2005-2015 Perspektifinden Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Sahraaltı Afrika Politikası ve Afrika Komutanlığı (AFRICOM)

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 35, 461 - 517, 07.10.2020

Yücel Özel Güngör Şahin

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.806969

Abstract

Uzun yıllar uluslararası sistemde incelenmeye değer görülmeyen ve Soğuk Savaş’ın kutupları ABD ve SSCB açısından hak ettiği ilgiyi göremeyen Afrika, iki kutuplu sistemin çöküşüyle birlikte başta Sahraaltı Afrika olmak üzere yeniden ilgi odağı haline gelmeye başlamıştır. 2008 yılında küresel düzeyde yaşanan finansal kriz, dünya genelinde güçler arasındaki rekabeti şiddetlendirmiş, Afrika’nın sahip olduğu kaynaklar açısından çekiciliğini gündeme getirmiştir. Kriz sonrasında Afrika, ABD ile birlikte yükselen güçlerin (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin, Türkiye) rekabetinde dönüm noktasına ulaşmıştır. 2005 yılı sonrasında ABD kıtaya gerçek anlamda ilgi göstermeye başlamış, 2007 yılında Afrika Komutanlığı’nın (AFRICOM) kuruluşuyla birlikte ABD’nin Afrika politikası, Savunma Bakanlığı ve Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nın görev ve teşkilatı üzerinde uzlaşı sağladığı AFRICOM ile daha uygun bir zeminde uygulama alanı bulmuştur. ABD’nin, günümüz uluslararası ilişkiler teori ve analizlerinin henüz tam olarak uygulanabilir olmadığı Sahraaltı Afrika’ya yönelik 2005-2015 yılları arasında uyguladığı politika, Afrika’nın değişiminde ve yerel güç dengelerinde etkili olmuş, aynı zamanda terörle mücadelede bir dönüşüm gerektirmiştir. ABD dış politika kararlarının alınmasında iç ve dış kamuoyunun etkisi olmakla birlikte, Afrika ülkelerinde kimliğe ve geçmişe dayalı dış tehdit algısı da bu politikaların belirlenmesinde önemli olmuş, 2008 yılı sonrasında ABD’nin Afrika’daki faaliyetleri ulusal çıkarlarını gerçekleştirecek tarzda özenle seçilmiş ve yönlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Afrika, Birleşik Devletler Afrika Komutanlığı, Sahraaltı Afrika, Bütünsel Devlet Yaklaşımı

U.S. Sub-Saharan African Policy and Africa Command (AFRICOM) from the 2005-2015 Perspective

Abstract

The continent of Africa, which has long been neglected in the international stage for many years, and which has not received the attention it deserves from neither centres of power poles, especially Sub-Saharan Africa has become a centre of interest after the collapse of the bipolar system. The global financial crisis of 2008 intensified the competition the Powers across the world, and enhanced Africa’s attractiveness as a resource-rich continent. After the 2008 crisis, Africa has become one of the geopolitical competition grounds for the United States (US) and rising powers (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Turkey). After the year 2005, the US began to show real interest in the continent, and with the establishment of US Africa Command (AFRICOM) in 2007, African policy of the USA was identified with AFRICOM. The policies that the United States followed for sub-Saharan Africa between 2005 and 2015, when current theories and analyses of international relations were yet to be fully implemented, have influenced Africa’s transformation and regional balances of power. In the adoption of US foreign policy decisions, domestic and international public opinion is critical; however, the external threat perception based on identity and background in African countries have also been important in determining these policies. After the 2008 Crisis, the US engagements in Africa were carefully selected and governed in such a way to achieve national interests.

Keywords

United States of America (USA), Africa, United States Africa Command (AFRICOM), Sub-Saharan Africa, Whole of Government Approach

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