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The American (USA’s) Concern for Communism in Cyprus During the Cold War Era

Year 2023, Volume: 19 Issue: 45, 299 - 332, 22.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1316730

Abstract

This study aims to analyse the Cyprus policies of the United States of America (USA) during the Cold War. During this period, it was a fact that the USA was highly uncomfortable with the communist organization on the island. In this context, the USA was very concerned about the possibility of AKEL (Progressive Party of the Working People), which had a robust political base on the island, coming to power. In addition, it also followed with concern the Soviet Union’s efforts to establish influence on the island through AKEL. The study discusses these concerns and the steps taken by the USA to resolve them. In the article, the conditions of the Cold War period are analysed in the context of Cyprus using the deductive method. Since the main subject of the study is the USA’s foreign policy, the conditions and concerns of the period are discussed by using mainly American archival documents. Based on the findings, the study concludes that the USA’s policy towards Cyprus was shaped within the framework of Cold War theses.

References

  • FRUS), The Ambassador in the United Kingdom (Douglas) to the Secretary of State, 1947v01/d388, 11 Haziran 1947.
  • FRUS (1947v01/d388), 11 Haziran 1947.
  • FRUS (1947v05/d395), Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State, (Tarihsiz).
  • FRUS (1947v05/d424), Statement by the United States and the United Kingdom Groups, (Tarihsiz).
  • FRUS (1948v03/d679), Department of State Policy Statement, 11 June 1948.
  • FRUS (1948v04/d92), The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Greece, 9 August 1948.
  • FRUS (1948v05p2/d580), Memorandum of Conversation Prepared in the Office of the Special Representative of the United States in Israel, 7 September 1948.
  • FRUS (1948v04/d140), Memorandum by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Secretary of Defense (Forrestal), 24 November 1948.
  • FRUS (1961-63v16/d263), Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State, 3 Eylül 1962.
  • FRUS (1961-63v16/d260), Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, 6 June 1962.
  • FRUS (1949v06/d133), Report by the National Security Council to the President, Washington, 22 March 1949.
  • FRUS (1961-63v16/d248), National Security Action Memorandum No. 71, Washington, 23 August 1961.
  • FRUS (1969-76v29/d360), Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, 25 October 1970.
  • FRUS, (1961-63v16/d264), Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State, Athens, 3 September 1962.
  • FRUS, (1964-68v33/d457), Telegram From the Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State, Nicosia, 8 February 1964.
  • FRUS, (1964-68v16/d29), Telegram From the Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State, Nicosia, 7 April 1964.
  • FRUS, (1964-68v16/d29), Telegram From the Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State, Nicosia, 7 April 1964.
  • FRUS, (1964-68v16/d31), Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State, Athens, 10 April 1964.
  • ADAMS T. W. ve COTTRELL Alvin J. (1968). Cyprus Between East and West, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
  • ARMAOĞLU Fahir (1995). “(Amerikan Belgeleri ile) Orta Doğu Komutanlığı’ndan Bağdat Paktı’na 1951-1955”, Belleten, 224:59, 189-256.
  • BLACK Jeremy (2020). İngiltere Tarihi, (çev. Aytaç Yıldız), Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • BUSHKOVİTCH Paul (2016). Rusya’nın Kısa Tarihi, (çev. Mehmet Doğan), Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • CAMPBELL John C. (1972). “The Soviet Union and the United States in the Middle East”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 401, 126-135.
  • CLOGG Richard (1997). Modern Yunanistan Tarihi, (çev. Dilek Şendil), İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • GİLBERT Martin (2013). Churchill Bir Yaşam, (çev. Süha Sertabiboğlu), İstanbul.
  • GOLDSCHMİDT JR. Arthur ve DAVİDSON Lawrence (2011). Kısa Ortadoğu Tarihi, (çev. Aydemir Güler), Doruk Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • HALABİ Yakub (2016). US Foreign Policy in the Middle East: From Crises to Change, Routledge.
  • HOLLAND Robert (1995). “NATO and the Struggle for Cyprus”, Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 1:13, 33-61.
  • HUREWİTZ J. C. (1956). Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East: A Documentary Record: 1914-1956, Vol. II, D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton.
  • INBAR Efraim (1990). “Jews, Jewishness and Israel’s Foreign Policy”, Jewish Political Studies Review, 2:3/4, 165-183. KİSSİNGER Henry (2011). Diplomasi, (çev. İbrahim H. Kurt), Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • LEVEY Zach (2003). “Israel’s Entry into Cyprus, 1959-1963: Diplomacy and Strategy in the Eastern Medıterranean”, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 7:3, 73-87.
  • MAYES Stanley (2019). Kıbrıs’ın İlk Cumhurbaşkanı Başpiskopos Makarios’un Yaşam Öyküsü, Çev. Önder Seçkin, Kalkedon Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • MCGHEE George (1992). ABD-Türkiye-NATO-Ortadoğu, (çev. Belkıs Çorakçı), Ankara.
  • NYE Joseph S. ve WELCH David A. (2013). Küresel Çatışmayı ve İşbirliğini Anlamak, (çev. Renan Akman), Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • O’MALLEY Brendan ve CRAİG Ian (1999). The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and The Turkish Invasion, I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd., London.
  • PAPPE Ilan (2007). Modern Filistin Tarihi, (çev. Nuri Plümer), Phoenix Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • SPALDİNG Elizabeth Edwards (2006). The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and The Remaking of Liberal İnternationalism, The University Press of Kentucky.
  • STERGİOU Andreas (2014/2015). “Soviet Policy in The Eastern Mediterranean and The AKEL”, Modern Greek Studies Yearbook, 30/31, University of Minnesota.
  • ŞAHİN İsmail ve YAZICI Hanefi (2021). “Greece’s ‘Changing’ Israeli and ‘Unchanging’ Egyptian Policy”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3:19, 115-138.
  • TÜREL Oktar (2017). Küresel Tarihçe, 1945-79, Yordam Kitap, İstanbul.
  • YEMELYANOV Yuriy (2015). Stalin İktidarın Zirvesinde, (çev. Orhan Uravelli), Lena Yayınları, Ankara.
  • ORON Yitzhak (ed.) (1961). Middle East Record, Vol. II, Israel Programme for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.
  • SHAATH Nabeel (26 Ocak 2016). “Old friends? Palestine, Cyprus, and Greece”, euobserver, https://euobservercom.translate.goog/opinion/132004, erişim 20.10.2021.

Soğuk Savaş Dönemi ABD’nin Kıbrıs’ta Komünizm Kaygısı

Year 2023, Volume: 19 Issue: 45, 299 - 332, 22.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1316730

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin (ABD) Soğuk Savaş Dönemi’ndeki Kıbrıs politikalarını irdelemektir. Bu dönem boyunca, ABD’nin adadaki komünist örgütlenmeden ziyadesiyle rahatsızlık duyduğu bir gerçektir. Bu bağlamda ABD, adada güçlü bir siyasi tabana sahip bulunan AKEL’in (Emekçi Halkın İlerici Partisi) iktidara gelme ihtimalinden oldukça çekinmiştir. Bununla birlikte Sovyetler Birliği’nin AKEL üzerinden adada nüfuz kurma çabalarını da endişeyle takip etmiştir. Çalışma boyunca ABD’nin söz konusu endişeleri ile bunların çözümüne yönelik attığı adımlar ele alınmıştır. Makalede Soğuk Savaş Dönemi koşulları Kıbrıs bağlamında tümdengelim yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ana konusu ABD dış politikası olduğu için araştırmada ağırlıklı olarak Amerikan arşiv vesikaları kullanılarak dönemin koşulları ve kaygıları ele alınmıştır. Araştırma, elde ettiği bulgulardan hareketle, ABD’nin Kıbrıs politikasının Soğuk Savaş tezleri çerçevesinde şekillendiği sonucuna varmıştır.

References

  • FRUS), The Ambassador in the United Kingdom (Douglas) to the Secretary of State, 1947v01/d388, 11 Haziran 1947.
  • FRUS (1947v01/d388), 11 Haziran 1947.
  • FRUS (1947v05/d395), Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State, (Tarihsiz).
  • FRUS (1947v05/d424), Statement by the United States and the United Kingdom Groups, (Tarihsiz).
  • FRUS (1948v03/d679), Department of State Policy Statement, 11 June 1948.
  • FRUS (1948v04/d92), The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Greece, 9 August 1948.
  • FRUS (1948v05p2/d580), Memorandum of Conversation Prepared in the Office of the Special Representative of the United States in Israel, 7 September 1948.
  • FRUS (1948v04/d140), Memorandum by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Secretary of Defense (Forrestal), 24 November 1948.
  • FRUS (1961-63v16/d263), Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State, 3 Eylül 1962.
  • FRUS (1961-63v16/d260), Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, 6 June 1962.
  • FRUS (1949v06/d133), Report by the National Security Council to the President, Washington, 22 March 1949.
  • FRUS (1961-63v16/d248), National Security Action Memorandum No. 71, Washington, 23 August 1961.
  • FRUS (1969-76v29/d360), Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, 25 October 1970.
  • FRUS, (1961-63v16/d264), Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State, Athens, 3 September 1962.
  • FRUS, (1964-68v33/d457), Telegram From the Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State, Nicosia, 8 February 1964.
  • FRUS, (1964-68v16/d29), Telegram From the Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State, Nicosia, 7 April 1964.
  • FRUS, (1964-68v16/d29), Telegram From the Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State, Nicosia, 7 April 1964.
  • FRUS, (1964-68v16/d31), Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State, Athens, 10 April 1964.
  • ADAMS T. W. ve COTTRELL Alvin J. (1968). Cyprus Between East and West, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
  • ARMAOĞLU Fahir (1995). “(Amerikan Belgeleri ile) Orta Doğu Komutanlığı’ndan Bağdat Paktı’na 1951-1955”, Belleten, 224:59, 189-256.
  • BLACK Jeremy (2020). İngiltere Tarihi, (çev. Aytaç Yıldız), Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • BUSHKOVİTCH Paul (2016). Rusya’nın Kısa Tarihi, (çev. Mehmet Doğan), Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • CAMPBELL John C. (1972). “The Soviet Union and the United States in the Middle East”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 401, 126-135.
  • CLOGG Richard (1997). Modern Yunanistan Tarihi, (çev. Dilek Şendil), İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • GİLBERT Martin (2013). Churchill Bir Yaşam, (çev. Süha Sertabiboğlu), İstanbul.
  • GOLDSCHMİDT JR. Arthur ve DAVİDSON Lawrence (2011). Kısa Ortadoğu Tarihi, (çev. Aydemir Güler), Doruk Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • HALABİ Yakub (2016). US Foreign Policy in the Middle East: From Crises to Change, Routledge.
  • HOLLAND Robert (1995). “NATO and the Struggle for Cyprus”, Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 1:13, 33-61.
  • HUREWİTZ J. C. (1956). Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East: A Documentary Record: 1914-1956, Vol. II, D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton.
  • INBAR Efraim (1990). “Jews, Jewishness and Israel’s Foreign Policy”, Jewish Political Studies Review, 2:3/4, 165-183. KİSSİNGER Henry (2011). Diplomasi, (çev. İbrahim H. Kurt), Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • LEVEY Zach (2003). “Israel’s Entry into Cyprus, 1959-1963: Diplomacy and Strategy in the Eastern Medıterranean”, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 7:3, 73-87.
  • MAYES Stanley (2019). Kıbrıs’ın İlk Cumhurbaşkanı Başpiskopos Makarios’un Yaşam Öyküsü, Çev. Önder Seçkin, Kalkedon Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • MCGHEE George (1992). ABD-Türkiye-NATO-Ortadoğu, (çev. Belkıs Çorakçı), Ankara.
  • NYE Joseph S. ve WELCH David A. (2013). Küresel Çatışmayı ve İşbirliğini Anlamak, (çev. Renan Akman), Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • O’MALLEY Brendan ve CRAİG Ian (1999). The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and The Turkish Invasion, I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd., London.
  • PAPPE Ilan (2007). Modern Filistin Tarihi, (çev. Nuri Plümer), Phoenix Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • SPALDİNG Elizabeth Edwards (2006). The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and The Remaking of Liberal İnternationalism, The University Press of Kentucky.
  • STERGİOU Andreas (2014/2015). “Soviet Policy in The Eastern Mediterranean and The AKEL”, Modern Greek Studies Yearbook, 30/31, University of Minnesota.
  • ŞAHİN İsmail ve YAZICI Hanefi (2021). “Greece’s ‘Changing’ Israeli and ‘Unchanging’ Egyptian Policy”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3:19, 115-138.
  • TÜREL Oktar (2017). Küresel Tarihçe, 1945-79, Yordam Kitap, İstanbul.
  • YEMELYANOV Yuriy (2015). Stalin İktidarın Zirvesinde, (çev. Orhan Uravelli), Lena Yayınları, Ankara.
  • ORON Yitzhak (ed.) (1961). Middle East Record, Vol. II, Israel Programme for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.
  • SHAATH Nabeel (26 Ocak 2016). “Old friends? Palestine, Cyprus, and Greece”, euobserver, https://euobservercom.translate.goog/opinion/132004, erişim 20.10.2021.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Studies, Middle East Studies, Turkish Foreign Policy, International Security, Politics in International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cemile Şahin 0000-0001-9989-8903

İsmail Şahin 0000-0003-3144-7844

Publication Date August 22, 2023
Submission Date June 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 19 Issue: 45

Cite

Chicago Şahin, Cemile, and İsmail Şahin. “Soğuk Savaş Dönemi ABD’nin Kıbrıs’ta Komünizm Kaygısı”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 19, no. 45 (August 2023): 299-332. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1316730.