türkiye Örneği”, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 2011, Vol: 11/1, 73-80.
  • ASTERIOU, Dimitrios and Simon Price, “Political Instability and Economic Growth: UK Time Series Evidence”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2001, Vol: 48/4, 383-399.
  • BALDACCI, Emanuele, Benedict Clements, Sanjeev Gupta and Qiang Cui, “Social Spending, Human Capital, and Growth in Developing Countries”, World Development, 2008, Vol: 36/8, 1317-1341.
  • BARRO, Robert J., “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991, Vol: 106/2, 407-443.
  • BERBER, Metin, Rahmi Yamak and Seyfettin Artan, “Turkiyede Yakinlasma Hipotezinin Bolgeler Bazinda Gecerliligi Uzerine Ampirik Bir Calisma: 1975-1997”, 9. Ulusal Bolge Bilimi Kongresi, Trabzon, 2000, 51-59.
  • BLOMBERG, Stephen Brock, Gregory D. Hess, and Athanasios Orphanides, “The Macroeconomic Consequences of Terrorism, Journal of Monetary Economics, 2004, Vol: 51, 1007-1032.
  • CAMPOS, Nauro F. and Menelaos G. Karanasos, “Growth, Volatility and Political Instability: Non-Linear Time-Series Evidence for Argentina, 1896–2000”, Economics Letters, 2008, Vol: 100, 135-137.
  • CAMPUS, Nauro F. Campos, and Jeffrey Nugent, “Who is afraid of political instability?”,Journal of Development Economics, 2002, Vol: 67, 157-172.
  • CELİK, Necmettin, Kırılgan-Başarısız Devlet Olgusu ve Terörizm Açmazı (Sosyo-İktisadi ve Politik Dinamikleri Dahilinde), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir, 2014, 1-86.
  • CELİK, Necmettin, “Toplumsal Parçalanma, Sosyal Dışlanma ve Terörizm”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika Dergisi, 2015, Vol: 11/44, 157-280.
  • CELİK, Necmettin Celik, “İktisadi, Politik ve Mekansal Dinamikleri Dahilinde Küreselleşen Terörizm”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 2016, Vol: 23/12, 163-204.
  • CHEN, Baizhu and Yi Feng, “Some Political Determinants of Economic Growth: Theory and Empirical Implications”, European Journal of Political Economy, 1996, Vol: 12, 609-627.
  • CHOI, Seung-Whan, “Economic Growth and Terrorism: Domestic, Foreign, and Suicide”, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 67, 157-181.
  • CRAIN, Nicole V. and W. Mark Crain, “Terrorized Economies”, Public Choice, 2006, Vol. 128, 317-349.
  • ÇINAR, Mehmet, “The Effects of Terrorism on Economic Growth: Panel Data Approach”, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics, 2017, Vol. 35, 97-121.
  • DARBY, Julia, Chol-Won Li, and V. Anton Muscatelli, "Political Uncertainty, Public Expenditure and Growth", European Journal of Political Economy, 2004, Vol: 20, 153-179.
  • DELGADO, Michael, Daniel J. Henderson and Christopher F. Parmeter, “Does Education Matter for Economic Growth?”,IZA Discussion Paper 7089, 2012.
  • DEMİRGİL, Hakan, “Politik İstikrarsızlık, Belirsizlik ve Makroekonomi: Türkiye Örneği (1970-2006)”, Marmara Üniversitesi İ.B.B.F. Dergisi, 2011, Vol: 31/2, 123-144.
  • ECKSTEIN, Zvi and Daniel Tsiddon, “Macroeconomic Consequences of Terror: Theory and the Case of Israel”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 2004, Vol: 51, 971-1002.
  • FOSU, Augustin Kwasi, “Political Instability and Economic Growth in Developing Economies: Some Specification Empirics”, Economics Letters, 2001, Vol: 70, 289-29.
  • GEZİCİ Ferhan and Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, “Regional Convergence and the Economic Performance of Peripheral Areas in Turkey”, Review of Urban &Regional Development Studies, 2004, Vol: 16/2, 113-132.
  • GEZİCİ Ferhan and Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, “Spatial Analysis of Regional Inequalities in Turkey”, European Planning Studies, 2007, Vol: 15/3, 383-403.
  • GISKEMO, Gunhild Gram, “Exploring the Relationship Between Socioeconomic Inequality, Political Instability and Economic Growth Why Do We Know So Little?”,CMI Working Paper, 2012.
  • GUPTA, Dipak K., M. C. Madhavanand Andrew Blee, “Democracy, Economic Growth and Political Instability: An Integrated Perspective”, Journal of Socio~Economics, 1998, Vol: 27/5, 587-611.
  • GURGUL, Henryk and Luksz Lach, “Political Instability and Economic Growth: Evidence from Two Decades of Transition in CEE”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 2013, Vol: 46, 189-202.
  • GYIMAH-BREMPONG, Kwabena and Thomas L. Traynor, “Political Instability, Investment and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of African Economies, 1999, Vol: 8/1, 52-86.
  • HAGGARD, Stephan and Lydia Tiede, “The Rule of Law and Economic Growth: Where are We?”,World Development, 2011, Vol: 39/5, 673-685.
  • JONG-A-PIN, Richard, “On the Measurement of Political Instability and Its Impact on Economic Growth”, European Journal of Political Economy, 2009, Vol: 25, 15-29.
  • JUDSON, Ruth A. and Ann L. Owen, “Estimating Dynamic Panel Data Models: A Guide for Macroeconomists”, Economics Letters, 1999, Vol: 65, 9-15.
  • KARACA, Orhan, “Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Gelir Farklılıkları: Yakınsama Var Mı?”, TEK Tartışma Metni 2004/7, 2004, 1-16.
  • KARACUKA, Mehmet and Necmettin Celik, “Kırılgan-Başarısız Devlet Olgusu ve Terörizm İlişkisi”, Gazi İİBF Dergisi, 2017a, Vol: 19/1, 20-41.
  • LEVINE, Ross and David Renelt, “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions”, The American Economic Review, 1992, Vol: 82/4, 942-963.
  • MEIERRIEKS, Daniel and Thomas Gries, “Causality Between Terrorism and Economic Growth”, Journal of Peace Research, 2013, Vol: 50/1, 91-104.
  • ÖCAL, Nadir and Jülide Yıldırım, “Regional Effects of Terrorism on Economic Growth in Turkey: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach”, Journal of Peace Research, 2010, Vol: 47, 477-489.
  • PEREIRA, Joao and Miguel St.Aubyn, “What Level of Education Matters Most for Growth?: Evidence from Portugal,” Economics of Education Review, 2009, Vol: 28/1, 67-73.
  • ROODMAN, David, “How to Do xtabond2: An Introduction to "Difference" and "System" GMM in Stata”, Stata Journal, 2009, Vol: 9/1, 86-136.
  • SANLISOY, Selim and Recep Kok, “Politik İstikrarsızlık – Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımı”, Finans, Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar Dergisi, 2010b, Vol: 47/541, 9-22.
  • SANLISOY, Selim and Recep Kok, “Politik İstikrarsızlık – Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (1987-2006)”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2010a, Vol: 25/1, 101-125.
  • SHIOJI Etsuro, “Public Capital and Economic Growth: A Convergence Approach”, Journal of Economic Growth, 2001, Vol: 6, 205-227.
  • START, “Global Terrorism Database, Codebook: Inclusion Criteria and Variables”, National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, 2018, 1-65.
  • SVENSSON, Jakob, “Investment, Property Rights and Political Instability: Theory and Evidence”, European Economic Review, 1998, Vol: 42, 1317-l341.
  • TANG, Chor Foon and Salah Abosedra, "The Impacts of Tourism, Energy Consumption and Political Instability on Economic Growth in the MENA Countries", Energy Policy, 2014, Vol: 68, 458-464.
  • TAVARES, Jose, “The Open Society Assesses its Enemies: Shocks, Disasters and Terrorist Attacks.” Journal of Monetary Economics, 2004, Vol: 51/5, 1039-1070.
  • TAVARES, Jose and Romain Wacziarg, “How Democracy Affects Growth”, European Economic Review, 2001, Vol: 45, 1341-1378.
  • ZAKARIA, Muhammad, Wen Jun and Hasseb Ahmed, “Effects of Terrorism on Economic Growth in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis”, Economic Research, 2019, Vol. 23, 1794-1812.

The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Regional Economic Growth in Turkey

Year 2019, Volume: 15 Issue: 32, 605 - 630, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.668173

Abstract

The process of balanced and comprehensive regional growth requires political as well as economic stability. Therefore, the effects of political dynamics such as terrorism on regional growth should be investigated for a more comprehensive analysis. This study investigates the effects of terrorist events, which have reached the dimensions of political instability in Turkey, over the growth performance of the regions. In this context, the model has been designed to cover the 2005-2014 period and Turkey’s NUTS-II regions (26 regions) and has been estimated based on the GMM estimator. The obtained findings show the terror events experienced in Turkey to have a statistically significant negative effect on regions’ growth performance. In other words, the problem of terrorism, which has been a frequent ongoing problem in southeast Turkey for nearly 40 years, has hindered economic growth. The other findings of the model indicate the accumulation of physical capital to have positive and statistically significant effects on regional growth rather than the accumulation of human capital.

References

  • ANSELİN, L. (1998). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Boston-London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • BALTAGI, Badi H., Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. 5th Edition, Wiley Publication, United Kingdom, 2013.
  • GUJARATI, Damodar and Dawn C. Porter, Temel Ekonometri, (çev: Ümit Şenesen and Gülay Günlük Şenesen), Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2012.
  • KARACUKA, Mehmet and Necmettin Celik, “Globalizing Terrorism and It’s Economic-Politic Dynamics”, Halil İbrahim Aydın, Magdalena Ziolo and Aniela Balacescu (ed.), Economic Development Global and Regional Studies, IJOPEC Publication, London, 2017b, 301-315.
  • ABADIE, Alberto and Javier Gardeazabal, “The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country” The American Economic Review, 2003, Vol. 93/1, 113-132.
  • AISEN, Ari and Francisco Jose Veiga, “How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth?”, IMF Working Paper Middle East and Central Asia Department, WP/11/12, 2011.
  • AKGUNGOR, Sedef, Nese Kumral and Necmettin Celik, “Türkiye’de Sektörel İleri – Geri Bağlantılar, Kümelenmeler ve Bölgesel Uzmanlaşma”, 17. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi ve Bölge Planlama Kongresi (BBTMK2017) Bildiri Özetleri, Burdur, 2017, 13-14.
  • ALESINA, Alberto and Roberto Perotti, “The Political Economy of Growth: A Critical Survey of the Recent Literature, The World Bank Economic Review, 1994, Vol. 8/3, 351-371.
  • ALESINA, Alberto Sule Ozler Nouriel Roubini and Phillip Swagel, “Political Instability and Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1996, Vol.1/2, 189-211.
  • ARISEN, Ari and Francisco Jose Veiga, “How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth?”, European Journal of Political Economy, 2013, Vol. 29, 151-167.
  • ARSLAN, Unal, “Siyasi İstikrarsızlık ve Ekonomik Performans: Türkiye Örneği”, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 2011, Vol: 11/1, 73-80.
  • ASTERIOU, Dimitrios and Simon Price, “Political Instability and Economic Growth: UK Time Series Evidence”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2001, Vol: 48/4, 383-399.
  • BALDACCI, Emanuele, Benedict Clements, Sanjeev Gupta and Qiang Cui, “Social Spending, Human Capital, and Growth in Developing Countries”, World Development, 2008, Vol: 36/8, 1317-1341.
  • BARRO, Robert J., “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991, Vol: 106/2, 407-443.
  • BERBER, Metin, Rahmi Yamak and Seyfettin Artan, “Turkiyede Yakinlasma Hipotezinin Bolgeler Bazinda Gecerliligi Uzerine Ampirik Bir Calisma: 1975-1997”, 9. Ulusal Bolge Bilimi Kongresi, Trabzon, 2000, 51-59.
  • BLOMBERG, Stephen Brock, Gregory D. Hess, and Athanasios Orphanides, “The Macroeconomic Consequences of Terrorism, Journal of Monetary Economics, 2004, Vol: 51, 1007-1032.
  • CAMPOS, Nauro F. and Menelaos G. Karanasos, “Growth, Volatility and Political Instability: Non-Linear Time-Series Evidence for Argentina, 1896–2000”, Economics Letters, 2008, Vol: 100, 135-137.
  • CAMPUS, Nauro F. Campos, and Jeffrey Nugent, “Who is afraid of political instability?”,Journal of Development Economics, 2002, Vol: 67, 157-172.
  • CELİK, Necmettin, Kırılgan-Başarısız Devlet Olgusu ve Terörizm Açmazı (Sosyo-İktisadi ve Politik Dinamikleri Dahilinde), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir, 2014, 1-86.
  • CELİK, Necmettin, “Toplumsal Parçalanma, Sosyal Dışlanma ve Terörizm”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika Dergisi, 2015, Vol: 11/44, 157-280.
  • CELİK, Necmettin Celik, “İktisadi, Politik ve Mekansal Dinamikleri Dahilinde Küreselleşen Terörizm”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 2016, Vol: 23/12, 163-204.
  • CHEN, Baizhu and Yi Feng, “Some Political Determinants of Economic Growth: Theory and Empirical Implications”, European Journal of Political Economy, 1996, Vol: 12, 609-627.
  • CHOI, Seung-Whan, “Economic Growth and Terrorism: Domestic, Foreign, and Suicide”, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 67, 157-181.
  • CRAIN, Nicole V. and W. Mark Crain, “Terrorized Economies”, Public Choice, 2006, Vol. 128, 317-349.
  • ÇINAR, Mehmet, “The Effects of Terrorism on Economic Growth: Panel Data Approach”, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics, 2017, Vol. 35, 97-121.
  • DARBY, Julia, Chol-Won Li, and V. Anton Muscatelli, "Political Uncertainty, Public Expenditure and Growth", European Journal of Political Economy, 2004, Vol: 20, 153-179.
  • DELGADO, Michael, Daniel J. Henderson and Christopher F. Parmeter, “Does Education Matter for Economic Growth?”,IZA Discussion Paper 7089, 2012.
  • DEMİRGİL, Hakan, “Politik İstikrarsızlık, Belirsizlik ve Makroekonomi: Türkiye Örneği (1970-2006)”, Marmara Üniversitesi İ.B.B.F. Dergisi, 2011, Vol: 31/2, 123-144.
  • ECKSTEIN, Zvi and Daniel Tsiddon, “Macroeconomic Consequences of Terror: Theory and the Case of Israel”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 2004, Vol: 51, 971-1002.
  • FOSU, Augustin Kwasi, “Political Instability and Economic Growth in Developing Economies: Some Specification Empirics”, Economics Letters, 2001, Vol: 70, 289-29.
  • GEZİCİ Ferhan and Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, “Regional Convergence and the Economic Performance of Peripheral Areas in Turkey”, Review of Urban &Regional Development Studies, 2004, Vol: 16/2, 113-132.
  • GEZİCİ Ferhan and Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, “Spatial Analysis of Regional Inequalities in Turkey”, European Planning Studies, 2007, Vol: 15/3, 383-403.
  • GISKEMO, Gunhild Gram, “Exploring the Relationship Between Socioeconomic Inequality, Political Instability and Economic Growth Why Do We Know So Little?”,CMI Working Paper, 2012.
  • GUPTA, Dipak K., M. C. Madhavanand Andrew Blee, “Democracy, Economic Growth and Political Instability: An Integrated Perspective”, Journal of Socio~Economics, 1998, Vol: 27/5, 587-611.
  • GURGUL, Henryk and Luksz Lach, “Political Instability and Economic Growth: Evidence from Two Decades of Transition in CEE”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 2013, Vol: 46, 189-202.
  • GYIMAH-BREMPONG, Kwabena and Thomas L. Traynor, “Political Instability, Investment and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of African Economies, 1999, Vol: 8/1, 52-86.
  • HAGGARD, Stephan and Lydia Tiede, “The Rule of Law and Economic Growth: Where are We?”,World Development, 2011, Vol: 39/5, 673-685.
  • JONG-A-PIN, Richard, “On the Measurement of Political Instability and Its Impact on Economic Growth”, European Journal of Political Economy, 2009, Vol: 25, 15-29.
  • JUDSON, Ruth A. and Ann L. Owen, “Estimating Dynamic Panel Data Models: A Guide for Macroeconomists”, Economics Letters, 1999, Vol: 65, 9-15.
  • KARACA, Orhan, “Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Gelir Farklılıkları: Yakınsama Var Mı?”, TEK Tartışma Metni 2004/7, 2004, 1-16.
  • KARACUKA, Mehmet and Necmettin Celik, “Kırılgan-Başarısız Devlet Olgusu ve Terörizm İlişkisi”, Gazi İİBF Dergisi, 2017a, Vol: 19/1, 20-41.
  • LEVINE, Ross and David Renelt, “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions”, The American Economic Review, 1992, Vol: 82/4, 942-963.
  • MEIERRIEKS, Daniel and Thomas Gries, “Causality Between Terrorism and Economic Growth”, Journal of Peace Research, 2013, Vol: 50/1, 91-104.
  • ÖCAL, Nadir and Jülide Yıldırım, “Regional Effects of Terrorism on Economic Growth in Turkey: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach”, Journal of Peace Research, 2010, Vol: 47, 477-489.
  • PEREIRA, Joao and Miguel St.Aubyn, “What Level of Education Matters Most for Growth?: Evidence from Portugal,” Economics of Education Review, 2009, Vol: 28/1, 67-73.
  • ROODMAN, David, “How to Do xtabond2: An Introduction to "Difference" and "System" GMM in Stata”, Stata Journal, 2009, Vol: 9/1, 86-136.
  • SANLISOY, Selim and Recep Kok, “Politik İstikrarsızlık – Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımı”, Finans, Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar Dergisi, 2010b, Vol: 47/541, 9-22.
  • SANLISOY, Selim and Recep Kok, “Politik İstikrarsızlık – Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (1987-2006)”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2010a, Vol: 25/1, 101-125.
  • SHIOJI Etsuro, “Public Capital and Economic Growth: A Convergence Approach”, Journal of Economic Growth, 2001, Vol: 6, 205-227.
  • START, “Global Terrorism Database, Codebook: Inclusion Criteria and Variables”, National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, 2018, 1-65.
  • SVENSSON, Jakob, “Investment, Property Rights and Political Instability: Theory and Evidence”, European Economic Review, 1998, Vol: 42, 1317-l341.
  • TANG, Chor Foon and Salah Abosedra, "The Impacts of Tourism, Energy Consumption and Political Instability on Economic Growth in the MENA Countries", Energy Policy, 2014, Vol: 68, 458-464.
  • TAVARES, Jose, “The Open Society Assesses its Enemies: Shocks, Disasters and Terrorist Attacks.” Journal of Monetary Economics, 2004, Vol: 51/5, 1039-1070.
  • TAVARES, Jose and Romain Wacziarg, “How Democracy Affects Growth”, European Economic Review, 2001, Vol: 45, 1341-1378.
  • ZAKARIA, Muhammad, Wen Jun and Hasseb Ahmed, “Effects of Terrorism on Economic Growth in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis”, Economic Research, 2019, Vol. 23, 1794-1812.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Necmettin Çelik This is me 0000-0003-0139-7778

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Submission Date April 11, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 15 Issue: 32

Cite

Chicago Çelik, Necmettin. “The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Regional Economic Growth in Turkey”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 15, no. 32 (December 2019): 605-30. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.668173.