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An Emerging Middle Power’s Quest for Status: Türkiye and United Nations Peacekeeping

Year 2023, Volume: 19 Issue: 44, 35 - 65, 27.04.2023

İbrahim Kumek

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1270459

Abstract

This study uses “middle power” and “status-based” approaches in the International Relations literature to explain Türkiye’s motivation for participation in UN peacekeeping operations. Turkish peacekeeping activism is considered a recognitive practice based on status-seeking. It is claimed that especially since the 2000s Türkiye has participated in operations to gain a reputation and raise its international status before UN countries, to become visible by contributing to global peace and conflict management, and to influence member countries in its favour to win the elections for non-permanent membership in the UN Security Council. To determine the overall trend and motivation in participation, the international context, the domestic political environment, and the general foreign policy orientations of the governments are taken into account. Personnel contributions related to 28 peacekeeping missions between 1988 and 2022 are examined by reviewing UN Peacekeeping Data, the Grand National Assembly’s decisions, and foreign policy officials’ statements. Suggestions on the future of Turkish peacekeeping policy are also presented in the study.

Keywords

Turkish Foreign Policy Turkish Peacekeeping Activism Emerging Middle Power Status-seeking United Nations Peacekeeping

References

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Yükselen Bir Orta Gücün Statü Arayışı: Türkiye ve Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma

Year 2023, Volume: 19 Issue: 44, 35 - 65, 27.04.2023

İbrahim Kumek

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1270459

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin BM barışı koruma operasyonlarına katılım motivasyonunu açıklamaya yönelik Uluslararası İlişkiler literatüründeki “orta güç” ve “statü temelli” yaklaşımlardan yararlanılmaktadır. Türk barışı koruma aktivizmi, statü arayışı temelinde bir tanınma pratiği olarak ele alınmaktadır. Türkiye’nin bilhassa 2000’li yıllardan itibaren BM ülkeleri nezdinde itibar kazanmak ve uluslararası statüsünü yükseltmek, küresel barışa ve çatışma yönetimine katkıda bulunarak görünür olmak ve BM Güvenlik Konseyi geçici üyeliği seçimlerini kazanmaya yönelik üye ülkeleri kendi lehine etkilemek amacıyla operasyonlara katıldığı iddia edilmektedir. Katılımdaki genel eğilim ile motivasyonu belirlemek için uluslararası bağlam, iç siyasi ortam ve hükümetlerin genel dış politika yönelimleri dikkate alınmaktadır. 1988 ile 2022 yılları arasında 28 barışı koruma misyonuna ilişkin personel katkıları BM Barışı Koruma verilerinden alınarak incelenmekte, TBMM kararlarına ve dış politika yetkililerinin açıklamalarına bakılmaktadır. Çalışmada, Türk barışı koruma politikasının geleceğine ilişkin öneriler de sunulmaktadır.

Keywords

Türk Dış Politikası Türk Barışı Koruma Aktivizmi Yükselen Orta Güç Statü Arayışı Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma

References

  • AKGÜL Fatih (2022). “Lübnan Tezkereleri Üzerinden Türkiye’nin Barışı Destekleme Harekâtlarına Katılım Motivasyonlarına Yönelik Bir İnceleme”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 18:42, 411-448.
  • ARAS Bülent (2009). “Turkey’s Rise in the Greater Middle East: Peace-Building in the Periphery”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 11:1, 29-41.
  • BAĞCI Hüseyin ve KARDAŞ Şaban (2004). “Exploring Turkey’s Role in Peace Operations: Towards a Famework of Analysis”, (ed.) Foreign Policy Institute, Contemporary Issues in International Politics: Essays in Honour of Seyfi Tashan, Ankara, 2004, 125-145.
  • BAYER Reşat ve KEYMAN E. Fuat (2012). “Turkey: An Emerging Hub of Globalization and Internationalist Humanitarian Actor?”, Globalizations, 9:1, 73-90.
  • CAGAPTAY Soner (2013). “Defining Turkish Power: Turkey as a Rising Power Embedded in the Western International System”, Turkish Studies, 14:4, 797-811.
  • CHAPNICK Adam (1999). “The Middle Power”, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 7:2, 73-82.
  • COOPER Andrew, HIGGOTT Richard A. ve NOSSAL Kim R. (1993). Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order, University of British Columbia Press, Canada.
  • COOPER David A. (2011). “Challenging Contemporary Notions of Middle Power Influence: Implications of the Proliferation Security Initiative for “Middle Power Theory”, Foreign Policy Analysis, 7:3, 317-336.
  • ÇALIŞ Şaban (2001). “Turkey’s Balkan Policy in the Early 1990s”, Turkish Studies, 2:1, 135-146.
  • ÇEVİK Senem B. (2019). “Reassessing Turkey’s Soft Power: The Rules of Attraction”, Alternatives, 44:1, 50-71.
  • DAFOE Allan, RENSHON Jonathan ve HUTH Paul (2014). “Reputation and Status as Motives for War”, Annual Review of Political Science, 17, 371-393.
  • DAL Emel Parlar (2018). “Assessing Turkey’s Changing Conflict Management Role after the Cold War: Actorness, Approaches and Tools”, Third World Quarterly, 39:12, 2291-2314.
  • DAVUTOĞLU Ahmet (2008). “Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007”, Insight Turkey, 10:1, 77-96. DAVUTOĞLU Ahmet (2004, 26 Şubat). “Türkiye Merkez Ülke Olmalı”, Radikal.
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  • EVANS Gareth ve GRANT Bruce (1995). Australia’s Foreign Relations: in the World of the 1990s, 2. Baskı, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Vic.
  • FREEDMAN Joshua (2016). “Status Insecurity and Temporality in World Politics”, European Journal of International Relations, 22:4, 797-822.
  • GENÇ YILMAZ Ayfer ve AGWANDA Billy (2021). “Turkey’s Contribution to International Policing”, Global Change, Peace & Security, 33:2, 143-161.
  • GOULDING Marrack (1993). “The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping”, International Affairs, 69:3, 451-464.
  • GRUEN George E. (2006). “Turkey’s Role in Peacekeeping Missions”, American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, 28:6, 435-449.
  • GÜL Abdullah (2007). “Why is a Non-Permanent Seat for Turkey at the United Nations Security Council Important for Herself, Her Region and the World”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, 6:4, 13-16.
  • GÜNGÖR Uğur (2007). The Analysis of Turkey’s Approach to Peace Operations, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Bilkent Üniversitesi Ekonomi ve Sosyal Bilimler Enstütüsü, Ankara.
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  • HÜRSOY Siret (2006). “Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Operasyonlarının Yeniden Yapılandırılması Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği Ve Türkiye’nin Sivil Katkıları”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 61:1, 2006, 201-222.
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  • JORDAAN Eduard (2003). “The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers”, Politikon, 30:1, 165-181.
  • KARADAĞ Haluk (2019). “Turkey and UN Peacekeeping Missions”, (ed.), Alpaslan Özerdem ve Matthew Whiting, The Routledge Handbook of Turkish Politics, Routledge, New York, 459-469.
  • KİRAZ Sami (2020). “Türk Dış Politikasının Bir Süreklilik Unsuru Olarak Barış Operasyonlarının İncelenmesi”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 41, 384-399.
  • KİRİŞÇİ Kemal (2009). “The End of the Cold War and Changes in Turkish Foreign Policy Behaviour”, Foreign Policy, 18:3-4, 266-309.
  • KOÇER Gökhan (2006). “Türkiye’nin Barışı Destekleme Harekâtlarına Katkısı”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 3:11, 47-70.
  • KUMEK İbrahim (2022). “Türk Dış Politikasında Statü Arayışı: Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi Geçici Üyeliği (1951-52, 1954-55, 1961, 2009-2010)”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 77:3, 559-582.
  • KUTLAY Mustafa ve ÖNİŞ Ziya (2021). “Understanding Oscillations in Turkish Foreign Policy: Pathways to Unusual Middle Power Activism”, Third World Quarterly, 42:12, 3051-3069.
  • MATTHEW Richard A. (2003). “Middle Power and NGO Partnerships: The Expansion of World Politics”, (ed.), Kenneth R. Rutherford, Stefan Brem ve Richard Matthew, Reframing the Agenda: The Impact of NGO and Middle Power Cooperation in International Security Policy, Praeger Publishers, 3-20.
  • MURRAY Michelle (2019). The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations: Status, Revisionism, and Rising Powers, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • MÜFTÜLER Meltem ve YÜKSEL Müberra (1997). “Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order”, (ed.), Andrew F. Cooper, Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers after the Cold War. Studies in Diplomacy, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 184-196.
  • OĞUZLU Tarik ve GÜNGÖR Uğur (2006). “Peace Operations and the Transformation of Turkey’s Security Policy”, Contemporary Security Policy, 27:3, 472-488.
  • ÖNİŞ Ziya ve KUTLAY Mustafa (2017). “The Dynamics of Emerging Middle-Power Influence in Regional and Global Governance: The Paradoxical Case of Turkey”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 71:2, 164-183.
  • ÖNİŞ Ziya ve YILMAZ Şuhnaz (2009). “Between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism in Turkey during the AKP Era”, Turkish Studies, 10:1, 7-24.
  • PARLAR DAL Emel (2018). “Assessing Turkey’s Changing Conflict Management Role after the Cold War: Actorness, Approaches and Tools”, Third World Quarterly, 39:12, 2291-2314.
  • PARLAR DAL Emel (2016). “Conceptualising and testing the ‘emerging regional power’ of Turkey in the shifting ınternational order”, Third World Quarterly, 37:8, 1425-1453.
  • RAVENHILL John (1998). “Cycles of Middle Power Activism: Constraint and Choice in Australian and Canadian Foreign Policies”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 52:3, 309-327.
  • ROBERTSON Jeffrey (2017). “Middle-Power Definitions: Confusion Reigns Supreme”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 71:4, 355-370.
  • SATANA Nil Seda (2013). “Turkey”, (ed.), Paul D. Williams ve Alex Bellamy, Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges and Future of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributions, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 355-376.
  • SLOAN James (2014). “The Evolution of the Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping”, Journal of Strategic Studies, 37:5, 674-702.
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  • SUCU Ali Emre vd. (2021). “Transformation of Middle Powers with the Decline of World Hegemony: The Case of Turkey”, Strategic Analysis, 45:4, 307-320.
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There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İbrahim Kumek 0000-0003-2096-159X

Publication Date April 27, 2023
Submission Date March 24, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 19 Issue: 44

Cite

Chicago Kumek, İbrahim. “Yükselen Bir Orta Gücün Statü Arayışı: Türkiye Ve Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 19, no. 44 (April 2023): 35-65. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1270459.
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