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Modern Terörizmin Beşinci Dalgası: Devletlerin Uluslararası Terörist Örgütlerle İş Birliğinin Sebepleri ve Sonuçları

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 36, 915 - 945, 28.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.847725

Abstract

David Rapoport 2004 yılında yazdığı makalesinde, uluslararası terör hareketlerinin tarihsel süreç içerisinde dalgalar halindeki gelişimini incelemiş, teorik ve kavramsal olarak terörizmin uluslararası ilişkiler açısından ne anlama geldiğini açıklamıştır. Günümüzde uluslararası terörizmin geldiği noktada yeni bir terörizm dalgası, uluslararası ilişkiler alanının anarşik yapısında devletlerin ulusal çıkarları uğruna terörizmi kullandığı, terörist örgütler ve gruplarla iş birliğini savaşın farklı bir uygulama biçimi olarak meşrulaştırma gayretine girdiği bir süreci ifade etmektedir. Bu makalede, hibrit savaş yöntemleri ile başlayan, terör örgütlerinin devletler tarafından ortaklar olarak adlandırılarak açıkça desteklendiği hatta silahlandırıldığı sürecin sebep ve muhtemel sonuçları incelenecektir. Modern terörizmin dört dalgasından sonra beşinci bir dalga olarak devletlerin ulusal çıkarları uğruna terör örgütleri ve teröristlerle açık olarak iş birliği yapmaları ve terörü genel savaş dışında bir çatışma biçimi olarak uygulamaları, uluslararası terörle mücadelenin uluslararası iş birliği içerisinde sürdürülmesinin karşısındaki en büyük engel olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Daha önce Beşinci Dalga olarak öne sürülen terör hareketlerinin aslında Rapoport’un tanımladığı ilk dört terör dalgası içerisinde mütalaa edilebileceği, ancak devletlerin terör örgütleri vasıtasıyla ulusal çıkarlarını koruma gayreti içerisine girdiği sürecin gerçek bir yeni terör dalgası olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

References

  • ABD 2006 Ulusal Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi.
  • ABD 2015 Ulusal Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi.
  • BERTI Benedetta, Armed Political Organizations: From Conflict to Integration, Baltimore Johns HOPKINS University Press, 2013.
  • BRODİE Bernard, War and Politics, Macmillan, New York, 1973.
  • CAŞIN Mesut Hakkı, Uluslararası Terörizm, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara, 2008.
  • CLARKE Thrustone, By blood and Fire: The Attack on the King David Hotel, Hutchinson, London 1981.
  • COOPER John Milton, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, New York 2009.
  • FOX Jonathan, “The Future of Religion and Domestic Conflict,” Religion, International Relations and Development Cooperation, ed. Berma Klein Goldewijk, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen 2007.
  • HOFFMAN Bruce, Inside Terrorism, Columbia University Press, New York, 2006.
  • JANKOWSKI James P., Nasser’s Egypt, Arab Nationalism, and the United Arab Republic, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Colorado Boulder 2001
  • LAW Randall D., The Routledge History of Terrorism, Routledge, New York, 2015.
  • JENKINS Brian Michael, The New Age of Terrorism, McGraw-Hill Homeland Security Jerryson Handbook Chapter 8. KHALIDI Rashid, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness, Columbia University Press, New York, 2010.
  • KAPLAN Jeffrey, Beyond the Mainstream: The Emergence of Religious Pluralism in Finland, Estonia, and Russia, SKS, Helsinki, 2000.
  • KAPLAN Jeffrey, Terrorist Groups and the New Tribalism, Routledge, New York 2010.
  • MAKOWSKI Krzysztof A. ve Frank Hadler, Approaches to Slavic Unity: Austro-Slavism, Pan-Slavism, Neo-Slavism, and Solidarity among the Slavs Today, Poznan, 2013.
  • McCORMICK Gordon H., “Terrorist Decision Making”, Annual Review of Political Science 6, 2003.
  • SAGEMAN Marc, “Ripples in the Waves: Fantasies and Fashions”, Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy: The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence, ed. Jean E. Rosenfeld, Routledge New York, 2011.
  • SAGEMAN Marc, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century, Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 2008.
  • RAMET Sabrina Petra, Rocking the State: Rock Music and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia, Westview, Colorado Boulder, 1994.
  • RAPOPORT David C., “Terror and the Messiah: An Ancient Experience and Some Modern Parallels.” The Morality of Terrorism: Religious and Secular Justifications, Ed. D. C. RAPOPORT ve YONAH, Alexander, Columbia University Press, New York, 1982.
  • RAPOPORT David C., “The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism.” Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy, Ed. CRONIN, Audrey Kurth ve KUDES, James M., Georgetown University Press, Washington DC, 2004.
  • RAPOPORT David C., “The Four Waves of Modern Terror: International Dimensions and Consequences”, An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences, Ed. J. M. Hanhimäki ve B. Blumenau, Routledge, London, 2013.
  • SHULTZ Richard.H. ve GODSON, Roy, Dezinformatsia: Active measures in Soviet strategy, Pergamon-Brassey’s, Washington, 1984.
  • SCALAPINO Robert A. ve GEORGE T. Yu, The Chinese Anarchist Movement, Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, Institute of International Studies University of California, Califonia, 1961.
  • SCHMID Alex P., The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research, New York: Routledge, 2011.
  • SIMON Jeffrey D., “Technological and Lone Operator Terrorism: Prospects for a Fifth Wave of Global Terrorism”, Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy, ed. ROSENFELD, Jean E., Routledge, New York, 2011.
  • STERLING, Claire, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1981.
  • CRONIN, Audrey K., “Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism”, International Security, Sayı: 27/3.
  • BIÇER R.S. Savaş, “Uluslararası Çatışmaların Değişen Yapısında Terörün Yeri ve Önemi Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, Kasım 2019, Cilt 18/2, Sayı 36.
  • FORTNA Virginia Page, “Do Terrorists Win? Rebels’ Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes”, International Organization, Summer 2015, Sayı: 69/3.
  • KAPLAN Jeffrey, “Terrorism’s Fifth Wave: A Theory, a Conundrum and a Dilemma”, Perspectives on Terrorism, no. 2, Ocak 2008.
  • KAPLAN, Jeffrey ve COSTA, Christopher P., “The Islamic State and the New Tribalism”, Terrorism &Political Violence, 2015 27/5.
  • RAPOPORT David C. , “Moses, Charisma, and Covenant,” The Western Political Science Quarterly, 1979, Sayı: 32/2.
  • RAPOPORT David C., “Messianic Sanctions for Terror”, Comparative Politics, 1988, Sayı: 20
  • RAPOPORT, David C. “Fear and trembling: Terrorism in three religious traditions”, American Political Science Review, 1984. Sayı: 78/3.
  • RAPOPORT David C., “The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11”, Anthropoetics, 2002, Sayı: 8/1.
  • KYDD Andrew H. ve BARBARA F. Walter, “The Strategies of Terrorism”, International Security, 2006, Sayı: 31/1.
  • WEINBERG Leonard ve WILLIAM Eubank, “An End to the Fourth Wave of Terrorism?”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 2010, Sayı: 33/7.
  • ACUN Can ve KESKİN Bünyamin, The PKK’S Branch in Northern Syria PYD-YPG, SETA report, 2017, https://setav.org/en/assets/uploads/2017/05/PYD_YPG_En.pdf (Erişim tarihi; 10.10.2020)
  • CELSO, Anthony N., “The Islamic State and Boko Haram: Fifth Wave Jihadist Terror Groups,” Orbis Volume 59 issue 2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2015.02.010, (Erişim tarihi; 20.09.2020)
  • International Court of Justice, Terrorism Financing and Racial Discrimination in Ukraine, Application Instituting Proceedings, 16 January 2017, https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/166/19314.pdf, (Erişim tarihi; 09.10.2020)
  • HOFFMAN, Bruce, Al Qaeda, Trends in Terrorism, and Future Potentialities: An Assessment, Santa Monica, Rand Corporation, California 2003, https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P8078.html, (Erişim tarihi; 12 Eylül 2020)
  • KAPLAN, Jeffrey, “Waves of Political Terrorism”, Summary and Keywords Waves of Political Terrorism, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, 2016, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319910997_Waves_of_Political_Terrorism_Summary_and_Keywords_Waves_of_Political_Terrorism_Oxford_Research_Encyclopedia_of_Politics, (Erişim tarihi; 05 Eylül 2020)
  • MILLER, John, Greetings, America. My name Osama bin Laden, Frontline, 1999, https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a1813/osama-bin-laden-interview/, (Erişim tarihi; 10 Eylül 2020)
  • WALLS Erin, “Waves of Modern Terrorism: Examining the Past and Predicting the Future”, Georgetown Üniversitesi Yüksek Lisans tezi, Washington Nisan 2017.

The Fifth Wave of Modern Terrorism: Causes and Possible Consequences of the States’ Cooperation with International Terrorist Organizations

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 36, 915 - 945, 28.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.847725

Abstract

In his article written in 2004, David Rapoport examined the waves of international terrorist movements in the historical process and explained what terrorism means in terms of international relations theoretically and conceptually. Today, at the point where international terrorism has come, a new wave of terrorism represents a process in which states use terrorism for the sake of their national interests in the anarchic structure of the field of international relations, and attempt to legitimize cooperation with terrorist organizations and groups as a different form of war. In this article, the causes and possible consequences of the process in which terrorist organizations are openly supported and even armed by states as partners, starting with hybrid warfare methods will be examined. As a fifth wave after the four waves of modern terrorism, the states’ open cooperation with terrorist organizations and terrorists for the sake of their national interests and their application of terrorism as a form of conflict other than general war is the biggest obstacle to the continuation of the fight against international terrorism in international cooperation. It is assessed that terrorist movements, which were previously claimed as the Fifth Wave, can actually be considered within the first four terror waves defined by Rapoport, but the process in which states try to protect their national interests through terrorist organizations is a real new wave of terror.

References

  • ABD 2006 Ulusal Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi.
  • ABD 2015 Ulusal Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi.
  • BERTI Benedetta, Armed Political Organizations: From Conflict to Integration, Baltimore Johns HOPKINS University Press, 2013.
  • BRODİE Bernard, War and Politics, Macmillan, New York, 1973.
  • CAŞIN Mesut Hakkı, Uluslararası Terörizm, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara, 2008.
  • CLARKE Thrustone, By blood and Fire: The Attack on the King David Hotel, Hutchinson, London 1981.
  • COOPER John Milton, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, New York 2009.
  • FOX Jonathan, “The Future of Religion and Domestic Conflict,” Religion, International Relations and Development Cooperation, ed. Berma Klein Goldewijk, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen 2007.
  • HOFFMAN Bruce, Inside Terrorism, Columbia University Press, New York, 2006.
  • JANKOWSKI James P., Nasser’s Egypt, Arab Nationalism, and the United Arab Republic, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Colorado Boulder 2001
  • LAW Randall D., The Routledge History of Terrorism, Routledge, New York, 2015.
  • JENKINS Brian Michael, The New Age of Terrorism, McGraw-Hill Homeland Security Jerryson Handbook Chapter 8. KHALIDI Rashid, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness, Columbia University Press, New York, 2010.
  • KAPLAN Jeffrey, Beyond the Mainstream: The Emergence of Religious Pluralism in Finland, Estonia, and Russia, SKS, Helsinki, 2000.
  • KAPLAN Jeffrey, Terrorist Groups and the New Tribalism, Routledge, New York 2010.
  • MAKOWSKI Krzysztof A. ve Frank Hadler, Approaches to Slavic Unity: Austro-Slavism, Pan-Slavism, Neo-Slavism, and Solidarity among the Slavs Today, Poznan, 2013.
  • McCORMICK Gordon H., “Terrorist Decision Making”, Annual Review of Political Science 6, 2003.
  • SAGEMAN Marc, “Ripples in the Waves: Fantasies and Fashions”, Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy: The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence, ed. Jean E. Rosenfeld, Routledge New York, 2011.
  • SAGEMAN Marc, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century, Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 2008.
  • RAMET Sabrina Petra, Rocking the State: Rock Music and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia, Westview, Colorado Boulder, 1994.
  • RAPOPORT David C., “Terror and the Messiah: An Ancient Experience and Some Modern Parallels.” The Morality of Terrorism: Religious and Secular Justifications, Ed. D. C. RAPOPORT ve YONAH, Alexander, Columbia University Press, New York, 1982.
  • RAPOPORT David C., “The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism.” Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy, Ed. CRONIN, Audrey Kurth ve KUDES, James M., Georgetown University Press, Washington DC, 2004.
  • RAPOPORT David C., “The Four Waves of Modern Terror: International Dimensions and Consequences”, An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences, Ed. J. M. Hanhimäki ve B. Blumenau, Routledge, London, 2013.
  • SHULTZ Richard.H. ve GODSON, Roy, Dezinformatsia: Active measures in Soviet strategy, Pergamon-Brassey’s, Washington, 1984.
  • SCALAPINO Robert A. ve GEORGE T. Yu, The Chinese Anarchist Movement, Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, Institute of International Studies University of California, Califonia, 1961.
  • SCHMID Alex P., The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research, New York: Routledge, 2011.
  • SIMON Jeffrey D., “Technological and Lone Operator Terrorism: Prospects for a Fifth Wave of Global Terrorism”, Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy, ed. ROSENFELD, Jean E., Routledge, New York, 2011.
  • STERLING, Claire, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1981.
  • CRONIN, Audrey K., “Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism”, International Security, Sayı: 27/3.
  • BIÇER R.S. Savaş, “Uluslararası Çatışmaların Değişen Yapısında Terörün Yeri ve Önemi Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, Kasım 2019, Cilt 18/2, Sayı 36.
  • FORTNA Virginia Page, “Do Terrorists Win? Rebels’ Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes”, International Organization, Summer 2015, Sayı: 69/3.
  • KAPLAN Jeffrey, “Terrorism’s Fifth Wave: A Theory, a Conundrum and a Dilemma”, Perspectives on Terrorism, no. 2, Ocak 2008.
  • KAPLAN, Jeffrey ve COSTA, Christopher P., “The Islamic State and the New Tribalism”, Terrorism &Political Violence, 2015 27/5.
  • RAPOPORT David C. , “Moses, Charisma, and Covenant,” The Western Political Science Quarterly, 1979, Sayı: 32/2.
  • RAPOPORT David C., “Messianic Sanctions for Terror”, Comparative Politics, 1988, Sayı: 20
  • RAPOPORT, David C. “Fear and trembling: Terrorism in three religious traditions”, American Political Science Review, 1984. Sayı: 78/3.
  • RAPOPORT David C., “The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11”, Anthropoetics, 2002, Sayı: 8/1.
  • KYDD Andrew H. ve BARBARA F. Walter, “The Strategies of Terrorism”, International Security, 2006, Sayı: 31/1.
  • WEINBERG Leonard ve WILLIAM Eubank, “An End to the Fourth Wave of Terrorism?”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 2010, Sayı: 33/7.
  • ACUN Can ve KESKİN Bünyamin, The PKK’S Branch in Northern Syria PYD-YPG, SETA report, 2017, https://setav.org/en/assets/uploads/2017/05/PYD_YPG_En.pdf (Erişim tarihi; 10.10.2020)
  • CELSO, Anthony N., “The Islamic State and Boko Haram: Fifth Wave Jihadist Terror Groups,” Orbis Volume 59 issue 2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2015.02.010, (Erişim tarihi; 20.09.2020)
  • International Court of Justice, Terrorism Financing and Racial Discrimination in Ukraine, Application Instituting Proceedings, 16 January 2017, https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/166/19314.pdf, (Erişim tarihi; 09.10.2020)
  • HOFFMAN, Bruce, Al Qaeda, Trends in Terrorism, and Future Potentialities: An Assessment, Santa Monica, Rand Corporation, California 2003, https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P8078.html, (Erişim tarihi; 12 Eylül 2020)
  • KAPLAN, Jeffrey, “Waves of Political Terrorism”, Summary and Keywords Waves of Political Terrorism, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, 2016, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319910997_Waves_of_Political_Terrorism_Summary_and_Keywords_Waves_of_Political_Terrorism_Oxford_Research_Encyclopedia_of_Politics, (Erişim tarihi; 05 Eylül 2020)
  • MILLER, John, Greetings, America. My name Osama bin Laden, Frontline, 1999, https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a1813/osama-bin-laden-interview/, (Erişim tarihi; 10 Eylül 2020)
  • WALLS Erin, “Waves of Modern Terrorism: Examining the Past and Predicting the Future”, Georgetown Üniversitesi Yüksek Lisans tezi, Washington Nisan 2017.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Rüştü Salim Savaş Biçer This is me 0000-0001-6318-9814

Publication Date December 28, 2020
Submission Date May 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 16 Issue: 36

Cite

Chicago Biçer, Rüştü Salim Savaş. “Modern Terörizmin Beşinci Dalgası: Devletlerin Uluslararası Terörist Örgütlerle İş Birliğinin Sebepleri Ve Sonuçları”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 16, no. 36 (December 2020): 915-45. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.847725.