ABD’yi Strateji Belgeleri Üzerinden Okumak: Hegemonik Güvenlik Anlayışının Değişimi Üzerine Bir Analiz

Year 2022, Volume: 18 Issue: 42, 265 - 293, 26.08.2022

Özgür Körpe

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1104894

Cited By: 2

Abstract

ABD’nin hegemonik güvenlik anlayışının temellerini İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın bittiği günlerde aramak mümkündür. Aslında bu durumun tüm dünyada ama özellikle ABD’nin “müttefikleri” olarak sınıflandırılan ülkelerde bir kanıksama algısı yarattığı da yadsınamaz. Bu algının oluşumunda ABD’nin uygulamalarının yanında, ABD Başkanları’nın söylemlerinin ve Sovyet dönemi dayatmacı politikalarının değişik oranlarda da olsa payları bulunmaktadır. Bugün katılmayanların sayısı artmış da olsa, ABD askerî gücü diğer devletlerinkinden üstündür ve bu gücün teknolojik yansımaları halen özenilen olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu makalede hegemonik güvenlik anlayışındaki değişim, konuyla ilişkili kavramlardan da yararlanılarak, tarihsel analiz ve içerik analizini kapsayan bir yöntem kombinasyonu çerçevesinde incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Uluslararası Güvenlik, Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejisi, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Hegemonya, İçerik Analizi

Reading the USA through Strategy Documents: An Analysis on the Change of Hegemonic Security Understanding

Abstract

It is possible to look for the foundations of the USA’s hegemonic security understanding in the days when the Second World War ended. In fact, it is undeniable that this situation creates a perception of confusion all over the world, but especially in countries classified as “allies” of the USA. In the formation of this perception, in addition to the practices of the USA, the discourses of the US Presidents and the imposing policies of the Soviet period have a share, albeit at different rates. Although the number of opponents has increased today, the US military power is superior to that of other states, and the technological repercussions of this power still continue to be envied. This article examines the change in the understanding of hegemonic security within the framework of a combination of the research methods, which consists of historical and content analysis, using the concepts related to the subject.

Keywords

International Security, National Security Strategy, United States of America, Hegemony, Content Analysis

References

• AL-RODHAN, Nayef R.F. Editorial of GCSP Policy Brief No. 15: US Hegemony and Globalization, Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Geneva, Switzerland December 6, 2006.
• BAUER, Walther. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Eds. F.Willam Danker, 3rd Edition, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 2001.
• EIDENMULLER, Michael. Great Speeches For Better Speaking: Listen and Learn from History’s Most Memorable Speeches, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2008.
• FUKUYAMA, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man, the Free Press, New York, NY, 1992.
• GADDIS, John Lewis. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 1997.
• GRAMSCI, Antonio. Prison Notebooks Vol.3, Edited by Joseph A. Buttigieg, Colombia University Press, New York, NY, 2007.
• HIGGS, Robert. Opposing the Crusader State: Alternatives to Global Interventionism, The Independent Institute, Oakland, CA, 2007.
• KEOHANE, Robert O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1984.
• NEUMAN, W. Lawrence. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 7th Edition, Pearson, Essex, 2013. NYE, Joseph S. Jr. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, Public Affairs, New York, NY, 2005.
• NYE, Joseph S. Jr. The Paradox of American Power: Why The World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone, Oxford University Press, Oxford, BK 2002.
• VOLGY, Thomas J. KANTHAK, Kristin, FRAIZER, Derrick and INGERSOLL, Robert S., Resistance to Hegemony within the Core, Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 2005.
• BARRETT, Michile. “Ideology, Politics, Hegemony: from Gramsci to Laclau and Mouffe”, in Eds. Slavoj ZIZEK, Mapping Ideology, Verso, London, 1994, pp. 235-264.
• COX, Robert W. “Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations. An Essay in Method”, in Eds. Stephen Gill, Gramsci, Historical materialism and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993, pp. 49-66.
• STRANGE, Susan. “Toward a Theory of Transnational Empire”, in Eds. Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N. Rosenau, Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s, Lexington Books, Lexington, 1989.
• HEISBOURG, François. “American Hegemony? Perceptions of the U.S. Abroad”, Survival, 41/4, 1999, pp. 5-19.
• KEOHANE, Robert O. “The United States and the Postwar Order: Empire or Hegemony?”, Journal of Peace Research, 1991, 28/4, pp. 435-439.
• LUNDESTAD, Geir. “Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe 1945-52”, Journal of Peace Research, 1986, 23/3, pp. 263-277.
• NOSSEL, Suzanne. “Smart Power”, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2004, 83/2, pp. 131-142.
• RUSSETT, Bruce. “The Mysterious Case of Vanishing Hegemony; or, Is Mark Twain Really Dead?”, International Organization, 1985, 39/2, pp. 205-231.
• STRANGE, Susan. “The Persistent Myth of Lost Hegemony, International Organization”, 1987, 41/4, pp. 551-574.
• BIDEN, Joseph (Joe) Robinette Jr. Interim National Security Strategic Guidance. The White House, Washington D.C., March 2021.
• BUSH, George Herbert Walker. National Security Strategy of The United States. The White House, Washington D.C., March 1990.
• BUSH, George Herbert Walker. National Security Strategy of The United States. The White House, Washington D.C., August 1991.
• BUSH, George Herbert Walker. National Security Strategy of The United States. The White House, Washington D.C., January 1993.
• BUSH, George Walker, The National Security Strategy of The United States of America. The White House, Washington D.C., September 2002.
• BUSH, George Walker. The National Security Strategy of The United States of America. The White House, Washington D.C., March 2006.
• CLINTON, William Jefferson Blythe III. A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement. The White House, Washington D.C., July 1994.
• CLINTON, William Jefferson Blythe III. A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement. The White House, Washington D.C., February 1995.
• CLINTON, William Jefferson Blythe III. A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement. The White House, Washington D.C., February 1996.
• CLINTON, William Jefferson Blythe III. A National Security Strategy for A New Century. The White House, Washington D.C., May 1997.
• CLINTON, William Jefferson Blythe III. A National Security Strategy for A New Century. The White House, Washington D.C., October 1998.
• CLINTON, William Jefferson Blythe III. A National Security Strategy for A New Century. The White House, Washington D.C., December 1999.
• CLINTON, William Jefferson Blythe III. A National Security Strategy for A Global Age. The White House, Washington D.C., December 2000.
• OBAMA, Barack Hussein II. National Security Strategy. The White House, Washington D.C., May 2010.
• OBAMA, Barack Hussein II. National Security Strategy. The White House, Washington D.C., February 2015.
• REAGAN, Ronald. National Security Strategy of The United States. The White House, Washington D.C., January 1987.
• REAGAN, Ronald. National Security Strategy of The United States. The White House, Washington D.C., January 1988.
• TRUMP, Donald John. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. The White House, Washington D.C., December 2017.
• Global Security Site. http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/1990-2001conflicts.htm.
• The White House Site. “Priorities”, https://www.whitehouse.gov/priorities/.
• The White House Site. President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point. The White House, Washington D.C., 01st June 2002.
• U.S. Government Printing Office Site. Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act dated 01.10.1986, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title50/html/ USCODE-2011-title50.htm.
• US Department of State Site. “Secretary of State Statement before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2009a/01/115196.htm.