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Deepfake Technology, Media, and National Security: The Case of the German Chancellor’s Deepfake Video

Year 2025, Volume: 21 Issue: 51, 279 - 297, 25.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1706990

Abstract

Deepfake technology has become a powerful tool in shaping media narratives and public perception, particularly in the realm of political discourse. This study analyzes the impact of deepfake videos on media agenda-setting and national security, using the case study of a deepfake video featuring German Chancellor Olaf Scholz announcing a ban on the far-right party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). Through a qualitative content analysis of eight major German media outlets, the study identifies the frames used in reporting on the video, its ethical and political implications, and the role of the media in curbing misinformation. The findings reveal that while the coverage successfully debunked the deepfake, it also sparked discussions about the potential for AI-generated content to influence political discourse and undermine democratic integrity. By examining this case, the study contributes to ongoing discussions about the intersection of AI, media credibility, and political communication. Furthermore, it highlights the risks that deepfake technology poses not only to media and political communication but also to national security. This research helps to understand how deepfake content has the potential to legitimize narratives and outlines the need for a more systemic response towards addressing the threats posed by synthetic content in the digital ecosystem.

References

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  • AL-KHAZRAJI Samer Hussain SALEH Hassan Hadi KHALID Adil İbrahim and MISHKHAL Israa Adnan (2023). “Impact of Deepfake Technology on Social media: Detection, Misinformation and Societal Implications”, The Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics, 23, 429-441.
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  • BECKER Casey and LAYCOCK Robin (2023). “Embracing Deepfakes and AI-generated Images in Neuroscience Research”, European Journal of Neuroscience, 58:3, 2657-2661.
  • CHESNEY Robert and CITRON Danielle Keats (2018). “Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security”, University of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 692, University of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2018-21, 1753-1820.
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  • DIAKOPOULOS Nicholas and JOHNSON Deborah (2021). “Anticipating and Addressing the Ethical Implications of Deepfakes in the Context of Elections”, New Media & Society, 23:7, 2072-2098.
  • FALLIS Don (2020). “The Epistemic Threat of Deepfakes”, Philosophy & Technology, 34:4, 623-643.
  • FANGEN Katrine and LICHTENBERG Lisanne (2021). “Gender and Family Rhetoric on the German Far Right”, Patterns of Prejudice, 55:1, 71-93.
  • FRENCH Aaron STOREY Veda C. and WALLACE Linda (2023). “A Typology of Disinformation Intentionality and Impact”, Information Systems Journal, 34:4, 1324-1354.
  • GARRETT R. Kelly (2019). “Social Media’s Contribution to Political Misperceptions in U.S. Presidential Elections”, PLoS ONE 14:3, e0213500, 1-16.
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  • HWANG Yoori RYU Ji Youn and JEONG Se-Hoon (2021). “Effects of Disinformation Using Deepfake: The Protective Effect of Media Literacy Education”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24:3, 188-193.
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  • LEE Jiyoung and Shin Soo Yun (2022). “Something that They Never Said: Multimodal Disinformation and Source Vividness in Understanding the Power of AI-Enabled Deepfake News”, Media Psychology, 25:4, 531-546.
  • LEE Yi-Chih WU Wei-Li and LEE Chia-Ko (2021). “How COVID-19 Triggers Our Herding Behavior? Risk Perception, State Anxiety, and Trust”, Frontiers in Public Health, 9:587439, 1-8.
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  • MUBARAK Rami ALSBOU’I Tariq ALSHAIKH Omar INUWA-DUTE Isa KHAN Saad and PARKINSON Simon (2023). “A Survey on the Detection and Impacts of Deepfakes in Visual, Audio, and Texual Formats”, IEEE Access, 11, 144497–144529.
  • NAIT-ALI Amal RIDOUANI Mohammed SALAHDINE Fatima and KAABOUCH Naima (2023). “Deepfake Attacks: Generation, Detection, Datasets, Challenges, and Research Directions”, Computers, 12:10, 216.
  • NIEKERK Brett and RAMLUCKAN Trishana (2023). “Towards Norms for State Responsibilities Regarding Online Disinformation and Influence Operations”, In: Proceedings of the 22nd European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, 22:1, 500-509.
  • PATEL Sonny MONCAYO Omar CONROY Kristina JORDAN Doug and ERICKSON Timothy (2020). “The Landscape of Disinformation on Health Crisis Communication during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ukraine: Hybrid Warfare Tactics, Fake Media News and Review of Evidence”, Journal of Science Communication, 19:5, A02, 1-26.
  • PAWELEC Maria (2022). “Deepfakes and Democracy (Theory): How Synthetic Audio-Visual Media for Disinformation and Hate Speech Threaten Core Democratic Functions”, Digital Society, 1:19, 1-37.
  • PETERSON Elizabeth RICHARDS Rosalina MCNOE Bronwen and REEDER Anthony I. (2019). “SunSmart news? Traditional Media Coverage of Sun Protection Issues during Springtime in New Zealand”, Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 30:2, 272-275.
  • SEEGER Cristof HORKY Thomas NIELAND Jörg-Uwe and ENGLISH Peter (2023). “Social Media Publishing Strategies of German Newspapers: Content Analysis of Sports Reporting on Social Networks by German Newspapers—Results of the 2021 Social Media International Sports Press Survey”, Journalism and Media, 4:2, 599-611.
  • TWOMEY John CHING Didier AYLETT Matthew Peter QUAYLE Michael LINEHAN Conor and MURPHY Gillian (2023). “Do Deepfake Videos Undermine Our Epistemic Trust? A Thematic Analysis of Tweets that Discuss Deepfakes in the Russian Invasion of Ukraine”, PLoS ONE 18:10, e0291668, 1-22.
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  • VERMA Nitin (2024). “‘One Video Could Start a War’: A Qualitative Interview Study of Public Perceptions of Deepfake Technology”, Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 61:1, 374-385.
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  • . WHYTE Christopher (2020). “Deepfake News: AI-Enabled Disinformation as a Multi-Level Public Policy Challenge”, Journal of Cyber Policy, 5:2, 199-217.
  • ZHUANG Yue ZHAO Tiantian and SHAO Xuanrong (2021). “Mechanism of WeChat’s Impact on Public Risk Perception during COVID-19”, Risk Management Healthcare Policy, 14, 4223-4233.
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Deepfake Teknolojisi, Medya ve Ulusal Güvenlik: Almanya Şansölyesinin Deepfake Videosu Örneği

Year 2025, Volume: 21 Issue: 51, 279 - 297, 25.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1706990

Abstract

Deepfake teknolojisi, özellikle siyasi söylem olmak üzere medya anlatılarında ve kamu algısında etkili bir şekilde kullanılan bir araç haline gelmiştir. Bu makale, Almanya Başbakanı Olaf Scholz’un aşırı sağcı Almanya İçin Alternatif (AfD) partisinin yasaklandığını duyurduğu deepfake videosunu vaka çalışması olarak kullanarak deepfake videolarının medya gündemini belirleme ve bu bağlamda ulusal güvenliğe etkisini araştırmaktadır. Sekiz büyük Alman medya kuruluşunun nitel içerik analizinden yararlanan çalışma, videonun haberleştirilmesinde kullanılan çerçeveleri, etikpolitik çıkarımlarını ve medyanın yanlış bilgilendirmeyi engellemedeki rolünü ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular medyanın deepfake’i çürütmek için çok şey yapmış olsa da yapay zekâ tarafından üretilen içeriğin siyasi söylemi ve demokratik bütünlüğü etkileme potansiyeli hakkındaki tartışmaları da güçlendirmeye hizmet ettiğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca, yapay zekâ, medya güvenilirliği ve siyasi iletişimin bir araya gelmesiyle ilgili güncel tartışmalara katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışma deepfake teknolojisinin yalnızca medya ve siyasal iletişim üzerinde değil, aynı zamanda ulusal güvenlik üzerinde yaratabileceği riskleri tartışmaya açmaktadır. Bu araştırma, deepfake içeriğinin anlatıları meşrulaştırma potansiyelinin nasıl olduğunu anlamaya yardımcı olmakta ve dijital ekosistemde sentetik içeriğin oluşturduğu tehditleri ele almak için daha sistemik bir yanıta duyulan ihtiyacı özetlemektedir.

References

  • AHMED Saifuddin (2021). “Navigating the Maze: Deepfakes, Cognitive Ability, and Social Media News Skepticism”, New Media & Society, 25:5, 1108-1129.
  • ALANAZI Sami ASIF Seemal and MOULITSAS Irene (2024). “Examining the Societal Impact and Legislative Requirements of Deepfake Technology: A Comprehensive Study”, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 14:2, 58-64.
  • AL-KHAZRAJI Samer Hussain SALEH Hassan Hadi KHALID Adil İbrahim and MISHKHAL Israa Adnan (2023). “Impact of Deepfake Technology on Social media: Detection, Misinformation and Societal Implications”, The Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics, 23, 429-441.
  • ALTUNCU Enes FRANQUEIRA Virginia N. L. and LI Shujun (2024). “Deepfake: Definitions, Performance Metrics and Standards, Datasets, and a Meta-review”, Frontiers in Big Data, 7.
  • ANWAR Ayesha MALIK Meryem RAEES Vaneeza and ANWAR Anjum (2020). “Role of Mass media and Public Health Communications in the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Cureus, 12:9, e10453.
  • BABB Jeffry MENTZER Kevin and YATES David (2023). “Introduction to the Minitrack on data Analytics, Data Mining, and Machine Learning for Social Media”, In: Proceedings of the 56th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2108-2109.
  • BECKER Casey and LAYCOCK Robin (2023). “Embracing Deepfakes and AI-generated Images in Neuroscience Research”, European Journal of Neuroscience, 58:3, 2657-2661.
  • CHESNEY Robert and CITRON Danielle Keats (2018). “Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security”, University of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 692, University of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2018-21, 1753-1820.
  • DEARING James W. and ROGERS Everette M. (1996). Studying the Agenda-Setting Process In: Agendasetting, (Chapter 6). Sage Publication, 88-100. Online ISBN 9781452243283.
  • DIAKOPOULOS Nicholas and JOHNSON Deborah (2021). “Anticipating and Addressing the Ethical Implications of Deepfakes in the Context of Elections”, New Media & Society, 23:7, 2072-2098.
  • FALLIS Don (2020). “The Epistemic Threat of Deepfakes”, Philosophy & Technology, 34:4, 623-643.
  • FANGEN Katrine and LICHTENBERG Lisanne (2021). “Gender and Family Rhetoric on the German Far Right”, Patterns of Prejudice, 55:1, 71-93.
  • FRENCH Aaron STOREY Veda C. and WALLACE Linda (2023). “A Typology of Disinformation Intentionality and Impact”, Information Systems Journal, 34:4, 1324-1354.
  • GARRETT R. Kelly (2019). “Social Media’s Contribution to Political Misperceptions in U.S. Presidential Elections”, PLoS ONE 14:3, e0213500, 1-16.
  • GÖRGEN Ahmet (2021). “Immigrant Players in the National Football Team of Germany and the Question of National Identity”, Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 6:3, 24-37.
  • GÖRGEN Ahmet (2023a). “The Origin of Refugees and Social Acceptance: A Comparative Analysis on Syrian and Ukrainian Refugees Migrating to Germany”, In: Tunçsiper B. (Eds.). VI. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimlerde Kritik Tartışmalar Kongresi 4-5 Kasım, 2023. Tam Metin Bildiri Kitabı, 146-155. ISBN: 978-625-99413-8-7
  • GÖRGEN Ahmet (2023b). “Toplumsal Protestolar ve Kent Algısı: Dresden ve Chemnitz Protestoları Örneği”, Urban 21 Journal, 1:1, 16-29.
  • GRIMMELIKHUIJSEN Stephan G. and MEIJER Albert J. (2015). “Does Twitter Increase Perceived Police Legitimacy?”, Public Administration Review, 75:5, 598-607.
  • HWANG Yoori RYU Ji Youn and JEONG Se-Hoon (2021). “Effects of Disinformation Using Deepfake: The Protective Effect of Media Literacy Education”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24:3, 188-193.
  • KAÇAR Aşçı Fatmanur (2021). “Migrants as Floating Signifiers in and through Right-Wing Populist Political Style: The Case of the AFD”, Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 29:2, 209-228.
  • KARUNIAN Alia Yofira (2024). “The Imitation Game: Examining Regulatory Challenges of Political Deepfakes in the European Union”, Dissertation in Law Programme of Study, 1-56.
  • KLIKAUER Thomas (2019). “Germany’s AfD – Members, Leaders and Ideologies”, Asian Journal of German and European Studies, 4:4, 1-7. ŁABUZ Mateusz and NEHRING Christopher (2024) “On the Way to Deep Fake Democracy? Deep Fakes in Election Campaigns in 2023”, European Political Science, 23:4, 454-473.
  • LEE Jiyoung and Shin Soo Yun (2022). “Something that They Never Said: Multimodal Disinformation and Source Vividness in Understanding the Power of AI-Enabled Deepfake News”, Media Psychology, 25:4, 531-546.
  • LEE Yi-Chih WU Wei-Li and LEE Chia-Ko (2021). “How COVID-19 Triggers Our Herding Behavior? Risk Perception, State Anxiety, and Trust”, Frontiers in Public Health, 9:587439, 1-8.
  • LIN Thung-Hong CHANG Min-Chiao, CHANG Chun-Chih and CHOU Ya-Hsuan (2022). “Government- Sponsored Disinformation and the Severity of Respiratory Infection Epidemics Including COVID-19: A Global Analysis, 2001–2020”, Social Science & Medicine, 296, 114744, 1-10.
  • MACH Katharine J. REYES Raúl Salas PENTZ Brian TAYLOR Jennifer COSTA Clarissa A. CRUZ Sandip G. … and KLENK Nicole (2021). “News Media Coverage of COVID-19 Public Health and Policy Information”, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8:1, 220.
  • MATTHEWS Taylor (2022). “Deepfakes, Intellectual Cynics, and the Cultivation of Digital Sensibility”, Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 92, 67-85 . MCCOMBS Maxwell E. and SHAW Donald L. (1972). “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 36:2, 176-187.
  • MUBARAK Rami ALSBOU’I Tariq ALSHAIKH Omar INUWA-DUTE Isa KHAN Saad and PARKINSON Simon (2023). “A Survey on the Detection and Impacts of Deepfakes in Visual, Audio, and Texual Formats”, IEEE Access, 11, 144497–144529.
  • NAIT-ALI Amal RIDOUANI Mohammed SALAHDINE Fatima and KAABOUCH Naima (2023). “Deepfake Attacks: Generation, Detection, Datasets, Challenges, and Research Directions”, Computers, 12:10, 216.
  • NIEKERK Brett and RAMLUCKAN Trishana (2023). “Towards Norms for State Responsibilities Regarding Online Disinformation and Influence Operations”, In: Proceedings of the 22nd European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, 22:1, 500-509.
  • PATEL Sonny MONCAYO Omar CONROY Kristina JORDAN Doug and ERICKSON Timothy (2020). “The Landscape of Disinformation on Health Crisis Communication during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ukraine: Hybrid Warfare Tactics, Fake Media News and Review of Evidence”, Journal of Science Communication, 19:5, A02, 1-26.
  • PAWELEC Maria (2022). “Deepfakes and Democracy (Theory): How Synthetic Audio-Visual Media for Disinformation and Hate Speech Threaten Core Democratic Functions”, Digital Society, 1:19, 1-37.
  • PETERSON Elizabeth RICHARDS Rosalina MCNOE Bronwen and REEDER Anthony I. (2019). “SunSmart news? Traditional Media Coverage of Sun Protection Issues during Springtime in New Zealand”, Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 30:2, 272-275.
  • SEEGER Cristof HORKY Thomas NIELAND Jörg-Uwe and ENGLISH Peter (2023). “Social Media Publishing Strategies of German Newspapers: Content Analysis of Sports Reporting on Social Networks by German Newspapers—Results of the 2021 Social Media International Sports Press Survey”, Journalism and Media, 4:2, 599-611.
  • TWOMEY John CHING Didier AYLETT Matthew Peter QUAYLE Michael LINEHAN Conor and MURPHY Gillian (2023). “Do Deepfake Videos Undermine Our Epistemic Trust? A Thematic Analysis of Tweets that Discuss Deepfakes in the Russian Invasion of Ukraine”, PLoS ONE 18:10, e0291668, 1-22.
  • VACCARI Cristian and CHADWICK Andrew (2020). “Deepfakes and Disinformation: Exploring the Impact of Synthetic Political Video on Deception, Uncertainty, and Trust in News”, Social Media + Society, 6:1, 1-13.
  • VARDHAN HarshVARSHNEY Naman KIRAN R. Manoj PRADEEP R. and LATHA N. R. (2024). “Deep Fake Video Detection”, International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub, 2:4, 830- 835.
  • VERA Nick (2023). “Between Realities: Information Sharing Practices of Deepfake Creators”, Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 60:1, 1161-1163.
  • VERMA Nitin (2024). “‘One Video Could Start a War’: A Qualitative Interview Study of Public Perceptions of Deepfake Technology”, Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 61:1, 374-385.
  • WESTERLUND Mika (2019). “The Emergence of Deepfake Technology: A Review”, Technology Innovation Management Review, 9:11, 39-52
  • . WHYTE Christopher (2020). “Deepfake News: AI-Enabled Disinformation as a Multi-Level Public Policy Challenge”, Journal of Cyber Policy, 5:2, 199-217.
  • ZHUANG Yue ZHAO Tiantian and SHAO Xuanrong (2021). “Mechanism of WeChat’s Impact on Public Risk Perception during COVID-19”, Risk Management Healthcare Policy, 14, 4223-4233.
  • Correctiv (2024). “Neue Rechte Geheimplan gegen Deutschland”. https://correctiv.org/aktuelles/neuerechte/ 2024/01/10/geheimplan-remigration-vertreibung-afd-rechtsextreme-november-treffen/, accessed 15.01.2025.
  • EYNERN Christopher (2024). “Olaf Scholz Deepfake: How a Deepfake Impacts Public Trust”, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, https://purl.utwente.nl/essays/101675, accessed 25.02.2025.
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There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Görgen 0000-0001-9647-2691

Can Saygıner 0000-0002-1680-392X

Publication Date August 25, 2025
Submission Date May 27, 2025
Acceptance Date August 11, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 21 Issue: 51

Cite

Chicago Görgen, Ahmet, and Can Saygıner. “Deepfake Technology, Media, and National Security: The Case of the German Chancellor’s Deepfake Video”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 21, no. 51 (August 2025): 279-97. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1706990.