Abstract
Due to continuous environmental changes following Cold War, the US Military has left “Threat Based Strategic Approach” and started to implement “Competency Based Strategic Approach” as its main military planning and policy. Purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of this change on the US Military structure. However, scope is limited only to evaluate manpower and structural effect. Contingency approach is used to conduct this evaluation. Units of analysis of this study are the political changes, which have been effective in both periods. Though there has been an increase in complexity and uncertainty in political environment, a parallel increase has been observed in diversity of threats. Depending on this condition, it is possible to mention three types of change in organizational structure and related manpower requirements. First of all, changes in environment has resulted with a simultaneous increase in speed and agility of troops, thus caused the US Military to depend more on combat brigade team structure rather than the previous battalion concept. Secondly, the US has started to rely more on regional cooperation in security and implemented an active strategy to acquire number of allied countries. It also has followed a similar strategy on developing its relationship with current alliances. As a result of increase in alliances, the US have decreased number of military stations and posts in all over the world. This also affected to decrease manpower requirements on abroad. Key Words: Strategic management, strategic defense management, manpower policies, organizational structure, contingency theory, competency based strategic approach, armed forces
Keywords
References
- Ashton Carter and John P. White, Keeping the Edge: Managing Defense for Future, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2001. Alfred, D. Chandler, Strategy and Structure. Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise, Cambridge, MIT Press., Ch. 1- 3, 1962.
- Efraim Karsh ve Lawrence Freedman. The Gulf Conflict 1990–1991. Diplomacy and War in the New World Order, p.(40-41), 1993.
- Efraim Karsh, The Iran-Iraq war: impact and implications, Macmillan in association with the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel-Aviv University, p.103-200, 1989.
- Henry Kissinger ve Vera Wellings, American foreign policy. Royal Victorian Institute for the Blind Tertiary Resource Service, pp.(117- 18), 1969.
- James D. Thompson, Organizations in Action, McGraw Hill, 1967. John Woodward, Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
- John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War, Oxford University Press, pp.(70-146), 2005.
- John W. Meyer ve W. Richard Scott, Centralization and the legitimacy problems of local government. Organizational environments: Ritual and rationality. pp.(199-215), 1983. Lex Donaldson, The Contingency Theory of Organizations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2001.
- Lex Donaldson, American Anti-management Theories of Management, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1995.
- Mason Wilrich ve John B. Rhinelander, SALT: The Moscow agreements and beyond. Free Press: New York, pp.26-74, 1974.
- Mert Aktaş ve İrge Şener, Koşul bağımlılık Kuramı, İçinde: Cenk Sözen ve Nejat Basım, Örgüt Kuramları, Beta Basım Yayım, İstanbul, s.112., 2012.
- Philippe Manigart, Restructuring of the armed forces. İçinde: Handbook of the Sociology of the Military. Springer US, p.(323-343), 2006.
- P.Williams Lawrence ve Jay Lorsch, Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration. Boston: Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration, Division of Research, p.6-40, 1967.
- Richard Cooper, The All-volunteer Force: The Emerging National Debate, Rand Corporation, pp.(21-74), 1977.
- Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
- Taner Altunok ve Haluk Korkmazyürek, Stratejik Savunma Yönetimi, Seçkin Yayıncılık: Ankara, 2010.
- Tom Burns ve George M. Stalker, The Management of Innovation, London: Tavistock, 1961.
- Douglas Feith, Transforming the United States Global Defense Posture. The DIASM Journal, Winter 2003-2004.
- Fred Edmund Emery ve Eric Trist, The Causal Texture of Organizational Environments, Human Relations, Vol.18, pp.(21-31), 1965.
- Johannes M. Pennings, The Relevance of the Structural Contingency Model of Organizational Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 20, pp. (393-410), 1975.
- John Gargan, To Defend A Nation: An Overview of Downsizing and the US Military, Management, Vol.2, No(3), 1999.
- Kenneth N Waltz. Structural realism after the Cold War. International security, 25(1), pp.: 5-41, 2000.
- Marek Sliwinski, Afghanistan 1978-87: War, Demography and Society. Society for Central Asian Studies, Vol.10 (3), pp.(101-126), 1991.
- Stuart H. Altman ve Robert J. Barro. Officer supply: the impact of pay, the draft, and the Vietnam War. The American Economic Review, pp.(649-664), 1971.
- William Scott, Organization Theory: An Overview and an Appraisal. Academy of Management Journal, Vol.4 (1), pp. (7-26).1961.
Abstract
ABD Silahlı Kuvvetleri, Soğuk Savaş sonrasında değişen ihtiyaçlar doğrultusunda, “Tehdit Temelli Stratejik Yönetim” yaklaşımının yerine “Yetenek Temelli Stratejik Yönetim” yaklaşımını uygulamaya başlamıştır. Çalışmanın maksadı, çevresel değişimlere bağlı olarak amaç ve stratejideki bu değişimin ABD teşkilat yapısına olan etkisini değerlendirmektir. Çalışmanın kapsamı, değişimin yalnızca teşkilatlanma ve insan gücü ihtiyaçlarına yönelik yaptığı etkinin değerlendirilmesi ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Çevresel değişimin teşkilat yapısına etkisinin değerlendirilmesinde, koşul bağımlılık kuramından istifade edilmiştir. Her iki stratejik yönetim yaklaşımının etkin olduğu dönem içerisinde yaşanan siyasi değişimler çevresel değişimin belirlenmesinde kullanılan analiz birimidir. Belirsizlik ortamının arttığı yakın dönemde tehdit çeşitliliğinde de benzer oranda bir artış olduğu görülmektedir. Bu duruma bağlı olarak, teşkilat yapısına ilişkin üç gözlenen değişimden bahsetmek mümkündür. İlk olarak, ABD Silahlı Kuvvetleri, teknik yetenek olarak hız ve çeviklik özelliklerini ve modüler kapasiteyi (muharip tugay timlerinin oluşturulması) ön plana çıkartmış ve teşkilatlanmasını bu yeni yeteneğe dayandırmıştır. İkinci olarak, belirsizliğe karşı ABD’nin yeni müttefikler kazanmaya çalışması ve mevcut müttefikleri ile ilişkilerini geliştirerek küresel tehdide ilişkin sorumlulukların paylaşılması talebi, “Güvenlik İşbirliği” kavramının kullanımını artırmış ve bu sebeple ABD mevcut konuş durumunda değişikliklere gitmiş ve garnizon sayısını azaltmıştır. Son olarak, muharip tugay timi teşkilat yapısı ve garnizon sayısındaki azalmaya bağlı olarak insan gücünde önemli oranlarda azaltmalara gitmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:
Stratejik yönetim, stratejik savunma yönetimi, insan gücü politikaları, örgüt yapısı, koşul bağımlılık kuramı, yetenek temelli stratejik yönetim, silahlı kuvvetler.
Keywords
Stratejik yönetim stratejik savunma yönetimi insan gücü politikaları örgüt yapısı koşul bağımlılık kuramı yetenek temelli stratejik yönetim silahlı kuvvetler
References
- Ashton Carter and John P. White, Keeping the Edge: Managing Defense for Future, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2001. Alfred, D. Chandler, Strategy and Structure. Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise, Cambridge, MIT Press., Ch. 1- 3, 1962.
- Efraim Karsh ve Lawrence Freedman. The Gulf Conflict 1990–1991. Diplomacy and War in the New World Order, p.(40-41), 1993.
- Efraim Karsh, The Iran-Iraq war: impact and implications, Macmillan in association with the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel-Aviv University, p.103-200, 1989.
- Henry Kissinger ve Vera Wellings, American foreign policy. Royal Victorian Institute for the Blind Tertiary Resource Service, pp.(117- 18), 1969.
- James D. Thompson, Organizations in Action, McGraw Hill, 1967. John Woodward, Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
- John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War, Oxford University Press, pp.(70-146), 2005.
- John W. Meyer ve W. Richard Scott, Centralization and the legitimacy problems of local government. Organizational environments: Ritual and rationality. pp.(199-215), 1983. Lex Donaldson, The Contingency Theory of Organizations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2001.
- Lex Donaldson, American Anti-management Theories of Management, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1995.
- Mason Wilrich ve John B. Rhinelander, SALT: The Moscow agreements and beyond. Free Press: New York, pp.26-74, 1974.
- Mert Aktaş ve İrge Şener, Koşul bağımlılık Kuramı, İçinde: Cenk Sözen ve Nejat Basım, Örgüt Kuramları, Beta Basım Yayım, İstanbul, s.112., 2012.
- Philippe Manigart, Restructuring of the armed forces. İçinde: Handbook of the Sociology of the Military. Springer US, p.(323-343), 2006.
- P.Williams Lawrence ve Jay Lorsch, Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration. Boston: Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration, Division of Research, p.6-40, 1967.
- Richard Cooper, The All-volunteer Force: The Emerging National Debate, Rand Corporation, pp.(21-74), 1977.
- Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
- Taner Altunok ve Haluk Korkmazyürek, Stratejik Savunma Yönetimi, Seçkin Yayıncılık: Ankara, 2010.
- Tom Burns ve George M. Stalker, The Management of Innovation, London: Tavistock, 1961.
- Douglas Feith, Transforming the United States Global Defense Posture. The DIASM Journal, Winter 2003-2004.
- Fred Edmund Emery ve Eric Trist, The Causal Texture of Organizational Environments, Human Relations, Vol.18, pp.(21-31), 1965.
- Johannes M. Pennings, The Relevance of the Structural Contingency Model of Organizational Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 20, pp. (393-410), 1975.
- John Gargan, To Defend A Nation: An Overview of Downsizing and the US Military, Management, Vol.2, No(3), 1999.
- Kenneth N Waltz. Structural realism after the Cold War. International security, 25(1), pp.: 5-41, 2000.
- Marek Sliwinski, Afghanistan 1978-87: War, Demography and Society. Society for Central Asian Studies, Vol.10 (3), pp.(101-126), 1991.
- Stuart H. Altman ve Robert J. Barro. Officer supply: the impact of pay, the draft, and the Vietnam War. The American Economic Review, pp.(649-664), 1971.
- William Scott, Organization Theory: An Overview and an Appraisal. Academy of Management Journal, Vol.4 (1), pp. (7-26).1961.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 11, 2015 |
| Submission Date | May 11, 2015 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2015 Volume: 11 Issue: 21 |
