SAĞLIKTA ARAŞTIRMA VE GELİŞTİRME HARCAMALARININ EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 597 - 614, 26.09.2023

Gülay Ekinci , Ahmet Köse , Alper Cihan , Haydar Sur

Öz

Bu çalışma, sağlık alanında Araştırma ve Geliştirme (Ar-Ge) harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini belirlemek amacıyla 2004-2019 yılları arasında sağlık Ar-Ge harcamalarına ait düzenli verisi bulunan 10 ülke düzeyinde (Çek Cumhuriyeti, Macaristan, Kore, Polonya, Portekiz, Slovakya, Türkiye, Romanya, Rusya ve Güney Afrika) analizler yapılmıştır. Ekonomik büyümenin temsilcisi olarak Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla (GSYİH); Ar-Ge Harcamalarının sağlıktaki temsilcisi olarak Sağlık Ar-Ge Harcamaları araştırma değişkenleri olarak ele alınmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin analizinde Panel Veri Analizi çerçevesinde En Küçük Kareler Testi, Granger Nedensellik Testi, Eş bütünleşme Testleri, FMOLS ve DOLS testleri uygulanmıştır. Sağlık Ar-Ge Harcamaları ile GSYİH arasında çift yönlü Granger tipi nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığı ve aralarında uzun dönemli eşbütünleşme ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. FMOLS ve DOLS tahmin yöntemlerinden elde edilen temel bulgular, sağlık alanında araştırma ve geliştirme harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif yönde etkisi olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilen ülkelerde sağlık Ar-Ge harcamalarının/yatırımlarının ekonomik büyümeyi olumlu yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekonomik Büyüme, Sağlık Araştırma ve Geliştirme Harcamaları, Granger Nedensellik Testi, Eşbütünleşme Testi, Panel Veri Analizi.

Destekleyen Kurum

YOK

Proje Numarası

YOK

Teşekkür

Teşekkür ederim

THE EFFECT OF HEALTH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

Öz

This study aims to determine the effect of health R&D (Research and Development) expenditures on economic growth at the level of 10 countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Korea, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Turkey, Romania, Russia, and South Africa) by using data between 2004-2019. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as representative of economic growth; as the representative of R&D Expenditures in health, Health R&D Expenditures were considered. In the analysis of the relationships between variables Least Square Test, Granger Causality Test, Cointegration Tests, FMOLS and DOLS tests were applied within the framework of Panel Data Analysis. The existence of a bidirectional Granger-type causality relationship between Health R&D Expenditures and GDP and the long-term cointegration relationship between them was determined. FMOLS and DOLS analysis results revealed the positive effect of Health R&D expenditures on economic growth. The results showed that health R&D activities play an important role in general R&D activities in the countries covered by the study and that health R&D expenditures/investments positively affect economic growth.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Economic Growth, Health Research and Development Expenditures, Granger Causality Test, Cointegration Test, Panel Data Analysis.

Proje Numarası

YOK

Kaynakça

• Access Economics (2003). Exceptıonal returns the value of ınvesting in health R&D in Aaustralıa. The Australian Society for Medical Research, Canberra.
• Alene, A.D. (2010).Productivity growth and the effects of research and development in African agriculture. Agricultural Economics,(41),223–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2010.00450.x.
• Amaghouss, J., & Ibourk, A. (2013). Entrepreneurial activities, innovation and economic growth: the role of cyclical factors evidence from OECD countries for the period 2001-2009. International Business Research, 6(1),153-165. doi:10.5539/ibr.v6n1p153.
• Arslanhan, S. (2012). Biyoekonomiye doğru: Türkiye bu sürecin neresinde? Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı.
• Aybarç, S., & Selim, S. (2017). Seçilmiş OECD ülkelerinde ar-ge faaliyetlerine yönelik kamu harcamalarının karşılaştırmalı etkinlik analizi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 12(2),1-15.
• Baltagi B.H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, ISBN-13 978-0-470-01456-1.
• Blanco, L., Prıeger, J., & Gu, J. (2013).The impact of research and development on economic growth and productivity in the US States. Pepperdine University, School of Public Policy Working Paper Series, n:48.
• Chinta, S., Rodriguez-Guerra, M., Shaban, M., Pandey, N., Jaquez-Duran, M., & Vittorio, T. J. (2023). COVID-19 therapy and vaccination: a clinical narrative review. Drugs Context. pp.1-11 https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.2022-7-2
• Coe, D. T., & Helpman, E. (1995). International R&D spillovers. European Economic Review, 39(5), 859-887.
• Conalogue, D.M., Kinn, S., Mulligan, JA. et al. (2017). International consultation on long-term global health research priorities, research capacity and research uptake in developing countries. Health Research Policy and Systems,15(24), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-017-0181-0.
• Ertek, T.(1996). Ekonometriye giriş. İkinci basım, Beta Yayınları. İstanbul.
• Falk, M. (2007). Research and development spending in the high-tech sector and economic growth. Research in Economics, 61(3),140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2007.05.002.
• Freire-Seren, M. (2001), R&D-expenditure in an endogenous growth model. Journal of Economics, 74(1),39-62.
• Genç, M.C., & Atasoy, Y. (2010). Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: panel veri analizi. The Journal of Knowledge Economy and Knowledge Management,5(2), 27-34.
• Gittleman, M., & Wolff, E. (1995). Research and development activity and cross country growth comparisons. Cambridge Journal of Economics,19(1),189–207. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23599572.
• Goel, R.K., & Ram, R. (1994). Research and development expenditures and economic growth: a cross- country study. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 42(2), 403-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/452087.
• Goel, R.K., Payne, E.J., & Ram, R. (2008). Research and development expenditures and US economic growth: a disaggregated approach. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30(2), 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.04.008.
• Granger, C.W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3),424-438.
• Guellec, D., & Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. (2004). From research and development to productivity growth: do the İnstitutional settings and the source of funds of research and development matter? Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 66(3),305-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2004.00083.x
• Guellec, D., & Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterıe, B. (2001). Research, development and productivity growth: panel data analysis of 16 OECD Countries. OECD Economic Studies, no: 33,103-126.
• Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics. 5th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York. 592-593 ISBN 978-0-07-337577-9.
• Gülmez, A., & Yardımcıoğlu, F. (2012). OECD ülkelerinde ar-ge harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: panel eşbütünleşme ve panel nedensellik analizi (1990-2010). Maliye Dergisi, 163,335-353. Güloğlu, B., Tekin, R.B. (2012).A panel casuality analysis of the relationship among research and development,innovation, and economic growth in high-income OECD countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 2(1), 32-47. https:/doi:10.14208/BF03353831 Gümüş, E., & Çelikay, F. (2015). ar-ge harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme: yeni ampirik kanıtlar. The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 9(3), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973801015579753
• Gyekye, A., Oseifuah, E., & Quarshie, G. (2012). The impact of research and development on socio-economic development: perspectives from selected developing economies. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(6), 915-922. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC130253.
• Harris, R., & Sollis, R. (2003). Applied time series modelling and forecasting. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
• Horvath, R. (2011). Research and development and growth: a bayesian model averaging analysis. Economic Modelling, 28(6), 2669-2673. DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2011.08.007
• Işığıçok, E. (1994). Zaman serilerinde nedensellik çözümlemesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Basımevi, Bursa.
• Karagül, M. (2002). Beşeri sermayenin iktisadi gelişmedeki rolü ve Türkiye’deki önemi. Afyon: Afyonkarahisar Kocatepe Üniversitesi Yayınları. Yayın No. 37. 9757150487, 9789757150480.
• Khan, M., Luıntel, K. B., & Theodorıdıs, K.(2010). How robust is the research and development-productivity relationship? evidence from OECD countries. WIPO Economic Research Working Paper Series, no: 1. www.wipo.int/econ_stat.
• Kieny, M.P., Viergever, R., Adam, T., Boerma, T., & Rottingen, J. (2016). Global platform to ınform investments for health research and development. Lancet, 387(10024):1157. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00705-4.
• Lichtenberg, F. R. (1992). Research and development ınvestment and international productivity differences. NBER Working Paper Series, no. 4161. 10.3386/w4161
• Luıntel KB, Khan M. (2005). An empirical contribution to knowledge production and economic growth. OECD Science.Technology and Industry Working Paper Series, no: 2005/10.
• Lusting, N. (2004). Investing in health for economic development: the case of Mexico. Helsinki: Wider Research Paper. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research; No. 2006/30. ISBN 9291907987.
• Ozawa, S., Clark, S., Portnoy, A., Grewal, S., Brenzel, L. and Damian G. (2016). Walker return on investment from childhood immunization in low and middle-income countries, 2011-20. Health Affairs, 35(2),199–207. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1086
• Orenstein W. A., Ahmed R. (2017). Vaccination saves lives. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114(16),4031-4033. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1704507114.
• Özcan, B., & Arı, A. (2014). Araştırma-geliştirme harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: panel veri analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 166, 39-55.
• Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(4), 653-670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
• Pedroni, P. (2001), Fully Modified OLS For Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels, Baltagi, B.H., Fomby, T.B. and Carter Hill, R. (Ed.) Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels (Advances in Econometrics, Vol. 15), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 93-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15004-2
• Policy Cures (2017). G-Finder: neglected disease research and development: reflecting on a decade of global ınvestment. Policy Cures Research, Australia.
• Rottingen, J.A., Regmi, S., Eide, M., Young, A.J., Viergever, R. F., Ardal, C., & at all. (2013). Mapping of available health research and development data: what’s there, what’s missing, and what role is there for a global observatory. Lancet, 382(9900), 1286–307. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61046-6.
• Sadraouı, T., Tarek, B. A., & Deguachi, B. (2014).Testing for panel granger causality relationship between international r&d cooperation and economic growth. International Journal of Econometrics and Financial Management, 2(1),7-21. doi: 10.12691/ijefm-2-1-2
• Statista. (2023). Number of coronavirus (COVID-19) cases worldwide as of May 2, 2023, by country or territory, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1043366/novel-coronavirus-2019ncov-cases-worldwide-by country/. Accessed Time: 02.05.2023.
• Sylwester, K. (2001). R&D and economic growth. Knowledge, Technology and Policy, 13(4), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02693991.
• Taş, Ş., Taşar, İ., & Açcı, Y. (2017). Ar-ge harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 197-206 ISSN: 2564-6931.
• The Academy Of Medical Science. (2014). Medikal research: what’s it worth? Estimating economic benefits of cancer-related research in the UK?. Briefing Document, The Academy of Medical Science. www.wellcome.ac.uk/economicbenefitscancer.
• Tunalı, H., & Erbelet, E. (2017). Ekonomik büyüme ve sanayileşme ilişkisinde Kaldor yasasının Türkiye’deki geçerliliğinin analizi. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 1-15.
• Türedi, S. (2016). The relationship between research and development expenditures, patent applications and growth: a dynamic panel casuality analysis for OECD countries. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 39-48.
• Wang, E.C. (2007). Research and development efficiency and economic performance: a cross-country analysis using the stochastic frontier approach. Journal of Policy Modeling, 29(2), 345-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2006.12.005
• WHO. (2012). Research and development to meet health needs in developing countries: strengthening global financing and coordination. Geneva: World Health Organization.
• WHO (2023). https://www.who.int/observatories/global-observatory-on-health-research-and-development/about/what-is-the-global-observatory-on-health-and-why-is-it-needed. Accessed Time: 01.08.2023.
• WHA (2013). Follow up of the report of the consultative expert working group on research and development: financing and coordination. Agenda item 17.2 https://www3.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2013/WHA-66.22-Follow-up-of-report-of-CEWG.pdf
• Yorucu, D., & Kırıkkaleli, V. (2017). Empirical modeling of education expenditures for balkans: evidence from panel FMOLS and DOLS estimations. Revista de cercetare interventie sociala,56,88-101.
• Zaman, K., Khan, H.U.R., Ahmad, M. and Aami, A.(2018). Research productivity and economic growth: a policy lesson learnt from across the globe. Iranian Economic Review, 22(3), 627-641.